AC Circuit Analysis – Phasor

representation

Dr. Arunachalam V
Associate Professor, SENSE
Sinusoids and phase difference
 Some important trigonometric
identities
sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B
cos A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

Using this we can show the following

 
sin t  180o   sin t
cost  180    cos t
o

sin t  90    cos t

o

cost  90    sin t
o

Using these relationships, we can transform a sinusoid from sine form to

cosine form or vice versa.
 Phasors and sinusoids
• The notion of solving ac circuits using phasors was first introduced by
Charles Steinmetz (German-Austrian mathematician and electrical
engineer) in 1893.
• Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more
convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions.
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a
sinusoid.
• The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity. In general,

e  j  cos   j sin   
vt   Vm cost     Re Vm e j t  
 
cos   Re e  j 
vt   Re Vm e j e jt   ReVe 
jt

sin   Ime  j
V  Vm e j  Vm 
Graphical representation
A phasor diagram showing
V  Vm  and I  I m   
 Sinusoid-phasor transformation

vt   Vm cost    dvt 

dt

 Vm sin t     Vm cos t    90o 
dvt  Differentiating a sinusoid is equivalent to multiplying
dt

 Re jVe jt  its corresponding phasor by jω.

Integrating a sinusoid is equivalent to dividing its corresponding phasor by jω.

 Some points to remember
• The replacement of a derivative and an integral with respect to time with
multiplication and division by jω respectively in the phasor domain.
• These are useful in finding the steady-state solution, which does not require
knowing the initial values of the variable involved.
• Another important use of phasors is found in summing sinusoids of the
same frequency.
• The differences between v(t) and V should be emphasized:
– v(t) is the instantaneous or time-domain representation, while V is the frequency or
phasor-domain representation.
– v(t) is time dependent, while V is not.
– v(t) is always real with no complex term, while V is generally complex.

• Phasor analysis applies only when frequency is constant.

 Transform these sinusoids to phasors:

a) v  4 sin 30t  50o  
b) i  6 cos 50t  40o 

v  4 cos 30t  50o  90o  I  6  40o

v  4 cos 30t  140o 
V  4140o


c) v  7 cos 2t  40o  
d ) i  4 sin 10t  10o 

v  7 cos 2t  40o  180o  
i  4 cos 10t  10o  90o 

v  7 cos 2t  220o  
i  4 cos 10t  80o 
V  7220 o V  4  80o
 Transform these phasors to sinusoids :
a) V  j8e  j 20 b) I  3  j 4
 
V  1 90 o 8  20 o  I  5126 .87 o
V  8 90 o  20 o  8 70 o

i  5 cos t  126.87o 

v  8 cos t  70o 

c ) V   10  30 o d ) I  j 5  j12


v  10 cos t  30 o
 
I  j 5  j 212 

v  10 cos t  30o  180o  I  12  j 5
I  1322.62o

v  10 cos t  210 o


i  13 cos t  22.62o 
 Phasor Arithmetic
Add these signals: 
i1  4 cos t  30o  
i2  5 sin t  20o 
I 1  4  30 o I 2  5  110 o I 1  I 2  3 .22   57 o

i  i1  i2  3.22 cos t  57o 
Using the phasor approach, determine the current i(t) in a circuit described by
the integrodifferential equation o
di 4 I  j 4 I  j 6 I  5075

4i  8 i dt  3  50 cos 2t  75o 
dt I 4  j10  5075o

5075o
I
4  j10
 4.642143.2o A 
i  4.642 cos t  143.2o A 
Summary of voltage-current relationships
 Summary of voltage-current relationships
• The impedance Z of a circuit is
the ratio of the phasor voltage V to
the phasor current I, measured in
ohms (Ω).
• Z=R+jX
– R is the resistance in Ω.
– X is the reactance in Ω .
• The admittance Y is the reciprocal
of impedance, measured in
siemens or mhos (S ).
• Y=G+jB 1 1 R  jX
Y  
– G is the conductance in S. R  jX R  jX R  jX
– B is the susceptance in S .
1 R  jX
– G is not the reciprocal of R Y  2
R  jX R  X 2
 Find i and v
1
Xc   2.5 
4  0.1

Z  5  j 2.5 

Vs 100o
I   1.78826.56o A
Z 5  j 2.5

 
V  1.78826.56o  ( j 2.5)
 
i t   1.788 cos 4t  26.56o A
o
V  4.47  63.43 V
vt   4.47 cos4t  63.43  V
o
 Find i and v
X L  10  0.2  2 

Z  4  j2 

Vs 50o
I   1.11826.57o A
Z 4  j2

 
V  1.11826.57 o  ( j 2)
 
i t   1.118 cos 10t  26.57 o A
o
V  2.236  63.43 V
vt   2.236 cos10t  63.43  V
o
 Next Class
ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS –KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS