HISTORY

• Philippine History
• Barangay was the socio political unit with Datu as chieftain.
• Each barangay is comprises of 40-100 families
• We have contacts with other nations such as Chinese , Indians and
Malays.
• Arab influence Islam religion was brought by malays
• Visayans were the most tattoed among ancient Filipinos. (Pintados)
• Piloncitos – considered as the first monetary system in the country
Laws
Code of Kalantiaw - was a legendary legal code in the
epic story Maragtas. It is said to have been written in 1433
by Datu Kalantiaw
Umalokohan - The law was written and announced to the
whole barangay by this public announcer
The disputes were decided by the “ court” ( chieftain) and
“ Jury” (Baranggay elders)
• Religion
• Animism -is the religious belief that objects, places and
creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence
• Filipinos offered prayers and food to their anitos that
corresponds to the present saints
• spiritual leaders:
• tagalog/kapampangan – Katalona
• Visayas – Babaylan
• Pangunahing diyos: Bathala , Abba , Laon
• Social Stratification
• 1. Maharlika – it is the ruling class in pre- colonial of the Philippines.
It consist of chiefs and their familie. In the Tagalog region , they were
called Gat or Lakan
• 2.Timawa/ Freemen- were the feudal warrior class of the ancient
Visayan societies of the Philippines
• 3. Alipin/ Oripun- refers to the lowest social class among the various
cultures of the Philippines. It has two type namely :
• a.Aliping Namamahay- could own a house and live away from the
master’s house (our modern version is the “stay out” helper)
• b Aliping Sagigilid- absolutely had nothing and stayed in the master’s
household (our modern version is the “stay in” helper or kasambahay
• SPANISH PERIOD
• Magellan and Philippines
• On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon
island in the Philippines.
• Magellan has five ships: Trinidad (main ship), San Antonio,
Concepcion, Santiago (smallest ship), Victoria (only one to return to
Spain)
• Limasawa is where the first mass was held in the Philippines which
introduced the Christianity
• Antonio Pigafetta records the travels of Magellan
• Villalobos Expedition
• Reached the eastern coast of Mindanao, Saranggani Isalnd
• Naming Tandaya or Kandaya ( Leyte) as “Islas Filipinas in honor
of crown prince Philip II and later on named all around the
country
• The Legazpi Expedition
• 1. Had blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala (Bohol)
• 2. Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus – first Spanish town
established in the country; now known as Cebu City.
• 3. Urdaneta Passage – Urdaneta, Legazpi’s chief pilot, discovered a
route via thePacific to Navidad, Mexico. This sea lane is later to be
used in the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade.
• 4. June 3, 1571 – Legazpi became first governor-general of the
country.
• 5. June 24, 1571 – Manila became the capital city of the Spanish East
Indies, and the second city to be established by Spain.
• 6. Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espana – title given to Manila
• Powers of the Governor General
• The kings official representatives to the colony
• Issues superior decrees
• President of the Audencia which is the highest court in the
colony
• Vice Royal Patron in the Philippines which means that can
appoint parish priest.
• Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
• Cumplase, the right of the governor to suspend operation of the
royal decree coming from the King if it would not beneficial to
the colony.
• Political changes:
• Alcaldia – alcalde mayor
• Corregimento- corrigedor
• Ayuntamiento- 2 alcalde mayor
• Pueblos - gobernadorcillo
• Barangays – cabeza
• Religious influence
• Christian religion was introduced replacing the paganist anito worship.
• Friars were responsible for spreading the religion such as
• Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, and Recollects
• Rise of Social classes:
• Peninsulares, Insulares, Meztizo, Indio
• Colonial Policies
• 1. Reduccion : essentially meant a forced relocation of small, scattered
settlements into one larger town. The policy was designed for the
convenience of administration of the Spanish colony's population
• 2 Cabecerras: Resettlement of Filipino communities to form town centers
• 3. Polo y Servicio : was a practice employed by Spanish colonizers for over
250 years that required the forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60
years old for 40-day periods.
• 4. Tributo : The Filipinos are compelled to pay tax/ tribute to the colonial
government. This tribute menas loyalty to the Spanish Government
• 5. Falla : Payment to be exempted from Polo
• 6. Bandala : Assumed the meaning of the annual enforces sale or
requisitioning of goods and government would only give them promissory
note.
• 7. Galleon Trade : Also known as Manila Acapulo Trade. Trading
was done between and Manila and Acapulo, Mexico
• a. Boleta : ticket to avail Galeon Trade worth of P 250.00
• b. It carries spices, porcelain, ivory and silk to be in sold in mexico
• 8. Encomienda : In 1570 the encomienda was introduced in the
Philippines when Legaspi, in compliance with the decree issued by
King Philip II in 1558, distributed lands in Cebu to loyal Spanish
subjects. These men had helped conquer the Philippines.
 Governor Generals Contribution
José Basco y Vargas established the Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País, or the Economic Society of Friends of the
Country, which revived the tobacco industry in the Spanish Philippines

Diego de Los Rios -was the last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines.
-issued in Iloilo a proclamation to the people of the Visayas calling on them to establish a "Council of
Reforms"
Eulogio Despujol It was during his term when José Rizal, was sent to Dapitan in Mindanao

Camilo de Polavieja Oversaw the court martial and death of Jose Rizal on December 30, 1896. Twenty four more people
were executed with Rizal.
Narciso Clavería Reformation of calendar
Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos (Alphabetical catalog of surnames- providing last names to all
inhabitants of the Philippines.
Carlos Maria dela Torre’ He worked for changing the punishment of flogging Filipino prisoners to a month
in jail, proclaimed freedom of speech, and even attending a meeting of a rebel leader, Casimiro
Camerino.
Ramon Blanco he placed eight provinces under martial law. These were Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac,
Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija.
• Rise of the Philippine Nationalism
• Nationalism
• is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual
identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.
• Suez canal
• The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez canal In Egypt,
One of the most important artificial sea leve waterways in the
world, paved the way for the Philippines’ direct commercial
relations with Spain instead of via Mexico.
• European Liberalism Came To The Philippines:
• John Locke – In his Two Treatises on Government (1869), if a
king did not exercise justly his powers and powers, his subjects
had the right to throw him out of position.
• Jean Jacques Rosseau – In his The Social Contract (1762), if a
government doesn’t satisfy the needs of its people, then the
people can alter the government to the type of government
they deemed to be rightly established.
• This was when the Age of Enlightenment and French Revolution
happened in Europe
• Secularization Movement
• Secularization, a transfer of ministries established by the
regular clergy to the seculars, became a political and
separatist movement; this paved the way for the
Filipinization of the church. The Spanish never trusted
the Filipino friars to head their own ministries.
• Pedro Pelaez – defended the rights of the Filipino Clergy
• Filipino Revolts
• Thec first Filipino to revolt were Lapu-lapu (1521) and Dagani of Cebu (1567).
• Lakan Dula –Manila
• Magat – Manila
• Magalat – Cagayan
• Bankaw – leyte
• Tamblot – Bohol
• Juan Ponce Sumuroy – Samar
• Francisco Maniago – Pampanga
• Andres Malong – Pangasinan
• Tapar – Panay
• Francisco Dagohoy – Bohol
• Diego and Gabriela Silang – Ilocos
• Palaris – Pangasinan
• Apolinario dela Crus – Quezon
• Reason for the failures of revolts:

• Lack of weaponry
• Lack of strategy
• Lack of excellent leader
• Geographical setting
• No lingua Franca
• Campaign for reforms started with the formation by the middle class
“ Propaganda Movement”

• Graciano Lopez Jaena

• Marcelo H. Del Pilar
• Jose Rizal

• Aim:
1. Exercise equality for both Spanish and Filipinos
2. Recognize freedom of speech, press and association
3. Annex Philippines as a province of Spain
4. Provide representations of the Philippines to the Spanish Courts.
5. Allow secularization
• Graciano Lopez Jaena
• Known as great orator
• Pen name : Diego Laura
• Work:
• Fray Botod
• 1st Editor of the La solidaridad
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar
• Known as the Father of Philippine Journalism , Father of Masonry,
political analyst
• Pennames: Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling Labuyo,
Kupang
• Works:
• Diariong Tagalog
• Dasalan at Toksohan
• Ten Commandments of the Friars
• 2nd editor of the La Solidaridad
• Jose Rizal
• Known as: GREATEST MAN THAT THE MALAY RACE produced
• Pen name: Laong Laan , Dimasalang
• Works:
• Noli Me Tangere
• El Felibustirismo
• Makisama: the thid unfinished novel, written in tagalog , has 1
chapter and 10 pages in it.
• Failure of the Reform Movement

• Philippines is preoccupied in dealing with its own internal

problems
• There was a lack of and difficulty in collecting monetary
contributions
• Propagandist were having issue with other propagandist
 • LA LIGA FILIPINA

• Civic Organization created by Rizal in Tondo, Manila.

