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Communcable and Non-Communicable Diseases

This document discusses various health problems related to nutrition and the environment, including communicable and non-communicable diseases. It provides details on types of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer. It describes risk factors, symptoms, causes and treatment methods for these diseases. Contagious illnesses are also examined, outlining how they can spread through human waste, breathing, insects, animals or objects. The roles of diet, lifestyle and genetics in chronic conditions versus infectious diseases are compared.

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Ron Chong
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140 views15 pages

Communcable and Non-Communicable Diseases

This document discusses various health problems related to nutrition and the environment, including communicable and non-communicable diseases. It provides details on types of diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer. It describes risk factors, symptoms, causes and treatment methods for these diseases. Contagious illnesses are also examined, outlining how they can spread through human waste, breathing, insects, animals or objects. The roles of diet, lifestyle and genetics in chronic conditions versus infectious diseases are compared.

Uploaded by

Ron Chong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HEALTH PROBLEM RELATED TO

NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT

BY:
DR SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL BADARI
DEPARTMENT OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
AND CONSUMER STUDIES
FACULTY OF HUMAN ECOLOGY
UPM
NON-COMMUNICABLE AND
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
› NON-COMMUNICABLE/CHRONIC
DISEASES
# They are degenerative because they cause
progressive destruction of human tissue.
# Have poorly defined beginning.
# Causes are unclear, often develop over a long
time.
# Reduce body’s function for a long time
# Treatment is costly: require long-term care.
# Cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, cancer.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES /
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
# Can avoid the transmission by :
& understanding their modes of
transmission
& controlling the causative agents in
the environment
# Cholera, typhoid, food borne illness,
zoonosis diseases.
WAYS OF SPREADING DISEASES
› There are few ways of spreading infectious
diseases:

♣ Diseases that are spread by human wastage


system (faeces and urine)
›  Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, cholera, polio, hepatitis A.

♣ Diseases that are spread through breathing


channels and mouth (sneezing and mucus):
›  Tuberculosis, diphtheria, measles, scarlet fever, coughs, smallpox, pneumonia,
influenza and so on.

♣ Diseases caused by animals:


›  rabies, brucellosis, bovine tuberculosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, salmonellosis
♣ Diseases caused by animals:

›  rabies, brucellosis, bovine


tuberculosis, anthrax, leptospirosis,
salmonellosis

♣ Diseases caused by insects : typhus fever, dengue fever, malaria.

› Animals can also transmit diseases to


humans.
♣ It is also known as zoonosis (an animal disease that can infect
humans).
FOMITE

› Fomite is any objects that prepares a


place for disease causing agents to rest/
settle for a while.
♣ Example, people always bite on pencil or pen. By shifting this
instrument from one individual to another would also enable the
shifting of the disease agent like tuberculosis (dry cough).

♣ Examples of normal fomite are money, papers, door knob, and more.
COMPARING CHRONIC AND
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Chronic Diseases Infectious Diseases

Causes Often lifestyle or Exposure to a biologic


environmentally related agent
Timeline Slow, long-lasting Usually acute; sudden
onset
Outcome Often no recovery, Relatively rapid
degeneration recovery in most cases
CANCER
›  What is cancer?
# A group of conditions that result from the uncontrolled
growth of abnormal cells.

›  What causes cancer?


# Very difficult to explain.
# 90% of all cancer are related to environmental factors.
# genetic factors toward cancer.
# 35 % of cancer related to dietary intake
^ Body fat, dietary fat – increase risk.
^ Fruits, vegetables, whole grains – decrease risk
^ Alcohol intake – increase risk
^ Smoked, pickled foods - increase risk.
^ Grilled foods – increase risk.
CANCER
› Unwanted tissues would be formed tumour.
› Tumour can be classified to two:
♣ benign : non-cancerous growth
♣ Malignant : type of cancer. Cancer cells can attack and
destroy tissues and organs nearest to the tumour

› Four types of treatment;


♣ Surgery - carried out to eliminate cancer
cells on parts that are being attacked.
♣ Radiotherapy - Utilizes the method of high
radiation beam to destroy the cancer cells and
stopping these cells from expanding.
CANCER
› Chemotherapy - This treatment would
use medicines to remove the cancer cells.
♣ Doctors use one type of medicine or combination of few types.

› Biological Therapy - This treatment


utilizes chemical compounds to repair
body’s immune system to counteract with
the disease.
♣ being used on cancer cells that already attacked other parts of the
body. Treatment would be combined with chemotherapy
DIABETES MELLITUS

› Related to high blood glucose and either


insufficient or ineffective insulin hormone

› Type of Diabetes Mellitus


q  Type 1 diabetes
q  Type 2 diabetes
COMPARING TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2
DIABETES

Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes


› Insulin-dependent ›  Noninsulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus diabetes mellitus
(IDDM) (NIDDM)
› Juvenile-onset ›  Adult-onset diabetes
diabetes ›  Associated with:
› Associated with: Viral obesity, heredity, aging
infection, heredity ›  Mean age onset : >40
› Mean age onset :12 ›  Prevalence: 90 to 95%
› Prevalence :5 to 10%
HYPERTENSION

›  Related to high blood pressure


•  Systolic /diastolic : 120/80 mmHg – normal

› Risk Factors for Hypertension


•  Smoking
•  High blood lipid
•  Diabetes
•  Age
•  Heredity
•  Obesity
•  Race
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)
› Related to diseases of heart and blood
vessels.
•  CVD is leading single cause of death
•  Coronary heart disease (CHD) the most
common form of cardiovascular disease

› Major Risk Factors of CVD


•  High blood cholesterol
•  Hypertension
•  Diabetes
•  Obesity
•  Physical in activity
•  Smoking
THANK YOU….

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