Symfony Certification

Unofficial self-study guide

Raúl Fraile
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This version was published on 2015-08-18

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©2015 Raúl Fraile

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“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” ― Socrates
Contents

8. Twig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Exam goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Takeaways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Answer sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8. Twig
Exam goals
8.1. Auto escape
8.2. Template inheritance
8.3. Global functions
8.4. Filters
8.5. Template includes
8.6. Control statements (loops and conditions)
8.7. URLs generation
8.8. Call a controller from a view
8.9. Translations

Questions
1. Which of the following sentences are true about Twig?

1. The templating engine does not process PHP tags

2. Templates are compiled down to native PHP code at runtime
3. Templates are required to have the extension .twig
4. path() and url() are custom Twig functions added by Symfony

2. In Twig, are comments rendered when debug mode is enabled?

1. Yes
2. No
3. Only in the dev environment
4. Only when twig.debug is set to true

3. What is the syntax for comments in Twig?

1. {{ ... }}
2. {# ... #}
3. {* ... *}
8. Twig 2

4. {- ... -}

4. Are Twig templates recompiled when changes are made when debug mode is enabled?

1. Yes
2. No
3. Only in the dev environment
4. Only when apc.stat is set to 1 in the PHP settings

5. Output escaping in Twig…

1. … is disabled by default
2. … is enabled by default
3. … can be disabled with the e filter
4. … is necessary to prevent XSS attacks

6. If the current time is 16:22:42 Europe/Madrid, does the following template print 16:22?

{# time.html.twig #}
{{ now | date(timezone="Europe/Madrid", format="H:i") }}

1. Yes
2. No

7. Where is defined the url() function?

1. It belongs to the Twig core

2. In the official Twig extensions repository
3. Twig bridge
4. TwigBundle

8. What is the command to check the syntax of one or more Twig files?

1. twig:validate
2. twig:syntax
3. twig:lint
4. There is not such a command

9. What is the command to convert individual Twig templates to PHP ones?

8. Twig 3

1. twig:export
2. twig:convert
3. twig:compile
4. There is not such a command

10. What is the output of the following code inside a controller that extends from the base
controller?

return $this->render('{{ var }}', ['var2' => 'hello']);

1. No errors but empty response as var is not defined

2. Error: The variable var is not defined
3. Error: The render() method expects a file path, not Twig code
4. Error: The render() method does not exist, it must be renderView()

11. How are variables declared in Twig templates?

1. {{ define var = 'hello' }}

2. {% define var = 'hello' %}
3. {{ set var = 'hello' }}
4. {% set var = 'hello' %}

12. Which of the following variable assignations are valid in Twig?

1. {% set name = 'John' %}

2. {% set name %}John{% endset %}
3. {% set name %}{{ 'John' }}{% endset %}
4. {% set name, name = 'John', 'John' %}

13. How can we get the current route name from Twig?

1. {{ app.request.attributes._route }}
2. {{ app.request.attributes._routeName }}
3. {{ app.routing.route }}
4. {{ app.routing.routeName }}

14. What application specific variables are available in the app global variable?

1. app.security
8. Twig 4

2. app.user
3. app.request
4. app.session

15. How can you get the name of the current environment from a Twig template?

1. {{ env.name }}
2. {{ app.env.name }}
3. {{ app.environment }}
4. {{ app.environment.name }}

16. How can you get the HTTP method of the current request from a Twig template?

1. {{ app.request.method }}
2. {{ app.request.getMethod() }}
3. {{ app.request.http }}
4. It is not possible to get the HTTP method from Twig without custom extensions

17. How can you get the current charset from a Twig template?

1. {{ app.request.charset }}
2. {{ app.request.attributes._charset }}
3. {{ _charset }}
4. It is not possible to get the current charset from Twig

18. What is the output of the following Twig template?

// IndexController.php
$data = [
'first' => 0,
'first-page' => 1
];

return $this->render('index.html.twig', [
'page' => 5,
'data' => $data
]);
8. Twig 5

{# index.html.twig #}
{{ data.first-page }}

1. No output (empty response)

2. 0
3. 1
4. -5

19. Would the following Twig template throw an error?

return $this->render('index.html.twig', []);

{# index.html.twig #}
{{ data }}

1. No. Twig never throws errors for undefined variables

2. Only when the twig.strict_variables is true
3. Only when the twig.strict_variables is false
4. Yes. Twig always throws errors for undefined variables