• Objectives of the La Liga were to:
1. Uphold unity and cooperation amongst it members.
2. Develop the agriculture, commerce and education
3. Administer reforms within the government and the society.
•
Katipunan
• Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang
Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a
house on Azcarraga street in Tondo Manila
• The “Kataastaasang Sanggunian” (supreme council) was the
highest governing body of the Katipunan. It was headed by a
supremo, or president. Each province had a “Sangguaniang
Bayan” (Provincial Council) and each town had a “Sangguniang
Balangay” (Popular Council). Andres Bonifacio -controller
• KKK – Kataastaasan Kagalang galang na Katipunan nang mga
Anak nang Bayan)
• Objectives:
1. Political – separation of Philipines from Spain
2. Moral – teaching of good manners and moral
3. Civic – developed a sense of self help and defense of the
oppressed.
• Discovery of Katipunan
• Teodoro Patiño is a katipunero who got in a fight with fellow
katipunero Apolonio de la Cruz because of the two-peso wage
increase in the printing shop of Diario de Manila. Because of
this, Patiño went to his sister Honoria and revealed the secrets
and plans of the KKK. Honoria then went to tell the head nun
about this. The nun urged Patiño to tell the secrets to the parish
priest.
• KARTILLA – serves as the bible of the Katipunan
• Cry of Pugadlawin – the beginning of Philippine Revolution
against the Spanish, August 23, 1896.
• ANDRES BONIFACIO
• Known as: Supremo , the Great Plebian
• Pennames: Agapito Bagumbayan and May Pag-asa
• Monica – the fisrt wife of Bonifacio
• Gregoria de Jesus – second wife
• Works:
• Translated Mi Ultimo Adios into Tagalog
• Dekalogo ng Katipunan

• EMILIO JACINTO
• Known as: Brains of the katipunan
• Contributions:
• Served as the editor of the Kalayaan, the official newspaper of the Katipunan.
• Following years after the revolution:
• Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite: were Filipinos patriots in Cavite who were
executed (and as a response to the revolution)
• Camilo Polavieja – the governor general in office when Rizal was executed
• Tejeros convention - the meeting held between the magdiwang and
magdalo factions of the Katipunan
• Daniel Tirona – questioned the credibility of bonifacio as the director of
the interior.
• Agapito Bonzon – led the arrest of Bonifacio
• Primo de Rivera – the governor general in office when the Spanish
searched for Aguinaldo
• Biak na Bato Republic – the 1st republic ever declared in the Philippines.
• Pact of Biak na Bato – disestablished the government
• Malolos Congress – was the constituent assembly of the 1st
Philippine Republic

• Pedro Paterno – president of the congress

• Malolos Constitution – the basic law of the 1sT Philippine

• Republic,written by Felipe Calderon and Felipe Buencamino.
• Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang , Naning at Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna – Taga – ilog
• Jose Maria Panganiban – Jomapa
• Emilio Jacinto – Dimasilaw , Pingkian
• Pio Valenzuela – Madlang – away
• Apolinario Mabini – Bini , Paralitico
• Juan Luna – Buan
• Emilio Aguinaldo – Magdalo
• AMERICAN PERIOD
• The Military Rule
• After Manila fell into the hand of the Americans the country was
administered by McKinley the President of the United States, through
military rule.
• Gen. Wesley Merritt
• He was the first military governor ordered by the US President to
establish a military government.
• On 29 August 1898, he was ordered to go to Paris to testify before
the peace commissioner regarding the condition in the Philippines.
• Gen. Elwell Otis
• He succeeded Merritt as military governor
• -Otis remained in his post up to May 1901
• He also continued in command of Eighth Corps during the
Philippine–American War. He conducted the U.S. Army during
the Battle of Manila in 1899 and during the first phase of the
insurrection before fighting turned primarily to guerrilla
warfare.
• Gen. Arthur McArthur
• He authorized the expedition, under General Frederick
Funston, that resulted in the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo.
MacArthur persuaded the captured Aguinaldo to cease
fighting and to swear allegiance to the United States. He
was promoted to major general in the Regular Army on
February 5, 1901.
• Military governor’s duties include :
• Pacification of the provinces which had not yet recognized the
authority of the U.S.
• Maintenance of peace and order in areas that were already
pacified.
• In latter case, he ordered the organization of town and
provincial government.
• And also, the introduction of Public School system with some
soldiers as teachers.
• Establishment of Civil Government
• William Howard Taft
• first Civil Governor and also the first lawmaking body of the
Philippines under the Americans, Governor Taft exercised
legislative powers
• Francis Burton Harrison
• The American Governor General in office when the
Philippinization movement started
• Frank Murphy
• The last General -Governor of the Philippines under Civil
Government
• Colonial Policies
• Schurman Commission
• It is named after its chairman,Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman, who was
the President of Cornell University in New York.
• A month after its arrival,the commission issued the following
recommendations to implement American rule
• (1)the enforcement of American sovereignty over entire Philippines
• (2)training for self-government of the Filipinos compatible with the
maintenance of order and with a wise, just and economical
administration of public affairs
• (3) protection of the civil rights of the Filipinos
• (4) the promotion of the welfare of the Filipinos
• Taft Commission
• Named after its chairman William Howard Taft, this commission was
instructed by McKinley to establish a Filipino government in
accordance with the customs and traditions of the people.

• Free primary education was to be introduced by the Commission and

that English language is used as a medium of instruction

• “the Americans came to the Philippines not as Conquerors but as a

Friend whose aim was to work for the benefit and welfare of the
Filipino people”
Sedition Law
• passed in 1901, provided that any Filipino
advocating independence or separation from
the US will be severely punished by death or
imprisonment.
The Philippine Bill of 1902
• known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 or the Cooper Law after
its author Henry A. Cooper that was passed in 1902 by the US
Congress
• provided a bill of rights w/c guaranteed the Filipinos the right to
speech, free press and the freedom to petition for the redress of
grievances;
• gave the right to send Two Filipino representatives were also given
access to represent the Philippines in the US, these people were the
Resident Commissioner.
• One of the most important provisions of Cooper Act was the
establishment of a Philippine assemblyto be run by Filipinos two
years after the peace and order had been proclaimed throughout the
Philippines by the US President.
• Jones Law
Also known as the Jones Act, the Philippine Autonomy Act The law also
changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines' first fully elected
body and therefore made it more autonomous of the U.S. Government.
The 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected lower house (the
Philippine Assembly), while the upper house (the Philippine Commission)
was appointed
• Hare – Hawes Cutting Act- the first US law passed setting a process
and a date for the PH to gain independence.

• Tydings – Mcduffie Law – under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines was wriiten, established the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, with the first elected President of the Philippines. March
1935.

• 1937 – year when Filipinas are allowed to exercise their right to

suffrage.
 • Japanese Occupation

• Dec. 7, 1941 – Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and they attacked Baguio ,
Pampanga
• Dec. 8, 1941 – the US Congress declared war against Japan and this
marked the starts of World War II in the Pacific.
• Dec. 9 , 1941 – Japanese bombed Manila
• Dec. 10, 1941 - Japanese soldiers arrived at Batanes and Northern Luzon
• Dec. 26, 1941 – declared Manila as an Open City.
• Gen. Edward P. King – surrendered in behalf of US forces to Colonel
Nakayama – fall of Bataan .
• April 9, 1942 – start of Death March
• US forces surrendered to general Masahura Homma – the fall of
Corregidor.
• KALIBAPI – the only political party allowed

• Oct 14, 1943 – the Japanese sponsored a Philippine republic was

proclaimed with Jose P. Laurel as president.

• Preparatory commission for Philippines Independence – draft a new

constitution where there is no vice president.

• The president is more powerful than the court and the unicameral
legislative body.

• The national assembly is unicameral.

• Bill of right is set aside
• HUKBALAHAP – founded by Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava and Jose
Banal

• Makapili – a military group to give aid to the imperial Japanese

Army, organized by Benigno Ramos and Artemio Ricarte.

• The Filipino experienced brutally in the hands of the Japanese

until the return of General Douglas McArhur , Japan finally
surrendered after the Hiroshima ( August 6 , 1945) and
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) were destroyed by atomic bombs.
• Commonwealth government reestablished with Sergio Osmena
as president because Quezon died in New York in 1944.

• In April 23, 1946, Manuel Roxas won the Presidency. As

president of the commonwealth he continued in office as the
1st President of the Philippines Third republic after the
proclamation of the Philippines Independence on July 4 , 1946.
• WORLD HISTORY
Mesopotamia
• Sumer
• is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of
southern Mesopotamia.
• Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates,
• The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a
large number of clay tablets written in cuneiform script.
• Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and
consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification
• Akkadian Empire
• It is known that Akkad (also given as Agade) was a city located
along the western bank of the Euphrates River possibly between
the cities of Sippar and Kish
• Its founder was Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BCE). Under
Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian Empire reached its
political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BCE. Akkad
is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history.
• Babylonians
Babylon became a major military power under Amorite king
Hammurabi, who ruled from 1792-1750 B.C. After Hammurabi
conquered neighboring city-states, he brought much of southern and
central Mesopotamia under unified Babylonian rule, creating an empire
called Babylonia.
• He created one of the world’s earliest and most complete written
legal codes. Known as the Code of Hammurabi, it helped Babylon
surpass other cities in the region.
• In 539 B.C., less than a century after its founding, the legendary
Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon. The fall of Babylon
happened when the empire came under Persian control.
• Assyrian period
• Ashurbanipal (668-627 BCE, also known as
Assurbanipal) was the last of the great kings of
Assyria
• Ashur Banipal the first library in the world
• Chaldeans Period
• The Babylonian empire under Nebuchadrezzar extended to the
Egyptian border.
• He enlarged the old palace and added many wings, so that
hundreds of rooms with large inner courts were now at the
disposal of the central offices of the empire. Colourful glazed-
tile bas-reliefs decorated the walls. Terrace gardens, called the
Hanging Gardens in later accounts, were added.
• Other Kingdoms
• Hitties
• They were the first to introduced the use of Bronze in making
arms and other equipments
• Lydians
• They were known to use coins where their leader engraves
• Phoenicians
• Most important contribution: (Phoenician) alphabet, borrowed
later by Greeks
Persian Kingdom
• Cyrus the Great – their first leader; allowed different
religions to exist under his rule
• Darius the Great – annexed Iran, Indus valley, and more;
this made Persia the most powerful empire in the ancient world
• satrapy – the term for Persia’s provinces; for a higher
government’s efficiency. Its governors are called satrap.
• India
• Also known as Harrapan Civilization was an ancient
civilization located in what is Pakistan and
northwest India today.

