Benha University Solved Example

Faculty of Engineering- Shoubra Subject: Reinforced Concrete

Civil Engineering Department Bridges
Fourth Year Civil: Structural

Question 1:

The shown bridge is a voided slab bridge. The span of the bridge is 15 m and its clear
width is 6 m. It is required to design the sub-structure according to ECCP. The bridge
lies in seismic zone 1 and is a secondary bridge. It is required to:

1. Determine all the straining actions acting on the abutment and pier.
2. Complete design of the pier.
3. Complete design of the abutment.

(Assume any missing data)

Cross Section of Slab Bridge

Figure (1)

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 1. Concrete Dimensions:

Assuming thickness of the abutment = 1.2 m

Assuming Pier dimensions = 2.0 m * 2.0 m
Using voided slab system for the superstructure. (t = 1000 mm) as shown in Fig (1)

No. of lanes = clear width / 3 = 6/3 = 2 lanes

Overall width = 8 m
Abutment width = 8+ (0.1*2) + (0.4*2) = 9 m

2. Loads:

2.1. Dead Loads:

Slab weight (including side walk) = 25*A*L= 25*7.05*16.1 = 2837.63 KN

Assume asphalt density =23 KN/m2 and thickness = 0.07 m
Wearing weight =23*0.07*6*16.1 = 155.53 KN

Abutment weight = 25*1.2*8*9 = 2160 KN

Pier weight = (25*2*2 *7) + (25*2*2*8) =1500 KN

2837.63+ 155.53
D.L acting on abutment ¿ 2
+ 2160 = 3656.58 KN.

D.L acting on pier = 2837.63 + 155.53 + 1500 = 4493.16 KN.

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 2.2. Live Loads:

1) For shear

• For moving and uniform loads:

WLL = 9*3 + 2.5(8 - 3) = 39.5 KN/m

RL.L=500+ (500*13.8/15) + (39.5 *15/2) = 1256.25 KN

2) For Moment

• For moving loads, the moment is obtained by eccentric live loading:

R =150+ (150*13.8/15) = 288 KN

M C.L= 288*(0.5) + 288*(2.5) = 864 KN.m

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 • For uniform loads, use max. lane load = 9 * 3= 27 KN/m

R = (27*15/2) = 202.5 KN

M C.L= 202.5 *(1.5) = 303.75 KN.m

Finally:

For abutment:
RL.L = 1256.25 KN (for shear)
M C.L= 864 + 303.75 = 1167.75 KN.m (for moment Perpendicular to span)

For Pier:
RL.L = 1256.25 *2 = 2512.5 KN (for shear)
M C.L= 864 + 303.75 =1167.75*2 = 2335.5 KN.m (for moment Perpendicular to span)

2.3. Braking Force:

QB.R = 360+2.7*L = 360+2.7x15 = 400.5 KN < 900 O.K

MQL/abut = (400.5/2)*7 = 1401.75 KN.m
MQL/pier = 400.5*7= 2803.5 KN.m (Parallel to span)

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 2.4. Earth Pressure:

Assume soil density = 18 KN/m3

Ka = 0.333
Kp= 3

Earth Pressure:

E1= 18*8*8*0.33*0.5 = 190.08 KN

E2= 20*8*.33 = 52.8 KN
E3= 0.5*18*3*0.5*0.5 = 6.75 KN

Normal Force:

W1 =1.2*7*25= 210 KN/m

W2= 0.5*0.4*0.8*25 = 4 KN/m
W3 =1.6*0.8*25 = 32 KN/m
W4 =0.3*0.4*25 = 3 KN/m
W5= 1.5*6*18= 162 KN/m …..Take soil
height 6 m for simplifying

Moment at Base = (190.08*8/3) + (52.8*8/2) - (6.75*0.5/3) - (4*(0.6+0.8/3)) -

(32*(0.4+0.6)) - (3*(0.15+0.6)) - (162*(0.75+0.6)) = 460.53 KN.m

ME.P = 460.54*9 = 4144.85 KN.m (Parallel to span)

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 2.5. Wind Loads:

1. On Dead load :

Wh =2 KN/m2 (perpendicular to span)

Wh = 2*(1+0.25+1) = 4.5 KN/m
Fh = 4.5x span = 4.5*15 = 67.5 KN
Mh/abutment = 67.5/2*[(7 )+ (1+1.25)/2] = 274.2 KN.m
Mh/pier = 274.2 *2 = 548.4 KN.m