20. Which of the following filters are not available in Twig?

1. strtolower
2. lowercase
3. lower
4. lowerize

21. Is it possible to define additional global variables to be available in all Twig templates?

1. Yes, adding them to twig.globals in config.yml

2. Yes, registering a listener for the kernel.view event and injecting the variables before the
template is parsed
3. Yes, creating a Twig extension and making use of the method getGlobals()
4. No

22. Which of the following solutions would be better to have a variable called env in all Twig
templates containing the current environment name? (Only 1 answer)
8. Twig 6

1. Adding {% set env = app.environment %} in the base template which every other template
inherits from
2. Adding env: "%kernel.environment%" to twig.globals
3. Overriding the render() method of the base controller
4. Looking for the definition of the twig service in TwigBundle and adding <call method="addGlobal">
<argument>env</argument> <argument>%kernel.environment%</argument> </call>

23. Given the following Twig template, what would be its output?

{# spaceless.html.twig #}
{% spaceless %}
<div id="hello">
<span >Hello world</span>
</div>
{% endspaceless %}

1. <div id="hello"><span>Hello world</span></div>

2. <div id="hello"><span>Helloworld</span></div>
3. <divid="hello"><span>Hello world</span></div>
4. <div   id="hello"><span >Hello world</span></div>

24. In Twig, for loops create a special variable to get some information such as the current
iteration or whether the current iteration is the first/last. What is its name?

1. loop
2. index
3. for
4. app

25. What error do you get if you render the following Twig template from a controller, if the
route name is book_list?

{# render_controller.html.twig #}
{% render(controller(app.request.attributes.get("_route"))) %}

1. Maximum function nesting level reached

2. Unable to parse the controller name
3. Class "book" does not exist
4. None of the above are correct
8. Twig 7

26. Which of the following are good use cases for the cycle function in Twig?

1. Zebra stripes on HTML tables

2. HTML nested menus
3. Previous/Next links in pagination
4. Breadcrumbs

27. What is the output of the following Twig template?

{# object_first.html.twig #}
{{ {one: 1, two: 2} | first }}

1. one
2. 1
3. Error: Array to string conversion
4. Error: Object to string conversion

28. The goal of the following template is to choose a different layout for AJAX requests. Would
it work?

{# conditional_layout.html.twig #}
{% set ajax = app.request.xmlHttpRequest %}
{% set prefix = 'AppBundle::' %}
{% extends prefix ~ (ajax ? "layout_ajax.html.twig" : "layout.html.twig") %}
{# ... #}

1. No, the method xmlHttpRequest doesn’t exist

2. No, the extends instruction cannot depend on runtime variables
3. No, when present, extends must be the first instruction
4. Yes

29. In nested loops, how can you access to the loop.index variable of the parent loop?

1. {{ parent.index }}
2. {{ parent.loop.index }}
3. {{ loop.parent.loop.index }}
4. {{ loop.loop.parent.loop.index }}

30. Given the following Twig extension, what would be the output of {{ hello("bye") }}?
8. Twig 8

// AppBundle/Twig/Extension/MagicExtension.php
class MagicExtension extends \Twig_Extension
{

public function getFunctions()

{
return [
new \Twig_SimpleFunction(
'*',
[$this, 'getMagic'],
['is_safe' => ['html']]
)
];
}

public function getMagic()

{
return implode(':', func_get_args());
}

public function getName()

{
return 'magic';
}
}

1. bye
2. hello:bye
3. bye:hello
4. Error: The function "hello" does not exist

31. What is the output of the following template if not_found.html.twig doesn’t exist and
error.html.twig contains An error occurred?

{# test.html.twig #}
{{ include('not_found.html.twig') | default('error.html.twig') }}

1. An error occurred
2. Error: The filter "default" does not exist
3. Error: Unable to find template "not_found.html.twig"
4. Error: Unexpected token "An" of value "error"
8. Twig 9

32. In which of the following scenarios would you use the Twig verbatim tag?

1. To output Twig code without parsing it

2. To optimize the template by removing unnecessary code
3. To define additional blocks in the parent template
4. None of the above are correct

33. What is the logical name of a Twig template located at app/Resources/views/layout.html.twig?

1. Framework::layout.html.twig
2. :views:layout.html
3. app::layout.html.twig
4. ::layout.html.twig

Answers
1. Which of the following sentences are true about Twig?
Answers 1, 2 and 4 are correct. Twig does not process PHP tags, it just prints out the PHP code as if
it were plain text. Before using Twig templates, they are compiled down to native PHP and cached
for future use, so the performance impact is really low compared to plain PHP code.