• Unlike other civilizations, this one is noted by

archaeologists to have a concept of urban planning,
like construction of floodways.
• Aryan Period
• Aryans are defined as early speakers of Vedic Sanskrit, an Indo-
European language that provided the basis for all the languages
in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the majority those
in Europe.
• The Hindu religion is thought to have originated with the
Aryans. The Aryans were originally nature worshipers who
revered a number of gods and believed that their gods
represented forces of nature
• Caste system
• Mauryan Empire
• - After the death of Alexander the Great (where India is a part
of his empire) Chandragupta Maurya swiftly grabbed the power
of governing the easternmost part of Alexander’s territory from
Seleucus I, its governor.
• Ashoka – Under his rule, Maurya is on its peak.
• - After reflecting on the casualties brought by the Kalinga War,
Ashoka turned to Buddhism for self-renewal.
• - Buddhism was his personal religion, and it was spread
throughout the empire. After he died, the empire collapsed.
• Gupta Empire (the Golden Age of Hinduism).
– Kalidasa - the greatest poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit
language of India
 The Huang He-Yangtze river
- Huang is the Chinese word for yellow and it refers to the fine, yellow sediments that the river carries into the floodplains and the sea.
Shang Dynasty Zhou (Chou) Dynasty Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty
- the first to provide a written - has the longest reign of any dynasty - Shi Huang-ti was 13 y/o when he became
history of China - exercised feudalism the emperor
- oracle bones – proof that they - built roads and made coins - He exercised autocracy.
have a writing system - made use of iron and bronze for weapons and farming - He ordered for a Great Wall to be built for
- practiced animism tools defense against invaders.
- Confucius was born.
Han Dynasty Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty
- founded by Liu Pang; he exercised a centralized - a shortlived dynasty, but laid the - founded by Li Yuan
government. foundations for the Golden Age of - Tang Tai-tsung – known as Tang’s greatest
- Under Wu Ti’s rule, the civil service examination China emperor
started. - Under Yang Ti’s rule, the Grand - Li Po, Tu Fu – great writers
- Paper was discovered. Silk Road became known. Canal was built. It connected the - Buddhism spreads.
- Ssu-ma Chien – the first great historian of China Yangtze and Huang He rivers. - Golden Age of China

Sung Dynasty Yuan Dynasty

- founded by Sung Tai-tsu – Kublai Khan successfully invaded China in 1729.
- discovery of magnetic compass, paper printing, and gunpowder - Marco Polo – became a court official under Khan
• Africa
• Middle Kingdom (around 2040-1640 BCE)
• Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II – first ruler of the Middle Kingdom
• Amenemhet II started coregency or a joint ruling, with his son
Senusret I
• Hyksos successfully invaded Egypt. Ahmose was able to crush
the invaders after some time.
• New Kingdom
• Ahmose introduced a centralized government.
• Amenhotep IV introduced monotheism; their god was known
as Aton. Amenhotep IV changed his name into Akhenaton.
• Sphinx - a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the
head of a human
• In the mid-fourth century B.C., the Persians again attacked
Egypt, reviving their empire under Ataxerxes III in 343 B.C.
• Barely a decade later, in 332 B.C., Alexander the Great of
Macedonia defeated the armies of the Persian Empire and
conquered Egypt.
Meso American
• Olmec
• The first elaborate pre-Columbian civilization of Mesoamerica (c.
1200–400 BCE) and one that is thought to have set many of the
fundamental patterns evinced by later American Indian cultures
of Mexico and Central America, notably the Maya and the Aztec.
• In the late 20th century a stone slab engraved with symbols
that appear to have been the Olmec writing system (sometimes
called epi-Olmec, or Isthmian) was discovered in the village of
Cascajal, near San Lorenzo
• Aztec
Tenochtitlan
• The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on the western shore of Lake
Texcoco flourished so that the city could boast at least 200,000
inhabitants by the early 16th century CE, making it the largest city in
the Pre-Columbian Americas
• Incas
• Was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
• The basic unit of Inca society was the village, or neighborhood, in
which the residents thought of each other as at least distantly related.
Marriage was within the neighborhood. Villages, as well as towns
with two or more neighborhood units, were grouped into provinces.
The empire as a whole was divided into four quarters, with the
capital, Cuzco, at the center.
• Mayans
• Mayan peoples began to settle in the Yucatan area
of what is now Mexico between 2600 BC and 1800
BC.
• Some of the major cities were Tikal, Copan,
Chunchucmil, Bonampak, and Palenque.
Turning points in the History
• Dark ages
is a term often used synonymously with the Middle Ages. It
refers to the period of time between the fall of the Roman
Empire and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance and
the Age of Discovery.
Holy roman empire or Byzantine empire,
• often called the Eastern Roman Empire or simply Byzantium,
existed from 330 to 1453 CE. With its capital founded at
Constantinople by Constantine I (r. 306-337 CE)
• was the longest-lasting medieval power, and its influence
continues today, especially in the religion, art, architecture, and
law of many Western states, Eastern and Central Europe, and
Russia.
• Renaissance
a vibrant period of European cultural, artistic, political
and scientific “rebirth” after the Middle Ages, was led
by people including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Machiavelli and the Medici family.
• Prominent figures of the period included philosopher and
statesman Niccolò Machiavelli, known for the political treatise
The Prince; Francis Bacon, a statesman and philosopher
considered the master of the English tongue; the astronomer
Nicolaus Copernicus, who developed the theory that the solar
system was centred on the Sun; the poets Petrarch and Giovanni
Boccaccio, who laid the foundations for the humanism of the
Renaissance; William Shakespeare, considered the greatest
dramatist of all time; astronomer and mathematician Galileo,
who helped disprove much of the medieval thinking in science;
and the explorers Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan,
and Hernán Cortés.
Industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, when
agricultural societies became more industrialized and urban.
The transcontinental railroad, the cotton gin, electricity and other
inventions permanently changed society.
Imperialism
state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and
dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining
political and economic control of other areas.
• World War 1
• Also called First World War or Great War, an international
conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled most of the nations of
Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East,
and other regions.
• Central Power (Germany , Austria – Hungary, Turkey)
• Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan , United States)
• World war II
• Also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually
every part of the world during the years 1939–45.

• The Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)

• Allies (France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet
Union, and, China. )
• Cold war
• The open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War
II between the United States and the Soviet Union and their
respective allies
• Globalization
• Is the word used to describe the growing
interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures,
and populations, brought about by cross-border
trade in goods and services, technology, and flows
of investment, people, and information.
International Organizations
World Health Organization (WHO)
• is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned
with international public health.
World Bank (WB)
• is an international financial institution that provides loans to
countries of the world for capital projects.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
• Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by
promoting international collaboration through educational, scientific,
and cultural reforms in order to increase universal respect for justice,
the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom
proclaimed in the United Nations Charter
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C.,
consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary
cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade,
promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and
reduce poverty around the world
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
• to provide emergency food and healthcare to children and mothers in
countries that had been devastated by World War II.
World Trade Organization
• is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the
regulation of international trade between nations.
ASEAN
• is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries
in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation
and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and
sociocultural integration among its members and other countries in
Asia.
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an
intergovernmental organization of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in
Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and
Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. As of
September 2018, the then 14 member countries accounted for an
estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the
world's "proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global
oil prices that were previously determined by the so called "Seven
Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies.
APEC
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental
forum for 21 Pacific Rim member economies that promotes free
trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region
Important Treaties
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling
conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by
Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.
• The Peace of Westphalia
• refers to the pair of treaties (the Treaty of Münster and the
Treaty of Osnabrück) signed in October and May 1648 which
ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.
• The Treaty of Paris
• was a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on
December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War. In
the treaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and
title to Cuba, and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
to the United States.
The Congress of Vienna
• marked the establishment of a new political and legal order for
Europe after more than two decades of turmoil and war
following the French Revolution. The defeat of Napoleon
(1769–1821) in 1813–1814 by a huge coalition of powers under
the leadership of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia gave the
victorious powers an opportunity to stabilize Europe. This they
intended to do by containing the power of France and
recreating the balance between the great powers.
Treaty of Versailles
• peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied
and associated powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in
the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919; it took force
on January 10, 1920.
Treaty of Constantinople
• Secret World War I agreement between Russia, Britain, and
France for the postwar partition of the Ottoman Empire.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Forms of The Government
• Monarchy –The King and Queen/Monarchs
• Absolute Monarchy – Monarchs hold the supreme power and made all the
decision.
• Limited Monarchy - Ruler rules according to the Constitution. Also known as
Constitutional Monarchy
• Aristocracy. Elite Political power is exercised by a few privilege elite
• Oligarchy – government of few/selected few., where power resides on the
individual for corrupt and selfish purposes.
• Democracy – Political power is vested on the majority of people.
• Direct or Pure Democracy – Whereas decisions are made directly from the people
• Indirect or representative Democracy – Decision are done through medium of
delegates or representative. People will vote their representative in the
Government
• Unitary Government – wherein the power is within the
authority of the national government.
• Federal Government – wherein the power of the government is
divided between two set of organs. One for the National affairs
and Local Affairs. Each organ is supreme within its own sphere.
• Communism – No Private Property. Everything is own by the
Government.
• Meritocracy – Leadership by Talent.
• Presidential – The president holds executive powers only.
• Parliamentary – The presidents hold Executive and Legislative
Power
• Type of Constitution.
– Written Constitution – kind of constitution wherein all provision are listed and
define in a single document. Example is the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.
– Unwritten Constitution – Opposite of Written constitution, All provisions are not
contained in a single paper but rather in different document.
– Enacted Constitution or Conventional – Constitution made by deliberation of the
Constitutional Commission that is chosen to create and draft the Law of the Land.
– Rigid or Inelastic – One that cannot easily amend or revise.
– Flexible or elastic – one that can easily changed anytime.
•
• Based on the foregoing kind of constitution, it is correct to say that 1987
Philippine Constitution is a Written, Enacted and Rigid Constitution.
• Part of Constitution
• Constitution of Liberty - refers to those provision which define
the right of the people. Bill of Rights a good example.
• Constitution of Government – refers to those provision which
define the power of any instrumentality of the Government.
Legislative, Executive and Judicial Part of the Government a
• Constitution of Sovereignty – Refers to those provision which
outline the process by which the people can revise/amend the
constitution.
• Constitutions of the Philippines
• Malolos Constitution
• 1935 Constitution or Commonwealth Constitution
• 1943 Constitution or Japanese Sponsored Republic
• 1973 Constitution
• 1987 Constitution
• Highlights of 1987 constitution
– Fixed Term of six years for President
– President power to appoint is subject to confirm by Commission of
Appointment
– Power of the President to declare Martial Law is subject to the
approval of the Congress
– Senators have 2 terms while the Congressman has 3 terms
– Member of the Judiciary should be recommended by Judicial Bar
Council
• Types of writs
• Writ of Habeas Corpus – a court order that commands the government or law
enforcement to bring the prisoner before the court for justification of the legality
of custody or detaining.
• Writ of Amparo- legal remedy for the protection of life, liberty and security.
• Writ of Habeas Data – Legal remedy available to any person who suffer from
unlawful search or gathering of any information
• Writ of Kalikasan – writ for the protection and preservation of the environment.
• Writ of Certiorari – writ issued by higher court requiring the lower court the
elevate the case to them for the purpose of review.
• Writ of Prohibition – order form the superior court to prohibits the lower court
for further proceeding in an action or matter.
• Writ of Mandamus – order from the superior court requiring the lower court to
do their duty.
• Writ of Quo warranto –order in which the legality of the individual to the
government position is questioned and challenged.
Article 2 Section 1
The Philippines is a democratic and republican State.
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government
authority emanates from them.
What is State?
It is a community of person occupying a
definite portion of territory , possessing a
government and enjoying independence
from external control.
 ELEMENTS OF STATE
People – refers to the inhabitants
Territory – geographical profile of a state that includes the land and
waters and the space above.
Government – the agency and machinery of the states through which
the will of the people in formulated, expressed and carried out.
Sovereignty – as commonly understood as the Supreme power of the
state to govern to its laws upon the citizens.
• Origin of State
• Divine Rights – State is made by God
• Necessity or Force theory - state is created by some great force
or warrior
• Social Contract theory – Voluntary compact of the people to
create a state.
• Paternalistic theory – Origin form the family
 FUNDAMENTAL POWER OF THE STATE
Police power – fundamental right of a state to enact laws or regulation.
Taxation power – power of the state to impose charges upon the persons,
property , occupation , and others as may be defined by law in order to
defray the expenses of the government and to enable it to fully discharge
its functions.
Eminent Domain – it refers to the power of the state to acquire ,
confiscate , or take private properties for public use upon payment of just
compensation.
 ARTICLE 1 National Territory
Comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters
embraced therein.
All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or
jurisdiction consisting of its terrestrial , fluvial, and aerial domains,
including its territorial seas, the sea bed , the subsoil, the insular
shelves and other sub marine areas.
The waters around, between and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breath and dimension, form part of the
internal waters of the Philippines.
 ARTICLE 2 Declaration of State Principles
Philippine is democratic and Republican State ( Sec. 1)
ØThe existence of Bill of Rights
ØThe observation of the principle that ours is a government of laws and not
of men
ØThe observance of popular election through the rule of majority
ØThe observance of the principle of separation of power and the system of
checks and balance
ØThe observance of the law on public officers and offices
ØThe observation of the principle that the State cannot be sued without its
consent
§Peace is an instrument of national policy(Sec.2)
§Supremacy of the Civilian Authority ( Sec. 3 )
§Prime duty of the government (Sec. 4)
§Maintenance of Peace and order (Sec. 5)
§Separation of the Church and State (sec. 6)
§Independent Foreign policy for self –determination (sec. 7)
§Policy of nuclear non-proliferation (sec.8)
§Promotion of dynamic social order and social justice in all
phases of national development (sec.9 & 10)
§Dignity of a person and respect for human rights (sec.11)
§Sanctity of the Family (sec.12)
§Youth and women in nation building (sec.13 &14)
§Right to health and right of the people to a balance ecology (sec.
15&16)
§Priority to education and poster nationalism (sec.17)
§Labor as primary social economic force (sec.18)
§Self – reliant and independent national economy
(sec. 19)
§Private sector, rural development, and the cultural communities (sec.20-22)
§Non – governmental organization/ people’s organizations (sec.23)
§Communication and local autonomy (sec. 24-25)
§Public service values honestly and integrity ( sec.26-28)
 ARTICLE 3 Bill of Rights

Due process of law (sec.1)

Search warrant and warrant of arrest (sec.2)
Privacy of communication and correspondence (sec.3)
Freedom of speech, of expression and the press / freedom of
assemble peacefully (sec.4)
Freedom of religion (sec.5)
Freedom of abode and right to travel ( sec.6)
Right of people to information (sec.7)
Right to form union (sec.8)
Confiscation of private property (sec.9)
Respect for the obligation of contract (sec.10)
Adequate legal assistance in court (sec.11)
The right to remain silent and have counsel/ right against torture ,
force and unjust detention (sec.12)
Right to bail (sec.13)
Due process in criminal offences (sec.14)
ØRight to due process
ØRight to the presumption of innocence
ØRight to be heard by himself or by counsel
ØRight to be informed of the nature and the cause of the
accusation against him
ØRight to speedy, impartial, public trial
ØRight to meet the witness face to face
ØRight to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witness and the production of evidence on his behalf
ØWrit of habeas corpus (sec.15)
ØSpeedy disposition of cases (sec.16)
ØRight against self-incrimination ( sec.17)
ØNon imprisonment for political belief (sec.18)
ØDeath penalty to Reclusion Perpetua (sec.19)
ØNon – imprisonment for debts ( sec.20)
ØRights against double jeopardy (sec.21)
ØExpost facto law / bill of attainder (sec.22)
ØGeneral Classification of Rights
1. Natural/Inherent – god given rights given to human beings as he created us.
2. Statutory – rights assured by laws passed by the state’s legislative branch
3. Constitutional – rights assured , indicated in the constitution
ØClassification of Constitutional Rights
1. Civil rights – guarantees the right of citizens to secure their means of
happiness
2. Political rights – guarantees the participation of citizen in the administration
of their government
3. Rights of the defendant – rights of the person when he is charged with a
criminal case
ØWarrant of arrest – an order in writing issued by a judge commanding a
peace officer to take a designated person into custody in order that he may
be bound the answer the commission of an offense.
ØSearch warrant – an order writing issued in the name of the people of the
Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer, commanding
him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before
the court.
ØLiberty of abode – an individual may build his home in any place that may
appeal to him
ØLiberty to travel – an individual may go from one place to another ,
anytime of the 24 hours.
 ARTICLE 4 Citizenship
The following are the citizens of the Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this constitution.
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are the citizens of the
Philippines.
3. Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who
elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law
An Alien is a foreigner who temporarily resides in another
country or one who passes through another political
border.
üResident alien
üNon – resident alien
The Refugees are stateless person who have fled their
homes state for shelter and asylum in another state.
 Doctrine of Citizenship

Jus sanguinis – the doctrine of jus sanguinis states

that citizenship of a child is determined by blood
relationship.
Jus soli – citizenship of a child is determined by the
place of birth.
 WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
1. By birth
2. By naturalization
ü21 years of age
üA resident of the Philippines for a continuous period of not less than 10 years.
üMust be of good moral character and believes in the principles underlying the Philippine
Constitution.
üMust own real property or must have some known lucrative trade, profession , or lawful
occupation.
üMust be able to read or write English or Spanish or any of the principal languages
üMust have enrolled his minor children in duly recognized schools in the Philippines,
where they are taught Philippine History , and government and civics.
 LOSS AND REPATRIATION
Citizenship may be lost on the following conditions:
1. By naturalization in another country
2. By express renunciation of citizenship
3. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the constitution
of another country upon attaining the age of at 21 years.
4. By rendering service to, or accepting commission in the armed
forces of a foreign country .
5. By cancellation of the certificate of naturalization
6. By having been declared by competent authority, a deserted of the
Philippines armed forces in time of war
 ARTICLE 5 Suffrage
Qualification to exercise suffrage:
1. A citizen of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law.
The citizen refers to both natural born or naturalized Filipino.
2. At least years of age
3. A residence of the Philippines for at least a year, and in the
place they propose to vote for at least 6 months
immediately proceeding the election.
4. Must be registered voter
 INTANCES OF SUFFRAGE
Plebiscite : the people decide on whether to ratify or to reject any
proposed amendment to, revision of, the constitution.
Elections : the people choose their official for definite and fixed periods.
Initiative : the people directly proposed or enact laws
Referendum : the submission of a law, or of a part of it, passed by the
national or local legislature to the people for their rejection or ratification
Recall : is the process of removing an incumbent officer from active duty
or before the expiration of his term of office by a vote of the people.
 ARTICLE VI Legislative

Is essentially the authority of the government to enact laws,

repeal or amend them as well.

