References and Supplemental Reading

1. Morse, P.M., and Feshbach, H., "Methods of Theoretical Physics" (1953)

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, Toronto, London pp.655-
666.

2. Goldstein, H., "Classical Mechanics" (1959) Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

Inc. Reading, London.

3. "Astronomical A1manac for the Year 1988" (1987) U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

4. Jackson, J.D., "Classical Electrodynamics" (1962) John Wiley & Sons,

New York, London, Sydney, pp.98-131.

5. Brouwer, D., and Clemence, G.M., "Methods of Celestial Mechanics"

(1961) Academic Press, New York and London.

6. Green, R.M., "Spherical Astronomy" (1985) Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge pp.144-147.

7. Danby, J.M.A., "Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics" (1962) The

Macmillan Company, New York.

8. Moulton, F.R., "An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics" 2nd Rev Ed.

(1914) The Macmillan Company, New York.

9. Collins, G.W., II, "The Virial Theorem in Stellar Astrophysics" (1978)

Pachart Publishing House, Tucson.

10. Wisdom, J. Urey Prize Lecture: “Chaotic Dynamics in the Solar System"
(1987) Icarus 72, pp. 241-275.

11. Taff, L.G., "Celestial Mechanics: “A computational guide for the

practioner" (1985) John Wiley & Sons.

© Copyright 2004

141
 The references above constitute required reading for any who would
become a practioner of celestial mechanics. Certainly Morse and Feshbach is one
of the most venerable texts on theoretical physics and contains more information
than most theoreticians would use in a lifetime. However, the book should be in
the arsenal that any theoretician brings to the problems of analysis in physics. I
still feel that Goldstein's text on classical mechanics is the best and most complete
of the current era. However, some may find the text by Symon somewhat less
condensed. The text by Brouwer and Clemence is the most advanced of the
current texts in the field of celestial mechanics and is liable to remain so for some
time to come. It is rather formidable, but contains information on such a wide
range of problems and techniques that it should be at least perused by any student
of the field. The text by Danby was the logical successor to the time honored
work of Moulton. Danby introduced vector notation to the subject and made the
reading much simpler. A.E. Roy expanded on this approach and covered a much
wider range of topics. The celestial mechanics text by Fitzgerald listed below
provides a development more common to modem day celestial mechanics and
contains an emphasis on the orbital mechanics of satellites. This point of view is
also used by Escobal where the first book on the "Methods of Orbit
Determination" lays the groundwork for a contemporary discussion of 'rocket
navigation' in the second book on "Astrodynamics". A much broader view of the
term astrodynamics is taken by Herrick in his two volume treatise on the subject.
The five volume 'epic' by Hagihara tries to summarize all that has happened in
celestial mechanics in the last century and comes close to doing so. The text by
Taff is one of the most recent of the celestial mechanics texts mentioned here, but
still largely follows the traditional development started by Moulton. The
exception is his discussion of perturbation theory which I found philosophically
satisfying. The Urey Prize lecture by Wisdom should be read in its entirety by
anyone who is interested in the application of the mathematics of chaos to objects
in the solar system.

Below I have given some additional references as 'supplemental reading'

which I have found helpful from time to time in dealing with the material covered
in this book. Most any book on modern algebra will contain definitions of what
constitutes a set or group, any book on modern algebra will contain definitions of
what constitutes a set or group, but I found Andree very clear and concise. One of
the best all round books on mathematical analysis with a view to numerical
applications is that by Arfken. It is remarkably complete and wide ranging. The
two articles from Chaotic Phenomena in Astrophysics show some further
application of the subjects discussed by Wisdom. However, the entire book is

142
interesting as it demonstrates how this developing field of mathematics has found
applications in a number of areas of astrophysics.