2. In Twig, are comments rendered when debug mode is enabled?

Answer 2 is correct. Comments are never rendered in Twig, they are just ignored.

Executing Twig code online

TwigFiddle¹ is an exellent tool to execute Twig code online against different versions of
Twig. If you want to make a quick test, it is probably the fastest option.

3. What is the syntax for comments in Twig?

Answer 2 is correct. Comments in Twig templates are wrapped between {# and #}. They can be
¹http://twigfiddle.com/
8. Twig 10

multiline and their content is never rendered.

Like with PHP, unclosed comments throw an exception (a Twig_Error_Syntax exception):

{# unclosed_comment.html.twig #}
{#
{{ 'hello' }}

4. Are Twig templates recompiled when changes are made when debug mode is enabled?
Answer 1 is correct. When the debug mode is enabled, Twig templates are recompiled if the
templating engine detects that the file has changed. This is the default mode in the dev environment,
but it can be used in any other environment, even with prod. The apc.stat setting has no effect
when compiling Twig templates, as APC (or OpCache) only caches PHP code (but when apc.stat
is 0, clearing the template cache won’t update the APC cache).
In Symfony, Twig templates are compiled down in the twig directory of the environment cache (i.e.
app/cache/dev). For example, the following simple template:

{# test.html.twig #}
{# print something #}

{{ 'hello world' }}

Is compiled down to:

// app/cache/dev/twig/8a/89/24ac44...php
/* AppBundle::test.html.twig */
class __TwigTemplate_8a8924ac extends Twig_Template
{
public function __construct(Twig_Environment $env)
{
parent::__construct($env);

$this->parent = false;

$this->blocks = [];
}

protected function doDisplay(array $context, array $blocks = array())

{
8. Twig 11

// line 2
echo "";

// line 3
echo "hello world";
}

public function getTemplateName()

{
return "AppBundle::test.html.twig";
}

public function getDebugInfo()

{
return array ( 22 => 3, 19 => 2,);
}
}

As you can see, it’s plain PHP code. The class extends from Twig_Template and the doDisplay()
method is responsible or rendering the template. The {{ 'hello' }} instruction has been converted
to a simple echo, while the comment has just been ignored. The getDebugInfo() method is used for
debugging purposes, and maps lines of the PHP compiled template and the Twig template. Here, the
3rd line of the template corresponds with the 22nd line of the PHP file.

5. Output escaping in Twig…

Answers 2 and 4 are correct. Output escaping is enabled by default in Twig templates and it
can be disabled per instruction with the raw filter. It also prevents XSS² attacks: user-provided
content will be escaped so HTML tags won’t be parsed by the browser. Internally, escape uses
the htmlspecialchars() PHP function.
For example, imagine that you have a forum where users can post messages. If HTML code is inserted
in the message and are rendered unescaped, they would be interpreted by the browser. With output
escaping, if the variable code contains <a href="http://example.com"></a>, {{ code }} is escaped
and the browser doesn’t interpret it as HTML code:

&lt;a href=&quot;http://example.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;gt;

²http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting
8. Twig 12

6. If the current time is 16:22:42 Europe/Madrid, does the following template print 16:22?
Answer 2 is correct, as there is an error in the template. The variable now doesn’t exist, it should be
the string "now", which is interpreted by the date‘ filter as the current date and time:

{# date.html.twig #}
{{ "now" | date(timezone="Europe/Madrid", format="H:i") }}

In case you are wondering, named arguments are supported since Twig 1.12. The previous code is
equivalent to these two:

{# date.html.twig #}
{{ "now" | date("H:i", "Europe/Madrid") }}

{{ "now" | date("H:i", timezone="Europe/Madrid") }}

date input values

Internally, the date filter makes use of the date() PHP function, so you can use any
value that is accepted by the function, such as +1 hour. {{ "+1 hour"|date("H:i",
"Europe/Madrid") would print 17:22.

7. Where is defined the url() function?

Answer 3 is correct. The Twig bridge provides integration for Twig with different Symfony
components, such as the Routing component. Twig functions such as url() or path() are defined
there.

Twig bridge
In addition to url() and path(), the Twig bridge integrates Twig with other components
like Form, HttpKernel, Security and Yaml. All functions and filters that are useful in a
Symfony project but not for a templating engine in isolation, are probaby defined here:
form-related functions, the trans and transchoice filters or other important functions
like render(), controller() or is_granted().

