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On-Off Control System Characteristic: Oleh: Rizqiya W. Saputra, M.T

The document describes the characteristics of an on-off control system using the example of controlling temperature in an industrial oven. It discusses how an on-off controller only has two states - fully on or fully off - and switches between these based on the error between the setpoint and measured temperature. The document also notes key elements like dead time and capacitance that affect the controller's response. Finally, it compares on-off control to proportional control, noting that proportional control can provide a more stable process but requires more tuning.

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R.W. Saputra
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412 views

On-Off Control System Characteristic: Oleh: Rizqiya W. Saputra, M.T

The document describes the characteristics of an on-off control system using the example of controlling temperature in an industrial oven. It discusses how an on-off controller only has two states - fully on or fully off - and switches between these based on the error between the setpoint and measured temperature. The document also notes key elements like dead time and capacitance that affect the controller's response. Finally, it compares on-off control to proportional control, noting that proportional control can provide a more stable process but requires more tuning.

Uploaded by

R.W. Saputra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ON-OFF CONTROL SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTIC

OLEH: RIZQIYA W. SAPUTRA, M.T.


INTRO
• The on-off control is the simplest form of a controller, which switches ON
when the error is positive and switches OFF when the error is zero or negative.
An on-off controller doesn’t have intermediate states but only fully
ON or fully OFF states. Due to the switching logic, an on-off controller is often
called a bang-bang controller or a two-step controller.
• Regardless of the size of the error, the output of the on-off controller can only
be fully ON or fully OFF, it is not proportional with the error.
ON-OFF CONTROLLER EXAMPLE
• Let’s take as example the temperature control of an industrial oven. The
temperature inside the oven is measured with a sensor and feed back to the
controller. Based on the error (difference between setpoint temperature and
measured temperature), the heating elements are turned ON or OFF by the
controller. There are no intermediate values of the heating element, they are
fully ON or fully OFF.

Industrial oven on-off control


ON-OFF CONTROLLER EXAMPLE (2)
• The industrial oven has two important characteristics which need to be explained,
because they affect the response of the controller:
• dead time
• capacitance (inertia)

• In most of the control systems with feedback loop, the system can not respond
instantly to any disturbance and it takes time (delay) until the controller output has
any effect on the measured (plant) output. This time delay is know as dead time. In
the case of the industrial oven, if the access door is opened, it takes time until the
temperature drops, the controller senses the difference, turns the heaters on and the
temperature is brought back to setpoint. Dead time has the effect of hiding the
disturbance from the controller and limits its ability to react quickly.
ON-OFF CONTROLLER EXAMPLE (3)
• The capacitance of a system is seen as the resistance to changing inputs. The
higher the capacitance of a system, the longer the time it takes to react to
changes. With the oven cold, even if turning the heaters on, takes time for the
temperature to start increasing and reach the nominal value. The advantage is
that capacitance has the tendency to filter (dampen) out the effect of
disturbances on a system.
ON-OFF CONTROLLER ELEMENTS
• If we compare this system with the generic closed-loop system, we can identify
the following elements:
• controller: switch
• plant: oven
• feedback (measured output): temperature
• For more information about example, please read here: https://x-
engineer.org/graduate-engineering/signals-systems/control-systems/on-off-
control-system/
ON-OFF CONTROL AND PROPORTIONAL CONTROL

• A proportional controller output isn’t just on or off. Its output can be adjusted
to any value between 0% and 100% of power.
• Just as with on-off control, the control direction is important. Reverse or inverse
acting changes the output from 100% to 0% as the process rises if heating.
Direct acting would go from 0% to 100% if cooling.
• When correctly tuned, the controller can adjust its output to match the power
that is required to keep the process stable at the setpoint. This is something an
On-Off controller cannot achieve.
ON-OFF CONTROL AND PROPORTIONAL CONTROL (2)

• If Proportional Control Always Gives A More Stable Process, Why Would I


Choose To Use On-Off Control?
• The user must tune a proportional controller to match the characteristics of the process,
which can be difficult in some cases.
• On-off control is chosen for simplicity. The only parameters that need to be set are the
switching differential and setpoint. On-off control is suitable if the response delay is short
when the output is switched and the maximum rate of rise is small, or if a very stable
process isn’t needed.
• For more information, please see this video : https://bit.ly/ON-OFFController
THANKS

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