Sokolnikoff and Redheffer is just one of those omnibus references that

provide a myriad of definitions and development for mathematical analysis
necessary for any student of the physical sciences. On the other hand, the lectures
by Ogorodnikov provide one of the most lucid accounts of Liouville's Theorem
and the implications for a dynamical system in phase space. The text on
Gravitation by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler has probably the most contemporary
and complete treatment of tensors as they apply to the physical world. Although
the main subject is somewhat tangent to celestial mechanics, it is a book that
every educated physicist or astrophysicist must read. Since it is rather long, one
should begin early. One should not leave the references of celestial mechanics
without a mention of the rare monograph by Paul Herget. While the presentation
of the material is somewhat encumbered by numerical calculations for which Paul
Herget was justly renowned, the clarity of his understanding of the problems of
classical orbit calculation makes reading this work most worthwhile.

1. Andree, R.V. "Selections from Modern Abstract Algebra" (1958) Henry

Holt and Co., New York.

2. Arfken, G. "Mathematical Methods for Physicists" 2nd ed. (1970)

Academic Press, New York, San Francisco, London.

3. Bensimon, D. and Kadanoff, L.P., "The Breakdown of KAM Trajectories"

in "Chaotic Phenomena in Astrophysics" (1987) Ed. H. Eichhorn and J.R.
Buchler, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 497, pp. l10-ll7.

4. Escobal, P.R. , "Methods of Orbit Determination" (1965) John Wiley and

Sons, Inc., New York, London, Sydney.

5. _________ "Methods of Astrodynamics" (1968) John Wiley and Sons,

Inc., New York, London, Sydney.

6. Fitzpatrick, P.M. , "Principles of Celestial Mechanics" (1970) Acadmnic

Press Inc, New York, London.

7. Hagihara, Y. "Celestial Mechanics" Vol. 1-5 (1970-1972) MIT Press,

Cambridge Mass.

143
8. Herget, P., "The Computation of Orbits" (1948) Privately published by the
author.

9. Herrick, S., "Astrodynamics" Vol. 1. (1971) Van Nostrand Reinhold

Company, London.

10. _________, "Astrodynamics" Vol. 2. (1972) Van Nostrand Reinhold

Company, London.

11. Meiss, J.D., "Resonances Fill Stochastic Phase Space" in "Chaotic

Phenomena in Astrophysics" (1987) Ed. H. Eichhorn and J.R. Buchler
Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 497, pp. 83-96.

12. Misner, C.W., Thorne, K.S., and Wheeler, J.A., "Gravitation" (1973)
W.H. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.

13. Ogorodnikov, K.F. "Dynamics of Stellar Systems" (1965) Trans. J.B.

Sykes Ed. A. Beer, The Macmillian Company, New York

14. Roy, A.E., "Orbital Motion" (1982) Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol.

15. Sokolnikoff, I.S., and Redheffer, R.M. "Mathematics of Physics and

Modern Engineering" (1958) McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc., New York,
Toronto, London.

16. Symon, K.R. "Mechanics" (1953) Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Inc.,

Reading.

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© Copyright 2004
Index
A

Airy transit……………………… 20 Celestial Longitude……………... 19

Alt-Azimuth coordinate system… 19 Celestial sphere…………………. 19
Altitude…………………. 19. 28. 33 Center of gravity………………... 72
Angle of inclination for an orbit... 86 Center of mass …………………..72
Angular momentum…………….. 94 uniform motion of. …….77
definition of……….……. .40 Central force. ………………...61. 95
of a rigid body…….……. .73 Chaotic phenomena. ……………126
Aphelion: definition of…….……. 79 Comutativity
Areal velocity…………….…….. 64 Definition of …………… 8
Argument of perihelion Configuration space…………… 125
determination of….……... 97 Conic section
Argument of the pericenter general equation for……. 69
definition of…….……… 86 Conservation of angular
Associativity momentum ………......... 62
Definition of……………… 8 Conservation of energy…………. 42
Astronomical Triangle………….. 28 Conservative force……………… 41
Astronomica1Zenith …………….19 Cooperative phenomena
Autumnal Equinox. ……………...18 in stellar dynamics. …...125
Axia1vectors……………………. 24 Crossproduct……………………..24
Azimuth 19.29……………………33 for vectors………………..4
Curl…………………………………
B definition of……………... 9