8. What is the command to check the syntax of one or more Twig files?
8. Twig 13

Answer 3 is correct. The TwigBundle bundle defines the command twig:lint to check the syntax
of Twig files. For the validation process, it first tokenizes the contents of the Twig file and then tries
to parse it. If an error is thrown, the file contains a syntax error. Remember that linters don’t check
other errors, like undefined variables or wrong array positions, so the following template will be
valid for the linter but will throw an error when is executed:

{# no_array_key.html.twig #}
{% set data = [1, 2, 3] %}
{{ data[4] }}

Unlike the PHP linter, the twig:lint command takes into account all tags, functions and filters
defined by bundles.

9. What is the command to convert individual Twig templates to PHP ones?

Answer 4 is correct. Out of the box, there is no command to convert Twig templates to PHP ones.
By the way, the TwigBundle bundle defines a cache warmer to compile all twig templates and store
them in cache when executing cache:warm.

10. What is the output of the following code inside a controller that extends from the base
controller?
Answer 3 is correct. The render() method defined in the base controller throws an exception as it
expects a file path, not actual Twig code.

11. How are variables declared in Twig templates?

Answer 4 is correct. The set tag is used to declare variables in Twig templates. The assigned value
can be any valid Twig expression and several variables can be assigned in the same instruction.

set in loops

In Twig, loops are scoped, so any variable declared inside a loop won’t be available outside.

12. Which of the following variable assignations are valid in Twig?

All answers are valid, and in all of them, the name variable contains John. The set tag can also be
8. Twig 14

used to capture the output generated by its body ‘capture’ chunks of text, that’s why answers 2 and
3 work. Answer 4 works as well because in Twig you can set the same variable more than once.

13. How can we get the current route name from Twig?
Answer 1 is correct. The app global variable provides the Request object in app.request. This object
contains a parameter bag called attributes, with information about the controller (_controller),
the route (_route) and the route parameters (_route_params).

14. What application specific variables are available in the app global variable?
All answers are correct. The app global variable provides 6 application specific variables: security,
user, request, session, environment and debug.

15. How can you get the name of the current environment from a Twig template?
Answer 3 is correct. The app.environment variable contains a string with the current environment:
dev, prod, etc. While there are better ways (data collectors or HTTP headers), it can be used to output
additional information for debugging purposes:

{# layout.html.twig #}
{# ... #}

{% if app.environment == 'dev' %}
IP: {{ app.request.clientIp }}
{% endif %}

{# ... #}

16. How can you get the HTTP method of the current request from a Twig template?
Answers 1 and 2 are both correct. As app.request contains the Request object, you can get the cur-
rent HTTP method using the getMethod() method. In addition, when using app.request.method,
Twig does the following checks:

1. method is a valid property

2. method is a valid method
8. Twig 15

3. getMethod() is a valid method

4. isMethod() is a valid method

As Request::getMethod() exists, {{ app.request.method }} returns the same method as {{

app.request.getMethod() }}.

17. How can you get the current charset from a Twig template?
Answer 3 is correct. In addition to the app global variable (defined by Symfony), self, context and
charset (defined by Twig itself) are always available in Twig templates.

18. What is the output of the following Twig template?

Answer 4 is correct. When attributes contain special characters such as -, that can be interpreted as
the minus operator, the attributes function must be used. In this example, Twig is interpreting the
code as {{ data.first - page }}.

19. Would the following Twig template throw an error?

Answer 2 is correct. Errors for undefined variables are only thrown when twig.strict_variables
is true, otherwise it just returns null. By default, Symfony uses %kernel.debug% to set the value of
twig.strict_variables, so errors will be thrown in the dev environment, but not in prod.

20. Which of the following filters are not available in Twig?

Answers 1, 2 and 4 are correct. To make a string lowercase, Twig provides the lower filter, which
makes use of the strtolower() PHP function under the hood.
Similarly, upper, capitalize and title are also available to make strings uppercase, capitalized (all
characters lowercase except the first one) or titlecased (all characters lowercase except the first one
of each word):
8. Twig 16

{# prints "hello world" #}

{{ 'HELLO WORLD' | lower }}

{# prints "HELLO WORLD" #}

{{ 'hello world' | upper }}

{# prints "Hello world" #}

{{ 'HELLO WORLD' | capitalize }}
{{ 'hello world' | capitalize }}

{# prints "Hello World" #}

{{ 'HELLO WORLD' | title }}
{{ 'hello world' | title }}

21. Is it possible to define additional global variables to be available in all Twig templates?
Answers 1 and 3 are correct. The easiest way to add global variables for all Twig templates is using
the twig.globals setting, and accepts primitive values, service container parameters and services.
For more advanced use cases, Twig extensions can define global variables too. It is not possible to
use a listener to add global variables as there is no event generated just before the template is parsed
(kernel.view is only generated when the return value of a controller is not a Response object).
Overriding the render() method of the base controller would also be an option.

