Lab 1

a)- Introduction and gathering addresses (IP/MAC) information

In this lab we will learn about

1. Introduction to IP/Mac address

2. Gather information, including the connection, host name, MAC(Layer2) address,
and TCP/IP Network(Layer 3)
3. Learn to use the TCP/IP packet Internet groper (ping) command.
4. Learn to ping Loopback address
5. Learnt to use the trace route (tracert) command.

Introduction to IP and Mac addressing

Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. An IP address provides an identity to

a networked device. Similar to a home or business address supplying that specific
physical location with an identifiable address; devices on a network are differentiated
from one another through IP addresses.

IPv4 uses 32 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv4
address is expressed by four numbers separated by dots. Each number is the decimal
(base-10) representation for an eight-digit binary (base-2) number, also called an
octet. For example: 216.27.61.137

A MAC address, or Media Access Control address, is a 48 bit address associated with
a network adapter. While IP addresses are associated with software, MAC addresses
are linked to the hardware of network adapters. The MAC address is a unique value
associated with a network adapter. MAC addresses are also known as hardware
addresses or physical addresses. They uniquely identify an adapter on a LAN.

Gather TCP/IP configuration information.

 1. Use the Start menu to open the command prompt
(Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt or Start>Programs>Command

Prompt).

2. Type ipconfig and press Enter key. The spelling of the ipconfig is critical, but the
case is not.
3. The screen shows the IP address, subnet mask and the default gateway. The IP
address and the default gateway should be in the same network or subnet;
otherwise this host wouldn’t be able to communicate outside the network.

 Write down the TCP/IP information for your computer.

a. IP address: _______________________________________________

b. Subnet mask: _____________________________________________

c. Default gateway: ___________________________________________

 Compare your computer’s TCP/IP configuration to that of others on the

LAN. If this computer is on a LAN, compare the information of several
machines (Hosts).
a. Are there any similarities? ____________________________________________

b. What is similar about the IP addresses? __________________________________

c. What is similar about the default gateway? _______________________________

d. Record a couple of the IP addresses (of your nearby hosts)

1.___________________________________________________________

2.____________________________________________________________

3.____________________________________________________________

Check additional TCP/IP configuration information.

1. To see more information, type ipconfig/all and press Enter key. The figure shows
the detailed IP configuration of the computer on the screen.

2. You should see the following information:

 The host name (computer name), the Physical address of your machine,
IP address, subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS Servers.
3. In the LAN, compare your result with a few nearby computers. What similarities
do you see in the physical (MAC) address?
________________________________________________________________
d. Write down the computer’s host name: _______________________________

e. Write down the host names of a couple of other computer:

a. _______________________________________

b. _______________________________________

c. ________________________________________

d. ________________________________________

b) Verification of network connectivity using Ping and trace route

Using PING and TRACERT from a Workstation

Open the Command prompt (MS-DOS). Ping the IP address/domain name of another
computer.

In the window, type ping, a space, and the IP address/domain name.

Steps to pinging vu website

1-your computer should be connected to Internet

2-GO to Dos Prompt

3-On Dos Prompt write ping www.vu.edu.pk

4-you will see the Pinging statistics

Ping uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo-request and echo-reply
feature to test physical connectivity. If there will some Dropped or lost packets then a
ping/trace route will usually show as asterisks (*).

Ping the following addresses and verify that result was successful.

1. www.pucit.edu.pk

2. www.aiou.edu.pk

3. www.pu.edu.pk

4. www.microsoft.com

5. www.mit.edu.

Understanding OUTPUT:

Interesting result from ping is round-trip time calculation. Measured in milliseconds,

round-trip time indicates the delay between the sending of a ping request packet and the
receipt of the corresponding response packet. The network delay or latency indicated by
ping offers a good indicator of the responsiveness of network services on that remote
host.

By default, ping waits Approximately 4,000 milliseconds (4 seconds) for each response
to be returned before displaying the "Request Timed Out" message.

In computer networks, hop refers to the number of routers that a packet (a portion of
data) passes through from its source to its destination. The hop count represents the total
number of routing devices Time-to-live (TTL) fields. The TTL value specifies
approximately how many router (i.e. hops) the packet has gone through.

Adding to other answers that TTL value at max can be 255 because of its size of 1 byte
( 8 bits -> max. value = 255 ). On the internet, it usually takes very less Round Trips ( RT
) to finish a request. And within each trip, with each hop TTL decreases. Most of the
requests get finished without even reaching TTL value zero

You sent a request to some non-existent server/URL. At first its TTL was 255. It keeps
on hopping from 1 router to other, until TTL becomes zero, which is when a packet is
dropped.

Why we do not need a bigger TTL value.

Because if you set TTL of a packet to 10000, it keeps on hopping from one device to
another (eventually TTL reaches zero and packet gets dropped) if the server/URL is not
found. But think if there are lots of packets circulating, without a destination, slowing the
whole network.

Error messages:
 Destination Host Unreachable
This message indicates one of two problems: either the local system has no route to the
desired destination, or a remote router reports that it has no route to the destination. When
you ping to an IP address in a different network, ping packets reach default gateway. My
default gateway sends the packet to remote gateway. So ping packet finally reaches the
remote network. However, if the remote gateway failed to find the remote host, it will
send an echo Destination host unreachable.

The error message "Destination Host Unreachable” tells that the ping request from our
computer cannot find the route to the destination IP address (destination host). It means,
the Packet send from your computer reached the destination network successfully but the
remote gateway failed to find the destination host. So the remote gateway sends an Echo
message Destination host unreachable. One major possibility for this error; there is no
route listed in the remote gateway, for the packet send from your computer, to the
destination host. If there is no route available, it is impossible to find the destination host
and your computer will receive an error message "Destination host unreachable" from
remote gateway. So one of the reason for this can be faulty routing table. If the
destination host is down at the time the packet send, it may result destination host
unreachable error message.

 Request Timed Out

By default, ping/trace route waits Approximately 4,000 milliseconds (4 seconds) for each
response to be returned before displaying the "Request Timed Out" message. This error
message indicates that your host did not receive the ping message back from the
destination device within the designated time period. This is an indicator that the
destination device is not connected to the network, is powered off, or is not configured
correctly.
Step-5: Ping the computer’s loopback IP address.

Type the following command:

ping 127.0.0.1

The address 127.0.0.1 is reserved for loopback testing. If the ping is successful, then
TCP/IP is properly installed and functioning on this computer.

Step-6: Using trace route command

Steps to tracing

1-your computer should be connected to Internet

2-GO to Dos Prompt

3-On Dos Prompt write tracert www.mit.edu

4-you will see the trace route statistics

The result shows the complete route to the site and the number of hops in path. Traces out
the route and permits you to access a particular server. The tracert command gives you a
long list of all servers you pass through on your way to your final destination. (Maximum
up to 30hops- if your route is longer than that, you are expected to give up waiting for the
connection).

Tracert uses the same echo requests and replies as the ping command but in a slightly
different way. Observe that tracert actually contacted each router three times. Compare
the results to determine the consistency of the route. Each router represents a point where
one network connects to another network and the packet was forwarded through.

 Trace a local host name or IP address in your local area network (LAN).

Mechanism to Conduct Lab:

Students and teacher communicate through Adobe Connect.