Law making authority of the government is vested in the

congress of the Philippines is compose of the Senate and the
House of Representatives
SENATE
Qualifications to run:
Natural born citizen of the Philippines
A registered voter
Able to read and write
At least 35 years old on the day of election
Resident of the Philippines for not less than 2 years immediately coming before
the day of election
Composition:
24 member address as Senators
Term of Office: 6 years
No senator can serve for more than 2 consecutive terms
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Qualifications to run:
Natural born citizen of the Philippines
A registered voter
Able to read and write
At least 25 years old on the day of election
Resident of the district in which he shall be elected for not less than one year
immediately coming before the day of election.
Composition:
Not more than 250 representative address as congressmen
Term of Office: 3 years
No representative can serve for more than 3 consecutive terms
LEGISLATIVE PREVILEGES

Parliamentary immunities:
Privilege from arrest while Congress in is session in all offences
punishable by more than 6 years of imprisonment.
Privileges of speech and debate , the members of the congress
cannot be sued or prosecuted for anything they say or write in
connection with their legislative duties.
Powers of the congress
1. Power of Legislative Investigation
2. Power of appropriation
3. Power of taxation
4. Non – legislative powers
The law making Process
1. Origin of the bills
2. Parts of the bill
3. Procedure in the approval of a bill ( 1st , 2nd and 3rd reading)
The bills becomes law when:
1. the president approves or sign after the congress has presented the bill to him.
2. The President does not act upon the bill within 3o days after it has been
presented to him
3. The is vetoed to the President and sent back to the house . The bill becomes a law
when congress by a vote of 2/3 of its agree to override the veto.
 ARTICLE 7 EXECUTIVE

§Granted to the president is the power to enforce

and execute the laws faithfully
PRESIDENT

Qualification
Natural born citizen of the Philippines
A registered voter
Able to read and write
At least 4o years old at the day of the election
Resident of the Philippines for atleast 10 years immediately preceding the
election.

Term of office: 6 years which will begin at the noon on the 30th day of June.
He is not eligible for re-election
Privileges:
1. Official residency of the president is the Malacanang
Palace
2. Immunity: he is accorded with immunity from both civil
and criminal. This is to assure the exercise of duties free
from any hindrance or distractions, considering that
being a Chief Executive of the Government is a job that
demands undivided attention
POWER OF THE PRESIDENT
Power to execute laws
Power to appoint and remove
Control and supervision
Supervision of the local government
Military
Legislative
Executive clemency
Contract loan

Diplomatic
Deport alien
EXECUTIVE ORDERS - “Acts of the President providing for rules of a general or permanent
character in implementation or execution of constitutional or statutory powers shall be
promulgated in executive orders.”

PROCLAMATIONS --“Acts of the President fixing a date or declaring a status or condition

of public moment or interest, upon the existence of which the operation of a specific law
or regulation is made to depend, shall be promulgated in proclamations which shall have
the force of an executive order.”

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS - “Acts of the President which relate to particular aspects of

governmental operations in pursuance of his duties as administrative head shall be
promulgated in administrative orders.”
MEMORANDUM ORDERS - “Acts of the President on matters of administrative detail or
of subordinate or temporary interest which only concern a particular officer or office of
the Government shall be embodied in memorandum orders.”
Rules of Succession:
1. If the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president elect shall act as
president until the president elect shall have qualified.
2. If a president shall not have been chosen, the vice president elect shall act as
president until the president shall have been chosen and qualified.
3. If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president elect shall have
died or shal have permanently disabled, the vice president shall become
president.
4. Where no President and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have
qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the
president of the senate or, in any case of his inability, the speaker of the house
of the representatives shall act as president until a president or a vice
president shall have been chosen and qualified.
 ARTICLE VIII Judiciary
§Is vested in the Supreme Court and other
lower courts. It involves the duty to settle
actual controversies involving rights, which
are legally demandable and enforceable.
Qualification:
Natural born citizen
At least 40 years old
A judge of lower court or engage in the practice of law in the
Philippines for at least 15 years.
A member of the judiciary must be a person proven of
competence, integrity, probity and independence.
Composiition:
1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Judges
Term of Office
1. Members of SC and lower courts shall enjoy their offices during
good behavior
2. Shall enjoy the office until they are removed in the long and
difficult process of impeachment
3. Shall hold office until they reach the age of seventy years or
become incapacitated
4. Shall continue their office until dismiss by members of Supreme
Court on probable cause.
 ARTICLE IX Constitutional Commission

§The Constitution created 3 independent

constitutional bodies namely : Civil Service
Commission , Commission on Election and the
Commission on Audit.
 ARTICLE IX Constitutional Commission

§The CSC, as the central personnel agency of the government, shall establish
a career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity,
responsiveness , and courtesy in the civil service. It shall strengthen the merit
and rewards system.
§The Comelec, a free and open party system shall be allowed to evolve
according to the free choice of the people.
§COA, shall have the power, authority and duty to examine, audit, and settle
all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts of, and expenditures or
uses of funds and property, owned or held in trust by, or pertaining to the
government.
Qualification
A natural citizen of the Philippines
At least 35 years old at the time of their appointment
Must not be interested in any elective position in an election prior to their
appointments
They should not have been involved in any elective position proceeding their
appointments
vCSC- Capacity for public administration and local management
vCOMELEC – college graduate and member of IBP with at least 10 years of
law practice.
vCOA – must be a Certified Public Accountant with at least 10 years
experience in the profession or IBP with at least 10 years experience in the
legal profession.
 ARTICLE X Local Government

§The territorial and political subdivisions of the

Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities,
municipalities, and barangays. There shall be
autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the
Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.
ARTICLE XI Accountability of Public Official

Public office is a public trust. Public Officers and employees

must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them
with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty and efficiency ,
act with patriotism and justice and lead modest lives.
 Article XI Section 2
The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme
Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the
Ombudsman may be removed from office on impeachment for,
and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason,
bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of
public trust. All other public officers and employees may be
re m o ve d f ro m o ff i c e a s p ro v i d e d b y l a w, b u t n o t b y
impeachment.
Grounds for Impeachment

üculpable violation of the Constitution

ü treason
üBribery
ügraft and corruption
übetrayal of public trust
üOther high crimes
§Anti Graft Court …
Section 4. The present anti-graft court known as
the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and
exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be
provided by law.
Qualifications
The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be:
1. natural-born citizens of the Philippines, and at the time of their
appointment
2. at least forty years old, of recognized probity and independence,
and members of the Philippine Bar,
3. and must not have been candidates for any elective office in the
immediately preceding election.
4. The Ombudsman must have, for ten years or more, been a judge or
engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.
ARTICLE XII National and Patrimony

Section 1. The goals of the national economy are a more equitable

distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth; a sustained increase in
the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit
of the people; and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the
quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged.
ARTICLE XIII Social Justice and Human Rights

Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the

enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of
all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and
political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by
equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the
common good.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
1. We are all free and equal. We are all born free. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all
be treated in the same way.
2. Don’t discriminate. These rights belong to everybody, whatever our differences.
3. The right to life. We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety.
4. No slavery – past and present. Nobody has any right to make us a slave. We cannot make anyone our
slave.
5. No Torture. Nobody has any right to hurt us or to torture us.
6. We all have the same right to use the law. I am a person just like you!
7. We are all protected by the law. The law is the same for everyone. It must treat us all fairly.
8. Fair treatment by fair courts. We can all ask for the law to help us when we are not treated fairly.
9. No unfair detainment. Nobody has the right to put us in prison without a good reason and keep us
there, or to send us away from our country.
10. The right to trial. If we are put on trial this should be in public. The people who try us should not let
anyone tell them what to do.
11. Innocent until proven guilty. Nobody should be blamed for doing something until it is proven. When
people say we did a bad thing we have the right to show it is not true.
12. The right to privacy. Nobody should try to harm our good name. Nobody has the right to come into our
home, open our letters or bother us or our family without a good reason.
13. Freedom to move. We all have the right to go where we want in our own country and to travel as we wish.
14. The right to asylum. If we are frightened of being badly treated in our own country, we all have the right to
run away to another country to be safe.
15. The right to a nationality. We all have the right to belong to a country.
16. Marriage and family. Every grown-up has the right to marry and have a family if they want to. Men and
women have the same rights when they are married, and when they are separated.
17. Your own things. Everyone has the right to own things or share them. Nobody should take our things from
us without a good reason.
18. Freedom of thought. We all have the right to believe in what we want to believe, to have a religion, or to
change it if we want.
19. Free to say what you want. We all have the right to make up our own minds, to think what we like, to say
what we think, and to share our ideas with other people.
20. Meet where you like. We all have the right to meet our friends and to work together in peace to defend
our rights. Nobody can make us join a group if we don’t want to.
21. The right to democracy. We all have the right to take part in the government of our country. Every grown-
up should be allowed to choose their own leaders.
22. The right to social security. We all have the right to affordable housing, medicine, education, and child care,
enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill or old.
23. Workers’ rights. Every grown-up has the right to do a job, to a fair wage for their work, and to join a trade
union.
24. The right to play. We all have the right to rest from work and to relax.
25. A bed and some food. We all have the right to a good life. Mothers and children, people who are old,
unemployed or disabled, and all people have the right to be cared for.
26. The right to education. Education is a right. Primary school should be free. We should learn about the
United Nations and how to get on with others. Our parents can choose what we learn.
27. Culture and copyright. Copyright is a special law that protects one’s own artistic creations and writings;
others cannot make copies without permission. We all have the right to our own way of life and to enjoy the
good things that “art,” science and learning bring.
28. A free and fair world. There must be proper order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our own
country and all over the world.
29. Our responsibilities. We have a duty to other people, and we should protect their rights and freedoms.
30. Nobody can take away these rights and freedoms from us.
ARTICLE XIV Education , Science and Technology , Arts , Culture
and Sports

• Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all
citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall take
appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
ARTICLE XIV Education , Science and Technology , Arts , Culture
and Sports

Section 2. The State shall:

• (1) Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and
integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the
people and society;
• (2) Establish and maintain a system of free public education in
the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the
natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary
education is compulsory for all children of school age;
ARTICLE XIV Education , Science and Technology , Arts , Culture and
Sports

• (3) Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan

programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to
deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the
underprivileged;
• (4) Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as
well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs
particularly those that respond to community needs; and
• (5) Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with
training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills
ARTICLE XV The Family

The State recognizes the Filipino family as a foundation of the

nation. According, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively
promote its total development

Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the

family and shall be protected by the state.
ECONOMICS
Classical Economist
1.John Stuart Mill :
• stated supply and demand as a relationship rather than just two quantities
• was also known with the Economic Philosophy ‘Utilitarianism”
2. Jean-Baptiste Say
• known for his contribution to Say's Law of Markets, also referred to as his Theory
of Markets
3. Adam Smith
• wrote the book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,
(considered to be the first modern work of economics)
• Smith changed the import/export business, created the concept of what is now
known as the gross domestic product (GDP).
• The Theory Of Moral Sentiments
 What is economics
- Came from the Greek word Oekonomia – “ management of the
household”

Division of economics

Microecomics – studies the behavior of single entities, such as household,

the business form, and the resource owner.
Macroeconomics - studies the overall performance of the economy.
 Fundamental concepts of economics
Production – use of economic resources to create goods and services

Distribution – the manner of distribution of total output and income

among individuals

Consumption – the spending by individual on goods and services

Scarcity – the economic problem between having unlimited human wants

and needs but only having limited resources.
Fundamental questions
1. What to produce ?
2. How shall the goods be produced?
3. For whom shall the goods be produced?

Shortage, Surplus and opportunity cost

Shortage – results from a high demand and less supply of a certain

commodity.
Surplus – when demand exceeds supply
Opportunity cost – a benefit that a person could received but decided
to give it up for another benefit.
Economic system – system of production, resource allocation, and distribution
of goods and services within a society or given geographic area.

TYPES OF ECONOMY

1. Traditional – current practices were passed down from generation to

generation (doesn’t allow change)
2. Command – a highly dictatorial system ( no freedom of choice , means of
production are own by the government.
3. Market – system coordinated through, a connection of market and prices.
4. Mixed – there is a little bit of this and that
Alternative types:

Capitalism – characterized by private ownership of capital goods, there exist

competition in a free market

Socialism – characterized by collective or government ownership and

administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Welfare states – the government overrules market forces to protect its people,
and to provide for them means to have at least a minimum standard of living.
 Needs and wants

Needs – a requisites that must be met for one’s survival

Wants – a desire for something that one can live without.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – human needs are depicted as hierarchical levels

such that needs at the bottom should be satisfied first before s/he can go to
achieve a higher level of need.
 FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Land – all natural resources , payment for the use of land is called rent.

Labor – the human effort used in production, payment for the use of labor is
called wage.

Capital – the man made factors used in a production, payment for the use of
capital is called interest.

Entrepreneurship – the skills in charge of combining and handling all other

economic resources to be best use; paymeny for the use of entrprenuership is
called profit.
Market – is a mechanism by which the buyers and the seller interact to determined both price and
quantity of goods and services

Demand and Supply

Demand – it is a market expression of the cumulative willingness and ability of household to buy
different amount of product at different prices.

Factors of demand:
Changes of income , tastes and preferences , price of substitute goods , expectation of future price,
seasonality, population

Supply – it is a market expression of the cumulative willingness and ability of all firms to produce
different amount of a product at different prices.

Factors of supply:
Cost of productions, price of related goods, number of firms in the industry, seasonality ( weather
condition), expectation of future price.
Ceteris paribus – “ all other things remaining constant”

Market Equilibrium – is to reach a state in which the quantity of

goods that producers are willing and able and the quantity of
goods that a buyer are willing and able to buy are equal at the
same price.
Price Flooring - the minimum price at which
sellers can offer their goods for sale.

Ceiling price – the maximum price at which

the seller can offer their goods for sale.
Market Structure – the interconnected attributes of a market.

Perfect competition – the ideal form but difficult to attain.

Characteristics :
Plurality of buyers and seller, homogeneity of goods,
Perfect mobility of resources , perfect knowledge of market condition.

Imperfect competiton
Monopoly – where a single firm is the supplier of a good and services-
- Has the complete control of the market and of the price of his / her goods .
Monopolisitic competition - where a relatively large number of sellers offer a relatively
close substitute of each other.
Advantage : consumers have a wide range of products to choose.
Monopsony –where goods and services is sought only by
one buyer where he/ she dictates his / her terms to its
seller.

Oligopoly – where a small number of firms sell either

homogenous or differentiated products
National Income Account

GNP – the market value of all goods and services

produced by a nation in a given period. (gawa ng pinoy)

GDP – Measures the value of all goods and services

produced in the country. (gawa dito sa pilipinas)
Inflation

The phenomenon where there is a continuing increase in prices.

Type of inflation:
Demand pull – state of excess aggregate demand
Cost push – cause by a significant and continued increase in some cost of
production
Fiscal Policy – role of the government in combating inflation , it is a
manipulation of government spending and imposition of taxes

Monetary policy – manipulation savings and investment of the

financial sector.

Taxation – it is an inherent power of the state to impose and collect

revenues to defray the necessary expenses of the government.
• System of Taxation
• 1. Regressive Tax - The rate of taxation decreases as the income
of taxpayers increases.
• 2. Progressive Tax – The rate of taxation increases as the
income of taxpayer increases.
• 3. Proportional Tax – The rate of taxation is in proportion to the
income of taxpayer.
• Types of Tax
• a. Income tax – tax imposed on incomes of individuals and
businesses
• b. Personal income tax – Tax on incomes earned by individuals
• d. Realty tax – Tax imposed on property
• e. Estate tax – Tax paid by the heirs of inherited property
• h. Tariff – Tax imposed on imports from foreign countries
• i. Ad valorem tax – Tax imposed on luxury imported goods
• j. Sin tax – Tax imported alcoholic liquors and cigarettes
• k. Value Added Tax – Tax making the price of goods higher;
originally set at 10% of the value of the good/service; With Expanded
Value Added Tax, it is now at 12%
4. Jeremy Bentham
• also known with the Economic Philosophy ‘Utilitarianism”
• “It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the
measure of right and wrong.
5. David Ricardo
• best known for his theory on wages and profit, labor theory of
value, theory of comparative advantage, and theory of rents.
6. Thomas Malthus
• wrote the Theory on Population which states that the human
population will surpass the limit where the world’s resources
can sustain human life.
• Neoclassical Economists
– Alfred Marshall
• wrote Principles of Economics (1890) and compiled the
concepts of supply and demand, marginal utility, and costs of
production
– John Maynard Keynes
• wrote the book The General Theory of Employment, Interest,
and Money and this became the basis of the field of
macroeconomics
 SOCIOLOGY/
ANTHROPOLOGY
Sociology – is the study of association, group, society, and social
interaction, and focuses on social organization, social institution, and
social problems.

August Comte – coined the term Sociology ( Father of Sociology)

Herbert Spencer – coined the concept of “ survival of the fittest”
Charles Cooley – Looking glass self
Robert Merton – theory of deviant and social function
Karl Marx- Conflict Theory
Sociological Imagination – a quality of mind to look at our own
experiences in terms of what is going on in the world.

Sociological Perspective – distinctive point of view making use the

social world to guide our thinking and actions.

Sociological Inquiry – the scientific investigation of the repetitive

patterns in human behavior.
Culture – refers to the customary
ways in which social groups organize
their ways of thinking.

SOCIAL SCIENCES
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
• 1. Shared : Culture is something shared. It is nothing that an individual can passes but shared by
common people of a territory. For example, customs, traditions, values, beliefs are all shared by
man in a social situation. These beliefs and practices are adopted by all equally.
• 2. Learned : is not inherited biologically but it is leant socially by man in a society. It is not an
inborn tendency but acquired by man from the association of others
• 3. Accumulative : Different knowledge embodied in culture can be passed from one generation
to another generation. More and more knowledge is added in the particular culture as time
passes by
• 4. Diverse : Every society has its own culture and ways of behaving. It is not uniform every
where but occurs differently in various societies. Every culture is unique in itself is a specific
society.
• 5. Symbolic : is the ability to learn and transmit behavioural traditions from one generation to
the next by the invention of things that exist entirely in the symbolic realm.
• 6. Adaptive : it provides behavior patterns, strategies, and techniques aimed at helping people
adapt in a particular environment
 Components of cultures

1. Norms – guidelines which serves as expectations for people to do in

relation with one another.

I. Folkways – habitual ways of doing something w/out giving much

thought
II. Mores – the vital norms to a society, ethics and moral standards
III. Taboo – behavior that must not be done

IV. laws – formalized norms enacted by people in an authority.

2. Expression of culture
Material and non – material culture
3. Viewpoints on Culture
I. Cultural relativism – cultures differ only has a meaning within its cultural setting
II. Culture shock – refers to the feeling of disbelief and disorganization when
someones encounter different cultural pattern
III. Ethnocentrism – feeling of superiority of one’s culture
IV. Xenocentrism - inferiority of one’s culture
V. Noble savage mentality – the notion that simple cultures are better to live than the
current
VI. Subculture – refers to the smaller groups which develop a more distinct culture from
the other
VII. Counter culture – refers to the smaller groups whose standards in is conflict with and
oppose the standard of the dominant culture
VIII. Culture Lag – refers to the gap between the material and non material cultures.
 Symbolic Uses of Culture
1. Pop Culture – the popular of the contemporary society
2. Culture of Poverty – implying a cycle of derpivation
3. Culture of Opulence – ways of the rich in their world
4. Culture of conspicuous consumption – ways of buying goods and services which
are in excess of what they actually need.
5. Culture of Silence – habit of silence as a resigned response to authority
6. Culture of corruption – illegally obtaining wealth and power in the office
7. Culture of apathy – the inaction and lack of interest of the people in regards to
the issues and concerns which need attention and resolution.
8. Culture of Dehumanization – abusive and exploitative practices against the
deprived group of the society.
 Causes of Cultural Change

1. Discovery –finding new place or object

2. Invention –utilization or combination of elements to
produce original product
3. Rebellion – replacement of whole social order and existing
norm
4. Diffusion – spread of cultural traits
5. Colonization – establishment of colony to rule
Anthropology – a social science discipline that deals physical, cultural and social culture of
minority groups of the society.

Sex – based on biological differences of human

Gender – based on the socio cultural differences of humans

Gender identity – the inner experience or sense of oneself as a result of socialization.

Gender roles – activities assigned to individual

Sanctions – system of reward and punishment to ensure that norms are followed.

Deviance – any activity by members of a social group that violates the established social norms.
Gemeinschaft – a social system wherein most relationship are personal, traditional , private
and filial

Gesselschaft – a social system where in most relationship are impersonal , formal , contractual,
and bargain like.

Demography – the statistical analysis and description of human populations with reference to
their size, structure, age , sex, and other related factors.

Fertility – the actual number of born in a given area at a given time.

Mortality – the number of deaths

Life expectancy – the average number of years a person can expect to live from the moment
of birth.
Migration – the spatial movement of person or group of
persons from one place to another for permanent or
temporary residency

1. Immigration – when one enters his/her place of

destination
2. Emigration – when one leaves his/her place of origin

SOCIAL SCIENCES
Marriage – the systematize and institutionalized purpose of continuing a family and of begetting
and rearing children

Organization

Nuclear – composed of a husband and a wife and their children

Extended – composed of two nuclear or more nuclear

Descent (genealogical ties of a person)

Bilateral – descent through both father and mother families

Patrilineal – descent through the father’s family only
Matrilineal – descent through the mother’s family only

Residence
Patrilocal , Matrilocal , Neolocal
Based on authority

Patriarchy – oldest male is in charge

Matriarchy – oldest female is in charge
Egalitarian – the husband and wife is in charge
GEOGRAPHY
• Philippine Geography

• Part of Southeast Asia Region.

• Composed of 3 islands ; Luzon , visayas and Mindanao
• Composed of 1 regions
• Tallest mountain: Mount Apo
• Longest Mountain Range: Sierra Madre
• Longest River: Cagayan River or Rio Grande de Cagayan
• 2nd Largest is the Mindanao River or Rio Grande de Mindanao
• Largest lake: Laguna de bay
• ASEAN: Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Laos,
Brunei, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar
 SLOGAN/ NICKNAMES OF DIFFERENT PLACES
(PHILIPPINES)
• NCR:
• Caloocan City
• The City of Heroes
• Cradle of Katipunan
• City of Manila
• The Queen City of the Pacific
• Pasay City
• Asian City
• Japanese City of the Philippines

• Muntinlupa City
• Ilocos Region
• (Region I)

• Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

• Northernmost City of the Philippines

• Alaminos City
• The Hundred Islander
• Capital of the Worl
• Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
• Baguio City
• Convention City
• Artists Heaven
• Little America

• Banaue
• The site of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Batad Rice Terraces and Bangaan
Rice Terraces

• La Trinidad
• Salad Bowl of the Philippines

• Sagada
• Home of the world famous hanging coffins
• Cagayan Valley (Region II)

• Aglipay
• The Heart of Quirino

• Cabatuan
• Land of the Golden Grains

• Ilagan City
• The Center of Eco-Tourism Adventure in Region 2

• Santa Teresita
• Youngest Town of Cagayan
• Central Luzon
• (Region III)

• Angeles City
• City of Angels
• Entertainment Capital of the Philippines
• Baler
• The Birthplace of Philippine Surfing
• Bocaue
• Fireworks Capital of the Philippines
• City of San Fernando
• The Christmas City of the Philippines
• Southern Tagalog Mainland or Calabarzon
• (Region IV-A)
• Angono,Rizal
• Arts Capital of the Philippines
• Antipolo City,Rizal
• The Pilgrimage City of the Philippines
• The City in the Sky
• Bacoor City Cavite
• City of Transformation
• Batangas City Batangas
• Industrial Port City of Calabarzon
• Tourist City of the Past, Present and Future
• Mimaropa(Region 4B)
• Boac, Marinduque
• The Heart's Capital
• El Nido Palawan
• Gateway to Wild Adventure
• Heaven on Earth
• Pinamalayan,Oriental Mindoro
• Rainbow City
• Puerto Galera,Oriental Mindoro
• The World's Most Beautiful Bay
• Poor Man's Boracay
• Puerto Princesa City,Palawan
• The Eco-Tourism Capital of the Philippines
• The City in the Forest
• Bicol Region
• (Region 5)
• Barcelona, Sorsogon
• Little Switzerland of Asia
• Donsol,Sorsogon
• Whale Shark Capital of the World
• Masbate City
• City of Hearts
• Rodeo Capital of the Philippines
• Melting Pot of Diverse Cultures and Traditions in Central
Philippines
• Western Visayas (Region 6)
• Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
• The City of Smiles
• Carles Iloilo
• True Alaska of the Philippines
• Iloilo City,Iloilo
• The Most Loyal and Noble City
• The City of Love
• Festival Capital of the Philippines
• Roxas City,Capiz
• Seafood Capital of the Philippines
• Sipalay City,Negros Occidental
• The Jewel of The Sugar Island
• The "Little Boracay"
• Central Visayas
• (Region 7)
• Bantayan,Cebu
• Holy Week Celebration Capital of the World
• Carcar City,Cebu
• Heritage City of Cebu
• Little Marikina of Cebu
• Cebu City,Cebu
• The Queen City of the South
• Oldest City in the Philippines
• First Capital of the Philippines

• Manjuyod,Negros Oriental
• Eastern Visayas (Region 8)
• Baybay City,Leyte
• A Place of Discovery, Beauty and Serenity
• Calbayog City, Samar
• City of Waterfalls
• The City of Pilgrimage
• The City of Heritage
• Guiuan
• Eastern Samar Magellan's First Landing Site (Homonhon)
• Tacloban City Leyte
• Queen City of the Orient Seas
• City of Hope
• Zamboanga Peninsula (Region 9)
• Baliguian,Zamboanga del Norte
• Philippine Eagle Capital of Zanorte
• Zamboanga City
• The City of Flowers
• Asia's Latin City
• The Sardines Capital of the Philippines
• Ipil,Zamboanga SibugayHeart of Zamboanga Peninsula
• Pagadian City,Zamboanga del Sur
• The Little Hong Kong of the South
• Northern Mindanao (Region 10)
• Cagayan de Oro City,Misamis Oriental
• The City of Golden Friendship
• The Heart of Northern Mindanao
• Adventure Capital of the Philippines
• The Gateway to the Land of Promise
• El Salvador City,Misamis Oriental
• The City of Mercy or "City of The Saviour"
• Christ City of the Philippines
• Gingoog City ,Misamis Oriental
• The City of Good Luck
• Davao Region
• (Region 11)
• Davao City,Davao del Sur
• Crown Jewel of Mindanao
• Fruit Basket of the Philippines
• Philippines' Little Japan
• Digos City,Davao del Sur
• Gate City of the South
• Champion City of Good Governance
• Nabunturan,Compostela Valley
• Home of the Biggest Gold Ring in the Philippines
• Tagum City,Davao del sur
• Palm City of the Philippines
• City of Golden Opportunities
• The Little Green Singapore of the South
• Soccsksargen
• (Region 12)
• General Santos City
• The Tuna Capital of the Philippines
• Maitum,Sarangani
• Sarangani's Cradle of Civilization
• Tacurong City,Sultan Kudarat
• The City of Goodwill
• Commercial Center of Sultan Kudarat
• Caraga Region (Region 13)
• Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur
• Timberland City

• Bislig City,Surigao del Sur

• The Organic City of Asia
• The Model City for Organic Agriculture in the Philippines by 2020

• General Luna,Surigao del Norte

• Surfing Capital of the Philippines
 Types of Maps
• Physical map: It display the physical features of a place, including land and water
features such as mountains, plains, rivers, and oceans.
• Topographic map: It displays physical features, using contour lines instead of color to
show changes in the landscape, such as elevation
• Road map: It is used to show highways and roads with varying levels of detail, as well
as important natural and manmade locations such as connecting cities or national parks.
• Climate map: It convey information about the climate conditions of an area, including
temperature and precipitation
• Political map: It is used to display artificial boundaries such as state or national borders,
as well as cities and sometimes bodies of water.
• Economic map: It displays the arrangement of natural resources and economic activity
within a place.
 Kinds of Direction
• Cardinal : are the directions north, east, south, and west,
commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W
•
• Intermediate / intercardinal/ Ordinal directions are northeast
(NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW).
PHILOSOPHY
(FALLACY)
• Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument against the person)
Claiming that the conclusion is true on the basis of discreting the source of an opposing
view.
• Argumentum ad misericordiam ( Appeal to pity)
Claiming that the conclusion is true on the basis of premises that attempt to evoke pity or
sympathy.
• Argumentum ad Baculum ( Appeal to force)
Claiming that the conclusion is true on the basis of threat, force, coercion, fear, or intimidatio
• Argumentum ad Vericundiam ( Appeal to Inapproapraite Authority/
Famous Person)
Claiming that the conclusion is true on the basis of persons testimony.

• Argumentum ad Populom (Appeal to Popular Sentiment)

Claiming that the conclusion is true on the basis of the collective sentiment
of the people.

• Argumentum ad Ignorantiam ( Argument from Ignorance)

Claiming that the conclusion is true or false on the basis of the fact that it
cannot be proven otherwise.
RESEARCH
• Qualitative Research

• Aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour

and the reasons that govern such behaviour. The qualitative
method investigates the why and how of decision making, not
just what, where, when.
• Phenomenology
• The purpose is to describe experiences as they are lived. It
examines uniqueness of individual's lived situations. Each
person has its own reality, reality is subjective. It has no clearly
defined steps to avoid limiting creativity of researchers
• Ethnography
• It identifies culture, variables for study, and review literature.
• In data collection, the researcher gains entrance to culture,
immerse self in culture, acquire informants, gather data
through direct observation and interaction .
• It involves the collection and analysis of the data about cultural
groups or minorities.
• Historical
• -The purpose of historical study is to describe and examine
events of the past to understand the present and anticipate
potential further effects.
• It concerns with the identification, location, evaluation, and
synthesis of data from the past.
• Sources are:
• a. Primary Sources: Once histories, written records, diaries,
eyewitnesses's accounts3
• pictures, videos and other physical evidences
• b. Secondary Sources: Second-hand information, . a person
narrates information heard from the original sources, or a
material written as an abstract of the diaries and other original
materials. Any source to be used for historical research
• Case Study
• The purpose of case study is to describe in-depth experience of
one person, family, group, community or Institution.
• a case study involves a comprehensive and extensive
examinations of a particular individual, group or situation over
a period of time.
• Quantitative Research
• is the systematic empirical investigation of observable
phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques
• Experimental
• Often called true experimentation, use the scientific method to
establish cause-effect relationship among a group of variables
in a research study.
• Researchers make an effort to control for all variables except
the one being manipulated (the independent variable). The
effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable
are collected and analyzed for a relationship.
• Correlation
• explores the relationship between variables using statistical
analyses. However, it does not look for cause and effect and
therefore, is also mostly observational in terms of data
collection.
• Descriptive
• seeks to describe the current status of a variable or
phenomenon. The researcher does not begin with a hypothesis,
but typically develops one after the data is collected. Data
collection is mostly observational in nature.
• Types of Sampling
a. Probability
• Simple Random
• This is a sampling design wherein each element in the
population has an equal and
• independent chance of selection in the sample.
• Stratified Random
• (sometimes called quota random sampling) a probability
sampling procedure in which the target population is first
separated into mutually exclusive, homogenous segments
(strata), and then a simple random sample is selected from
each segment (stratum). The samples selected from the various
strata are then combined into a simple sample (Daniel, 2012).
• Cluster
• Also called interval random sampling. In this sampling procedure, a
random selection is made of the first element for the sample, then
subsequent elements are selected using a fixed or systematic interval
until the desired sample size is reached.
• Systematic
• This is a probability sampling procedure wherein elements of the
population are randomly selected in naturally occurring groupings or
clusters. In this kind of sampling, the selection of population
elements is not individually but in aggrege clustering of sampling
units may be based on geographical locations
• b. Non Probability
• Convenience
• Under this sampling design, the sample elements are selected
from the target
• population based on their availability, on the convenience of
the researcher, and/
• or voluntary /self-selection
• Purposive
• This is a non-probability sampling procedure in which the elements are selected
• from the target population on the basis of their fit with the purposes of the study and
specific inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Quota
• This is a type of non-probability sampling procedure in which the population is
• divided into mutually exclusive subcategories, and the researcher solicits participation
• in the study from members of the subcategories until a target number of elements to
be sampled from the subcategories have been met.
• Snowball
• Helps researchers find sample when they are difficult to locate. Once the researchers
find suitable subjects, they are asked for assistance to seek similar subjects to form a
considerably good size sample.
• Parts of Research
• Introduction
• The introduction begins by introducing the broad overall topic and
providing basic background information. It then narrows down to the
specific research question relating to this topic. It provides the purpose
and focus for the rest of the paper and sets up the justification for the
research.
• Review of Related Studies
• The purpose of the literature review is to describe past important
research and it relate it specifically to the research problem. It should be a
synthesis of the previous literature and the new idea being researched.
The review should examine the major theories related to the topic to date
and their contributors. It should include all relevant findings from credible
sources, such as academic books and peer-reviewed journal articles
• Methodology of Research
• the kind of research used by your study. This answers why the method used is appropriate
for the study. • Subjects of the Study – describes your respondents: who they are, what
their profile is, where they are from, etc.
•
• Results
• In this section, the results of the analysis are presented. How the results are presented will
depend upon whether the research study was quantitative or qualitative in nature. This
section should focus only on results that are directly related to the research or the problem.
Graphs and tables should only be used when there is too much data to efficiently include it
within the text. This section should present the results, but not discuss their significance
•
• Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
• These should directly answer your statement of the problem.• Conclusions – Out of your
findings, your conclusions are based. This provides the answers for every statement of the
problem. This is where you will prove your hypotheses and assumptions. This also includes
the recommended actions that should be done after the conduct of the study such as
further assessment of the subject, focus on other factors, etc.
•
• Other Study

• Longitudinal study
• Trend study
• focus on the same population of people use opinion poll surveys to look at their
attitudes over time. While the population is always the same, trend studies
usually select different market research survey samples from that population.
• Cohort study
• is a method in which a specific population is studied repeatedly as well, but these
studies center around how given groups with a common characteristic view social
phenomena over time. A common cohort design uses a class of students as its
population.
• Cross Sectional Study
• The defining feature of a cross-sectional study is that it can compare different
population groups at a single point in time. Think of it in terms of taking a
snapshot. Findings are drawn from whatever fits into the frame.
Life and Work Rizal
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 (Batas Rizal)
mandated the offering or the course Buhay
at Katha ni Rizal to all college students to
provide the Models that will challenge the
spirit of nationalism
The birth of the National Hero
Born on June 19, 1861 in the town of
Calamba, Laguna.

Parents:
Francisco Mercado Rizal
Teodora Alonso
The
Rizal Children:
1. Saturnina
2. Paciano
3. Narcisa
4. Olimpia
5. Lucia
To my fellow children ( Aking mga kababata)
-Where he wrote this poem as appeal to his countrymeny to love thier national
language.

To the Filipino Youth ( A La Juventud Filipina)

-Is a literary masterpiece that expresses Rizal’s immortal message of love of country,
energy and faith particularly in the youth “Hope of the Fatherland” ( Ang Kabataan
ang Pag-asa ng Bayan)
Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
- Famous literary work where Rizal voice out the conviction that women should think
for themselves, should be educated, and should be more active in public office
The intricate Alliance between Religion and Education
-Rizal showed the importance of religion in education, Education without God
is not true Education.

My Last Farewell
-The masterpiece written by Rizal in fort Santiago probably a day or two
before his execution. The poem is full of the author’s love of country when he
uttered this “ it is sweet to die for you so that you may live. It is sweet to die
and sleep to die and sleep under your sky”
The Council of God
- The winning of this allegorical drama in a literary contest was controversial
and exceptional because the winning author is indio.
Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
-Differ on the ideas and aspirations implied
to the reader.
-Noli me Tangere is a romantic novel, it is a
work of the heart, a book of feeling, it has
freshness, color, humor, lightness and wit.
-El Filibusterismo is a political novel, it is a
work of a head, a book of thoughts
obtaining bitternes, hatred, pain, violence
and sorrow.

SOCIAL SCIENCES