22. Which of the following solutions would be better to have a variable called env in all Twig
templates containing the current environment name? (Only 1 answer)
All answers could work, but the easiest and cleanest way is by adding the variable to the
twig.globals setting. Answer 1 would not work for templates that don’t inherit from the base
template. Similarly, answer 3 would force all controllers to inherit from the base controller. Answer
4 is not recommended at all as you would be editing Symfony itself.

23. Given the following Twig template, what would be its output?
Answer 4 is correct. The spaceless tag removes whitespaces between HTML tags, not within tags
or text.

24. In Twig, for loops create a special variable to get some information such as the current
8. Twig 17

iteration or whether the current iteration is the first/last. What is its name?
Answer 1 is correct. The loop array is created for the for loop scope and contains several keys:

• index: Current iteration starting from 1.

• index0: Current iteration starting from 0.
• revindex: Number of iterations from the end of the loop (1 indexed).
• revindex0: Number of iterations from the end of the loop (0 indexed).
• first: It’s true when index is 1 (first iteration).
• last: It’s true when revindex is 1 (last iteration).
• length: Number of elements in the sequence.
• parent: Parent context, which contains variables defined before the for loop or passed to the
template from the controller.

For example, the following template would generate the resulting trace:

{# loop_variable.html.twig #}
{% for letter in ['a', 'b', 'c'] %}
{# ... #}
{% endfor %}

Iteration index index0 revindex revindex0 first last length

1 1 0 3 2 true false 3
2 2 1 2 1 false false 3
3 3 2 1 0 false true 3

25. What error do you get if you render the following Twig template from a controller, if the
route name is book_list?
Answer 2 is correct. The controller() function expects a controller name, not the current route
name. As the route name (book_list) is not in the format Bundle:Controller:Action, it cannot be
parsed.
Answer 1 would be true if you change _route by _controller, as it contains the value of the current
controller in the right format. The following code generates an infinite loop, so when the maximum
level is reached it throws an error:

{# infinite_loop.html.twig #}
{% render(controller(app.request.attributes.get("_controller"))) %}
8. Twig 18

26. Which of the following are good use cases for the cycle function in Twig?
Answer 1 is correct. Zebra stripes on HTML tables is a common use case for the cycle function, as
it can be used to easily apply different styles to even and odd rows:

{# cycle.html.twig #}
{% set rows = [[1, 'one'], [2, 'two']] %}

<table>
{% for row in rows %}
<tr class="{{ cycle(['odd', 'even'], loop.index0) }}">
<td>{{ row[0] }}</td>
<td>{{ row[1] }}</td>
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>

The previous template generates the following HTML table:

<table>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1</td>
<td>one</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2</td>
<td>two</td>
</tr>
</table>

27. What is the output of the following Twig template?

Answer 2 is correct. The first filter works with arrays, hashes and strings, and returns the first
element of the input data:
8. Twig 19

{# first_filter.html.twig #}
{{ ['hello', 'bye'] | first }} {# result: 'hello' #}
{{ {one: 'hello', two: 'bye'} | first }} {# result: 'hello' #}
{{ 'hello'| last }} {# result: 'h' #}

The last filter works the same way, but returns the last element of the input data:

{# last_filter.html.twig #}
{{ ['hello', 'bye'] | last }} {# result: 'bye' #}
{{ {one: 'hello', two: 'bye'} | last }} {# result: 'bye' #}
{{ 'hello'| last }} {# result: 'o' #}

28. The goal of the following template is to choose a different layout for AJAX requests. Would
it work?
Answer 4 is correct, the approach is correct. It is possible to make a layout conditional, as well as
making it depend on a variable. In fact, the template name can be any valid expression.