2. On Live load :

WL= 1 KN/m2 (perpendicular to span)

WL =1*(3) = 3 KN/m
FL= 3x span = 3x15 = 45 KN
ML/abutment = 45/2*[(7 ) + (1+ 3)/2] = 202.5 KN.m
ML/pier = 202.5 *2 = 405 KN.m

• Total Moment (perpendicular to span) due to wind load is max of (Mh/abut and
ML/abut) = 274.2 KN.m
• Total Moment (perpendicular to span) due to wind load is max of (Mh/pier and
ML/pier) = 548.4 KN.m

• Total Moment (parallel to span) due to wind load = zero

2.6. Earthquake Loads:

 Using equivalent uniform static load:

1. Calculate the Stiffness

2. Calculate the Time Period
3. Calculate Se
4. Calculate the Seismic Force (F)

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 1) Get Stiffness : For longitudinal direction

Abutment Pier
Y Y

Iy = (1.2)3*9/12 = 1.296 m4 Iy = (2)3*2/12 = 1.33 m4

K=3EI/h3 K=3EI/h3

Assume Fcu= 40 Mpa

E= 4400√ fcu = 27828.04 Mpa

K=3*27828.04*1000*1.296/83 K=3*27828.04*1000*1.296/73
K= 211319.178 KN.m K= 323713.93 KN.m

∑KL = Kabutment + 0.5 Kpier

∑KL =211319.178+0.5*323713.93 = 373176.143 KN.m

For Transverse direction

Ix = (9)3*1.2/12 = 72.9 m4 Ix = Iy = 1.33 m4

K=3EI/h3 K=3EI/h3

K=3*27828.04*1000*72.9/83 K=3*27828.04*1000*1.296/73
K= 11886703.8 KN.m K= 323713.93 KN.m

∑Kt = Kabutment + 0.5 Kpier

∑Kt = 11886703.8 + 0.5*323713.93 = 12048560.77 KN.m
2) Get Time Period :

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 T = 2π√ m/ K
Where:
m = W/g
W for one bay of bridge = weight of slab deck + half of pier weight
+ 20% of live load
2
When live load = 5 KN.m for road bridges

W= ((2837.63+155.53) + (1500/2) + (0.2*5*15*8)) = 3863.16

m = w/g = 3863.16/9.81 = 393.79 KN

Then

TL=2π√ m/kl =2π√ 393.79/373176.143 = 0.20 sec

TT=2π√ m/kt =2π√ 393.79/12048560.77 = 0.036 sec

3) Get Se :

From elastic response spectrum type 1:

TL = 0.25 sec then SeL = 1.375 m/sec2

TT = 0.044 sec then SeT = 1.5 m/sec2

4) Get Seismic Force (F) :

γ x Sel x W
FL = g
= ϒ*SeL*m =1.0*1.375*393.79 = 541.46 KN

γ x Set x W
FT = g
= ϒ*Set*m = 1.0*1.5*393.79 = 590.68 KN

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 Earthquake Moments

Abutment (parallel to span) Pier (parallel to span)

211319.178 323713.93
FL Abut = 541.46* 373176.143 = 306.61 KN FL Pier = 541.46* 373176.143 = 469.69
KN

ML Abut = 306.61*7 = 2452.88 KN.m ML Pier = 469.69*7 = 3287.83 KN.m

Abutment (perpendicular to span) Pier (perpendicular to span)

11886703.8 323713.93
FT Abut = 590.68* 12048560.77 = 582.74 KN FT Pier = 590.68* 12048560.77 = 15.87
KN

MT Abut = 582.74*7 = 4661.92 KN.m MT Pier = 15.87*7 = 111.09 KN.m

Earthquake Moments

Abutment Pier
0.3*4661.92=1398.57

0.3*111.09 =33.33

8 2452.88 3287.83

Case (a) Case (a)

4661.92

111.09

0.3*2452.88 =735.86 0.3*3287.83=986.35

Case (b) Case (b)

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 Moment Moment
Case (perpendicular (parallel to
Normal
to span) span)
Dead load 3656.58 ------ ------

Live load 1256.25 1167.75 ------

Earth pressure ------ ------ 4144.85

Br. Force ------ 1401.75

------
Wind 274.2 ------
------
EQ I 1398.57 2452.88
------
EQ II ------ 4661.92 735.86
Summary for Straining Actions on Abutment

