Formulas from Geometry

A = area, V = Volume, and S = lateral surface area

Formulas from Algebra

Laws of Exponents
m
m n m+n x m−n m n mn
x x = x n
= x (x ) = x
x

n
n
−n 1 n n n x x
x = n
(xy) = x y ( ) = n
x y y

−
− n
√x
1/n n −
− n −− n −
−n x
x = √x √xy = √x √y √
n
= n
y √y

m/n n −
−−
m n −
− m
x = √x = (√x )

Special Factorizations
2 2
x − y = (x + y) (x − y)

3 3 2 2
x + y = (x + y) (x − xy + y )

3 3 2 2
x − y = (x − y) (x + xy + y )
Quadratic Formula
2
−b±√b −4ca
If ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then x = .
2a

Binomial Theorem
n
n n n
n n−1 n−2 2 n−1 n
(a + b) = a + ( )a b + ( )a b + ⋯ + ( ) ab + b ,
1 2 n − 1

n n(n−1)(n−2)⋯(n−k+1)
where (
n!
) = =
k(k−1)(k−2)⋯3⋅2⋅1 k!(n−k)!
k

Formulas from Trigonometry

Right-Angle Trigonometry
opp hyp
sin θ = csc θ =
hyp opp

adj hyp
cos θ = sec θ =
hyp adj

opp adj
tan θ = cot θ =
adj opp

Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles

θ Radians sin θ cos θ tan θ

0° 0 0 1 0

– –
30° π/6 1/2 √3/2 √3/3

– –
45° π/4 √2/2 √2/2 1

– –
60° π/3 √3/2 1/2 √3

90° π/2 1 0 —

Fundamental Identities
 2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1 sin (− θ) = −sin θ

2 2
1 + tan θ = sec θ cos (− θ) = cos θ

2 2
1 + cot θ = csc θ tan (− θ) = −tan θ

π
sin ( − θ) = cos θ sin (θ + 2π) = sin θ
2

π
cos ( − θ) = sin θ cos (θ + 2π) = cos θ
2

π
tan ( − θ) = cot θ tan (θ + π) = tan θ
2

Law of Sines
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c

Law of Cosines
2 2 2
a = b + c − 2bc cos A

2 2 2
b = a + c − 2ac cos B

2 2 2
c = a + b − 2ab cos C

Addition and Subtraction Formulas

sin (x − y) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y

cos (x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y

cos (x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

tan x+tany
tan (x + y) =
1−tan x tany

tan x−tany
tan (x − y) =
1+tan x tany

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

2 2 2 2
cos 2x = cos x − sin x = 2 cos x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin x

2 tan x
tan 2x =
2
1−tan x

Half-Angle Formulas
2 1−cos 2x
sin x =
2

2 1+cos 2x
cos x =
2