Barycentric Coordinates. ………..18 D

Basisvectors ……………………..16
Bernoulli.J…………………...…..43 D.Alembert.s principle……….......42
Boundary conditions Danby.J.M.A. …………………..104
for the equations of motion… 66 Declination ………………………17
Del-operator………………….. 9. 57
C Determinant of a matrix. ……….…7
Dipole moment………………….. 57
Canonical equations of Hamilton...48 Dirac delta function ……………...54
Cartesian coordinate. ………..16. 25 Direction cosines………………... 22
Celestial Latitude……………….. 19 Distributivity
definition of……………… 8
145
Divergence G
definition of………………. 9
Divergence theorem ……………..53 Gauss.K.F………………………… 1
determination of .
E orbital elements…………..104
perturbation fornulae …….137
Eccentric Anomaly……………....95 Gaussian constant……………….. 83
definition of. ………………80 Generalized coordinates….43. 62. 76
Eccentricity……………………... 69 Generalized momenta…………... 64
determination of. ………….95 definition of……………….. 47
Ecliptic………………………….. 18 Geocentric coordinates……….17, 21
Ecliptic coordinates. …………19. 89 Geocentric longitude……………. 21
Elliptic orbit Geodetic coordinates……………..20
energy of………………….69 Geodetic latitude…………………21
Electromagnetic force…………... 52 Geodetic longitude……………….21
Ellipse…………………………... 80 Geographic coordinates………….20
Ellipsoid Goldstein.H………………………26
general equation of……… 75 Gradient
Energy…………………………... 39 definition of………………… 9
Energy integral…………………...95 operator ……………………58
Equations of motion Gravitational force……………….52
for two bodies……………. 76 Gravitational potential…………...52
Equatoriel coordinates……… 17. 89 Gravitational potential energy…...52
Ergodic hypothesis……………...124 Greenwich……………………......20
Ergodic theorem………………...123 Greenwich mean time……………36
Euclidean space…………………..16 Greenwich sidereal time…………36
Euler.L…………………………….6 Group theory………………………3
Eulerian angles……………….26. 86
Eulerian transformation………….27

F H

Fixed-point Hamilton.W.R. …………………..46

for iteration schemes……….84 Hamiltonian. ……………47. 64. 126
for central forces…………….61

146
Heliocentric coordinates…………17 and Gauss.s method………..105
Heliocentric coordinates for hyperbolic and .
of the earth…………………..89 parabolic orbits……………...82
Hermitian matrix…………………..7 solutionof……………………84
Holonomic constraints Kepler's first law……………..69. 79
defined………………………43 Kepler's second law………….64. 81
Horizon…………………………..19 Kinetic energy……………………45
Hour angle………………………..29 of a rigid body…………….....74
Hyperbolic orbit Kirkwood gaps………………….139
energy of…………………… 69 Kramer’s rule…………………….. 7
Hyperion………………………..126 Kronecker delta………..…..5. 16. 22

I L

Identity element………………...…3 Lagrange.J.L. ……………………..1

Initial value Lagrange.s equations…………… 46
for the equations of motion… 66 Lagrange.s identity……………..122
Inner product………………………4 Lagrangian
Integral of the motion…………… 66 definition of……………...45
International atomic time………...34 for central forces………...61
Isolating Integrals……………….123 for N-bodies……………119
Lagrangian bracket……………...134
J Lagrangian equations of motion
for two bodies……………76
Jacobi.K ………………......114, 122 Lagrangian points
Jacobi .s integral………………...114 equilibrium of……..115. 117
Jacobian Laplace,P.S. ……………………100
of the perturbetion …………133 Laplace’s equation………….……55
Laplacian…………………………53
Latitude
K astronomical…………….20
geocentric……………….21
KAM theorem……………….….126 geodetic………………….21
Kepler. J. ……………………….. 97 Latitude-Longitude coordinates….20
Kepler's equation…………………82 Least Squares…………………….94