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 Moment Moment
Case (perpendicular (parallel to
Normal
to span) span)
Dead load 4493.16 ------ ------

Live load 2512.5 2335.5 ------

Earth pressure ------ ------ ------

Br. Force ------ 2803.5

------
Wind 548.4 ------
------
EQ I 33.33 3287.83
------
EQ II ------ 111.09 986.35
Summary for Straining Actions on Pier

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 Load Combimations for abutment

1-For Moment (perpendicular to span):

( No. of Case of loading in Load Combinations of ECCP)

Case I = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) (1)

= 1.35(0) +1.35(1167.75) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) = 1576.45 KN.m

Case II = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +0.9 WL (5)

= 1.35(0) +1.35(1167.75) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +0.9 x274.2= 1823.24 KN.m

Case III = 1.35(D) +1.00( L) + .54 (UNIFORM LL) +1.5 (EP) +1.5 WL (8)
= 1.35(0) +1.00(864) +0.54(303.75)+1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +1.5 (274.2)
= 1439.33 KN.m

Case IV(A) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.) (19)

= ( 0+0+(0.2x1167.75)+1398.57) = 1632.12 KN.m

Case IV(B) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.)

= ( 0+0+(0.2x1167.75)+4661.92) = 4895.47 KN.m (19)

2-For Moment (parallel to span):

Case I = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) (1)

= 1.35(0) +1.35( 0) +1.5 (4144.85) + 1.35 (1401.75) =8109.64 KN.m

Case II = 1.35(D) +1.35(L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +0.9 WL (5)

= 1.35(0) +1.35(0) +1.5 (4144.85) + 1.35 (1401.75) +0.9 x0
= 8109.64 KN.m

Case III = 1.35(D) +1.00(L) + .54 (UNIFORM LL) +1.5 (EP) + 1.5 WL (8)
= 1.35(0) +1.00( 0) +0.54(0)+1.5 (4144.85) +1.5 (0)
= 6217.27 KN.m

Case IV(A) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.) (19)

= ( 0+4144.85+(0.2x0)+2452.88) =6597.73 KN.m

Case IV(B) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.)

= ( 0+4144.85+(0.2x0)+735.86) = 4880.71 KN.m

3-For Normal Force:

Case I = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) (1)

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 = 1.35(3656.58) +1.35(1256.25) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) = 6632.32 KN

Case II = 1.35(D) +1.35(L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +0.9 WL (5)

= 1.35(3656.58) +1.35(1256.25) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +0.9 x0= 6632.32 KN

Case III = 1.35(D) +1.00(L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +1.5 WL (8)
= 1.35(3656.58) +1.00 (1256.25) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +1.5 (0)=6192.63 KN

Case IV(A) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.) (19)

= (3656.58+0+(0.2x1256.25)+0) = 3907.83 KN

Case IV(B) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.)

= (3656.58+0+(0.2x1256.25)+0) = 3907.83 KN

Load Combimations for pier

1-For Moment (perpendicular to span):

Case I = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) (1)

= 1.35(0) +1.35(2335.5) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) = 3152.92 KN.m

Case II = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +0.9 WL (5)

= 1.35(0) +1.35(2335.5) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +0.9 x548.4= 3646.48 KN.m

Case III = 1.35(D) +1.00( L) + .54 (UNIFORM LL) +1.5 (EP) +1.5 WL (8)
= 1.35(0) +1.00(864*2) +0.54(303.75*2)+1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +1.5 (548.4)
= 2878.65 KN.m

Case IV(A) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.) (19)

= ( 0+0+(0.2x 2335.5)+33.33) = 500.43 KN.m

Case IV(B) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.)

= ( 0+0+(0.2x 2335.5)+111.09) = 578.19 KN.m

2-For Moment (parallel to span):

Case I = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) (1)

= 1.35(0) +1.35( 0) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (2803.5) = 3784.73 KN.m

Case II = 1.35(D) +1.35(L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +0.9 WL (5)

= 1.35(0) +1.35(0) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (2803.5) +0.9 x0= 3784.73 KN.m

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 Case III = 1.35(D) +1.00(L) + .54 (UNIFORM LL) +1.5 (EP) +1.5 WL (8)
= 1.35(0) +1.00( 0) +0.54(0)+1.5 (0) + 1.35 (5607) +1.5 (0)
= 7569.45 KN.m

Case IV(A) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.) (19)

= ( 0+0+(0.2x0)+3287.83) = 3287.83 KN.m

Case IV(B) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.)