29. In nested loops, how can you access to the loop.index variable of the parent loop?
Answer 3 is correct. In Twig, each loop has its own scope, but the loop variable contains a reference
to the parent scope. For example, the following template prints out 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3:

{# parent_loop.html.twig #}
{% for i in 'a'..'c' %}
{% for j in 'a'..'c' %}
{{ loop.parent.loop.index }}
{% endfor %}
{% endfor %}

30. Given the following Twig extension, what would be the output of {{ hello("bye") }}?
Answer 2 is correct. It’s basically a catch-all function. Twig supports dynamic functions since version
1.5, so if you define a function that includes *, it can be replaced by any string.
Symfony itself makes use of dynamic functions for the render_* function, which is executed when
using render_esi or render_hinclude. This function is defined in the Twig bridge.
8. Twig 20

Similarly, you can define dynamic filters as well. The following example defines the dynamic filter
add_*, which adds two numbers:

// AppBundle/Twig/Extension/MagicExtension.php
class MagicExtension extends \Twig_Extension
{

public function getFilters()

{
return [
new \Twig_SimpleFilter(
'add_*',
[$this, 'getAdd'],
['is_safe' => ['html']]
)
];
}

public function getAdd($number, $input)

{
return $number + $input;
}

public function getName()

{
return 'magic';
}
}

So, if you execute {{ 1 | add_2 }} the output will be 3.

31. What is the output of the following template if not_found.html.twig doesn’t exist and
error.html.twig contains An error occurred?

Answer 3 is correct. The default filter returns the passed value if the input is undefined or empty,
but it doesn’t catch errors.

32. In which of the following scenarios would you use the Twig verbatim tag?
Answer 1 is correct. When Twig finds a verbatim section, its content is not parsed, but treated as
8. Twig 21

raw text. For example, the following template outputs {{ [1, 2, 3] | join(', ') }}:

{# verbatim.html.twig #}
{% verbatim %}
{{ [1, 2, 3] | join(', ') }}
{% endverbatim %}

33. What is the logical name of a Twig template located at app/Resources/views/layout.html.twig?

Answer 4 is correct. When using logical names, they are composed of three fragments:

• Bundle name.
• Directory inside Resources/views.
• Template file name.

In the current example, as the template is not inside any bundle but belongs to the application, the
first fragment is empty. Also, as it is not located in any subdirectory of Resources/views, the second
fragment is empty as well. The following table contains some examples of templates and their logical
names:
Location Logical name
app/Resources/views/layout.html.twig ::layout.html.twig
app/Resources/views/Static/tos.html.twig :Static:tos.html.twig
src/AppBundle/Resources/views/mail.txt.twig AppBundle::mail.txt.twig

Takeaways
• General
– The Twig bridge defines functions and filters that make use of Symfony components,
such as url(), path(), is_granted() or render(). They are not included in the core of
Twig.
– Loops have their own scope and define a special variable called loop, which can be used
to get the index and access to the parent scope.
8. Twig 22

– Named parameters are supported in Twig since 1.12. {{ "now" | date(timezone="Europe/Madrid",

format="H:i") }}, {{ "now" | date("H:i", "Europe/Madrid") }} and {{ "now" |
date("H:i", timezone="Europe/Madrid") }} are equivalent.
– The syntax of Twig templates can be checked with the twig:lint command. It takes
into account all tags, functions and filters defined by bundles.
• Output scaping
– Output escaping is enabled by default in Twig templates and it can be disabled per
instruction with the raw filter.
– It basically prevents XSS attacks.
• Filters and functions
– Dynamic functions and filters allow to define functions/filters with placeholders using
the character *.
– The spaceless tag removes whitespaces between HTML tags, not within tags or text.
– The verbatim tag can be used to render Twig code without parsing it.
• Global variables
– app, self, context and charset are always available in Twig templates. app is added by
Symfony, while the other three are defined by Twig.
– The app global variable provides 6 application specific variables: security, user,
request, session, environment and debug.
– Global variables can be set from a custom extension (overriding the getGlobals()
method) or with the twig.globals option.
• Caching
– Twig templates are compiled down to PHP code and stored in the %cache_dir%/twig
directory.
– Twig templates are recompiled if the templating engine detects that the file has changed
only if the debug mode is enabled.
– Compiled templates contain information for debugging purposes. For example, the
getDebugInfo() method maps lines of the PHP compiled template and the Twig
template.
Answer sheet
8. Twig

Question Correct answers

1 1, 2, 4
2 2
3 2
4 1
5 2, 4
6 2
7 3
8 3
9 4
10 3
11 4
12 1, 2, 3, 4
13 1
14 1, 2, 3, 4
15 3
16 1, 2
17 3
18 4
19 2
20 1, 2, 4
21 1, 3
22 2
23 4
24 1
25 2
26 1
27 2
28 4
29 3
30 2
31 3
32 1
33 4