147
Levi-Civita tensor……………..5. 24 N
Linear momentum
conservation of…………..40 N-Body problem……………….119
Linear transformations……………2l Nabla………………………….…. 9
Liouville’s theorem……………..124 Newton-Raphson iteration. ……...84
Local sidereal time……………….37 Nonholonanic constraints
Longitude defined……………………43
astronanical……………..20 North celestial pole…………. 29, 89
geocentric……………….21
geodetic…………………21 O
Longitude
of the Ascending Node……. 86. 107 Operators…………………………. 9
Longitude of the Pericenter Laplacian………………….53
definition of……………. 86 Orbit equation……………………68
Orbital elements
M determination of…………...95
indeterminacy of…………107
Matrix perturbation of……………131
hermitian…………………7 Orthogonal coordinate systems….16
inverse……………………7 Orthogonal unitary .
symmetric………………...7 transformations……..……23
Matrix addition…………………….7 Orthonormal transformations…….23
Matrix product…………………….6 Osculating orbit…………………132
Maximum likelihood principle.…..94 Osculation condition……………132
Mean Anomaly………………….. 95 Outer product…………………….. 4
definition of……………. 80
Moment of inertia tensor…………74
Momentum……………………….39
Moulton. F .R. …………….104, 118
Multipole moments
of the potential…………...57

148
 P S

Parabolic orbit Scalar product……………………25

energy of…………………. 69 of tensors………………..57
Parallactic angle……………...29. 33 Scalars……………………………..2
Perihelion Semi-major axis
definition of……………… 79 determination of………... 95
Perturbation theory……………..129 Set theory………………………… 3
Perturbing force………………...136 Sidereal hour angle………………19
Perturbing potential…………….130 Sidereal period…………………...98
Phase space……………15. 123. 126 Sidereal time…………………29. 34
Phase transition Special theory of relativity……….34
in thermodynamics………126 Stokes theorem…………………...41
Poincare. H …………………......126 Synodic period…………………...98
Poisson’s equation……………….55
Potential………………………….52 T
Potential energy………………… 41
Precession Taff. L.G. …………………135, 137
of Mercury's orbit……..1. 112 Taylor series
Prime meridian……………….29, 89 for orbit determination……102
Principia …………………………..1 Tensor……………………………..5
Principle axes Tensor densities………………….24
of an ellipsoid……………...75 Tensor product…………………… 4
Principle axis coordinate system ...75 Test particle ……………………..55
Principle moments of inertia……..75 Thermodynamics……………….126
Pseudo vectors…………………...24 Three body problem …...…111, 126
Pseudo-potential………………… 67 Time……………………………...34
Pseudo-tensor Time derivative operator…………67
tensor density………………24 Time of perihelion passage……..108
as an orbital element……….. 88
Q Topocentric coordinates……...17, 90
Torque
Quadrupole moment……………...57 definition of………………… 40

149
Transformation
rotational…………………... 25
Transformation matrix
for the Astronomical Triangle...32
Transpose of the matrix……….7. 23
True Anomaly………………95. 107
definition of……………………79
Two body problem……………….76

U –Z

Universal time……………………36

Vector…………………………….. 3
scalar product…………………..4
triple product………………….74
Vemal equinox………….18. 89. 107
hour.angle of …………………35
Virial theorem ………………….121
Virtual displacements…………….43
Virtual work…………….……42. 43
Vis Viva integral………………... 95

Work
definition of………………….40

Zenith…………………………….19
Zenith distance…………………...29
Zero velocity surfaces…………..115
Zero-vector………………………...4

150