= ( 0+0+(0.2x0)+986.35) = 986.35 KN.m

3-For Normal Force:

Case I = 1.35(D) +1.35( L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) (1)

= 1.35(4493.16) +1.35(2512.5) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) = 9457.64 KN

Case II = 1.35(D) +1.35(L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +0.9 WL (5)

= 1.35(4493.16) +1.35(2512.5) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +0.9 x0= 9457.64 KN

Case III = 1.35(D) +1.00(L) +1.5 (EP) + 1.35 (B.R) +1.5 WL (8)
= 1.35(4493.16) +1.00 (2512.5) +1.5 (0) + 1.35 (0) +1.5 (0) = 8578.26 KN

Case IV(A) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.) (19)

= (4493.16+0+(0.2x2512.5)+0) = 4995.66 KN

Case IV(B) = (D + EP+0.2L+ EQ.)

= (4493.16+0+(0.2x2512.5)+0) = 4995.66 KN

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 Design of Abutment:
1-Geometry:
Bxt= (9x1.2) m
Ho = 8.0 m
Lf2 = 8.2 m

2-Check Buckling:
Ho/ Lf2= 8/8.2 =0.98 ¿ 0.5 …….. K=1.5 – (Ho/ Lf2) =0.52
He= KxH0=8x0.52 = 4.16
λ= He/t =4.16/1.2 = 3.47 < 15 ……….. Short wall

3-Straining Actions:
1-From Case (VI) A
N=3907.83 KN
M (pendi.)= 1632.12 KN.m
M (para.)= 6597.73 KN.m
2-From Case (VI) B
N=3907.83 KN
M (pendi.)= 4895.47 KN.m
M (para.)= 4880.71 KN.m

4-Design for Longitudinal RFT.:

For Case VI A
N=3907.83 KN
M (pendi.)= 1632.12 KN.m
M (para.)= 6597.73 KN.m
Nu min. = .04Fcu xbxt =.04x40x1200x9000 =17280 KN > Nu ……. Neglect Nu
e (perndi.) = M (perndi.)/N =1632/3907 = 0.42 m

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 e/b = 0.42/9.0 =.047 < .05…. Neglect M (pendi.)
For M (para.) = 6597.73 KN.m
Ru = 6597.73 x106 / 9000x11002 = 0.61
µ=2.00 x10-3
As3= As4 = 2.00 x10-3 x 9000 x 1100 = 19914 mm2 = 19914/9 = 2213 mm2 /m ….
Use 6Φ22 /m
As min= 1.1/fy xbxt = 27225
As total = 2x(19914) = 39828 > As min (ok)

For Case VI B
N=3907.83 KN
M (pendi.)= 4895.47 KN.m
M (para.)= 4880.71 KN.m
Nu min. = .04Fcu xbxt =.04x40x1200x9000 =17280 KN > Nu ……. Neglect Nu
Rb= Nu / (Fcu xb xt) = (4651x103)/ (40x1200x9700) =0.1
M (perndi.)/9.0 = 544
M (para.)/1.2 = 4068
(M (perndi.)/9.0)/ (M (para.)/1.2) =0.13 from table (6-1-B)
αb= 1.05
M(perndi.)*= M(perndi.)x αb= 5141
M(para.)*= M(para.) x αb= 5125

For M(perndi.)* =5141 KN.m

Ru = 5141x106 / 89002x1200 =0.054
µ=1.80 x10-4
As1= As2 =1918 mm2 ………. Use 6Φ22

For M(para.)* =5125 KN.m

Ru = 5125x106 / 9000x11002 =0.47

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 µ=1.56 x10-3
As3= As4 =15468 mm2 = 15468/9 = 1719 mm2 /m ……. Use 5Φ22 /m

5-Design for transverse RFT. :

As min = 0.25/100 x b x t = 0.25/100x1000x1200

= 3000 mm2 for two side
=1500 mm2 for one side = 8Φ16/ m

6-Design for Wing Walls:

e 1=20x(1/3) = 6.67
e 2=8x(1/3)x18= 48
M1 =e1 x 8x 8/2 = 214 KN.m
M2 = e2 x 0.5 x 8x 8/3 = 512 KN.m
M total = M1+M2= 726 KN.m
Take t = 400 mm
Ru=726x106 /3902 x1000 =4.7
µ=0.015
As= 6080 = 12Φ25

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 7-Detailing:

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