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BD - W - MISCELLANEOUS

The document provides specifications for pre-construction anti-termite treatment, including treatment of soil beneath buildings and around foundations. It details recommended chemicals for treatment, their concentrations, and methods of application to create an uninterrupted chemical barrier between the ground and building. Treatment includes rod holes and chemical emulsion application to soil beneath floors, along walls, and around the external perimeter of buildings.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views16 pages

BD - W - MISCELLANEOUS

The document provides specifications for pre-construction anti-termite treatment, including treatment of soil beneath buildings and around foundations. It details recommended chemicals for treatment, their concentrations, and methods of application to create an uninterrupted chemical barrier between the ground and building. Treatment includes rod holes and chemical emulsion application to soil beneath floors, along walls, and around the external perimeter of buildings.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bd – W – MISCELLANEOUS

Salient Features

‰ Table showing Gauge of ply, Gauge of barbs, Gap between two barbs, and standard
weight

The notes attached herewith are for information only.


The Rates of the DSR have no bearing on the notes
enclosed herewith.
In case of any dispute regarding interpretation of
item it’s specifications etc. the reference to original
specifications shall be made.

405
BARBED WIRE 2 PLY

Gauge Gauge Gap between Approx Length Gauge Gauge Gap between Approx Length
of ply - of Barbs two Barbs in meters of ply of Two Barbs in metre 25
per 25 kg. Bdl. Barbs kg. Bdl.

12 12 3(75 mm) 151 12.5 12 3(75 mm) 185


14 14 3(75 mm) 300 12.5 14 3(75 mm) 210
12 14 4(100 mm) 210

406
Bd – W – MISCELLANEOUS
(Antitermite & Pest Control)

Salient Features

‰ Notes & Sketches on providing pre construction, post construction Antitermite treatment

The notes attached herewith are for information only.


The Rates of the DSR have no bearing on the notes
enclosed herewith.
In case of any dispute regarding interpretation of
item it’s specifications etc. the reference to original
specifications shall be made.

407
Pre Construction
Anti Termite Treatment
(1) The earth free from roots, dead leaves, or other organic matter shall be placed and compacted
in successive layers of loose material of not more than 200 mm thick in plinth filling.
(2) If termite mound, are found within the plinth area of the buildings these should be destroyed
by means of insecticides in the form of water suspension or emulsion which should be
poured into the mounds at several places after breaking, open the earthen structure and
making holes with crow bars. The quantity to be used will depend upto the size of the
mound.
For a mound volume of about 1 cum, 4 litres of an emulsion in water of one of the following
may be used
a) Chlorpyrifoc 0.50 %
b) Chlordane 1%
Soil Treatment - Treating the solid beneath the building and around the foundations with a soil
insecticide is a preventive measure. The purpose of the treatment is to create a chemical barrier
between the ground from where termites come and woodwork or other cellulosic materials in the
building. Any one of the following chemicals conforming to relevant Indian Standards in water
emulsion is effective when applied uniformly over the area to be treated.

Chemical Relevant Indian Concentration by


Standard Weight, percent

(1) (2) (3)


a) Chlorpyrifoc IS :8944 0.5
b) Heptachlor emulsifiable IS 6439-1972 0.5
concentrate
c) Chlordane emulsifiable IS 2682-1966 1
concentrate

ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BARRIER AND METHOD OF APPLICATION


Conditions of Formation - Barrier shall be complete and continuous under the whole of the structure
to be protected. All foundations shall be fully surrounded by and in close contact with the barrier of
treated soil. Each part of the area treated shall receive the prescribed dosage of chemical.
Time of Application - Soil treatment should start when foundation trenches and pits are ready to
take mass concrete in foundations. Laying of mass concrete should start when the chemical emulsion
has been absorbed by the soil and the surface is quite dry. Treatment should not be carried out
when it is raining or when the soil is wet with rain or sub- soil water. The foregoing requirement
applies also in the case of treatment to the filled earth surface within the plinth area before laying
the sub-grade for the floor.
Disturbance - Once formed, treated soil barriers shall not be disturbed. If, by chance, treated soil
barriers are disturbed, immediate steps shall be taken to restore the continuity and completensess
of the barrier system.

408
SOIL TREATMENT

Any one of the chemical emulsions shall be applied uniformly at the prescribed rate in all the stages
of the treatment. A suitable hand operated compressed air sprayer or watering can should be used
to facilitate uniform dispersal of the chemical emulsion. On large jobs, a power sprayer may be
used to save labour and time.

In the event of waterlogging of foundation, the water shall be pumped out and the chemical emulsion
applied when the soil is absorbent.

Treatment for Masonry Foundations and Basements

The bottom surface and the sides (upto a height of about 300 mm) of the excavations made for
masonry foundations and basements shall be treated with the chemical at the rate of 5 litres per
square metre surface area.

After the masonry foundations and the retaining wall of the basements come up, the backfill in
immediate contact with the foundation structure shall be treated at the rate of 7.5 litres per square
metre of the vertical surface of the sub-structure for each side. If water is used for ramming the
earth fill, the chemical treatment shall be carried out after the ramming operation is done by rodding
the earth at 150 mm centres close to the wall surface and working the rod backward and forward
parallel to the wall surface and spraying the chemical emulsion at above dosage. After the treatment,
the soil should be tamped in place. The earth is usually returned in layers and the treatment shall be
carried out in similar stages. The chemical emulsion shall be directed towards the masonry surfaces
so that the earth in contact with these surfaces is well treated with the chemical.

409
Treatment for RC Foundations and Basements
In the case of

410
TREATMENT FOR MASONRY FOUNDATIONS WITH APRON ALONG EXTERNAL PERIMETER

RCC foundations, the concrete is dense being a 1:2:4 (cement : fine aggregates : coarse aggregates,
by volume) mix or richer, the termite are unable to penetrate it. It is, therefore, unnecessary to start
the treatment from the bottom of excavations. The treatment shall start at a depth of 500 mm below
the ground level except when such ground level is raised or lowered by filling or cutting after the
foundations have been cast. In such cases, the depth of 500 mm shall be determined from the new
soil level resulting from the filling or cutting mentioned above, and soil in immediate contact with the
vertical surfaces of RCC foundations shall be treated at the rate of 7.5 litres per square metre. The
procedure shall be the same as that for masonry foundations.

TREATMENT FOR RCC FOUNDATIONS

Treatment of Top Surface of Plinth Filling - The top surface of the consolidated earth within
plinth walls shall be treated with chemical emulsion at the rate of 5 litres per square metre of the
surface before the sandbed or sub-grade is laid. If the filled earth has been well rammed and the
surface does not allow the emulsion to seep through, holes up to 50 to 75 mm deep at 150 mm
centres both ways may be made with 12 mm diameter mild steel rod on the surface to facilitate
saturation of the soil with the chemical emulsion.

411
Treatment at Junction of the Wall and the Floor - Special care shall be taken to establish
continuity of the vertical chemical barrier on inner wall surfaces from ground level upto the level of
the filled earth surface. To achieve this, a small channel 30 x 30 mm shall be made at all the
junctions of wall and columns with the floor (before laying the sub- grade) and rod holes made in
the channel up to the ground level 150 mm apart and the iron rod moved backward and forward to
break up the earth and chemical emulsion poured along the channel at the rate of 7.5 litres per
square metre of the vertical wall or column surface so as to soak the soil right to the bottom. The
soil should be tamped back into place after this operation.

Treatment of Soil Along External Perimeter of Building - After the building is complete, the
earth along the external perimeter of the building should be rodded at intervals of 150 mm and to a
depth of 300 mm. The rods should be moved backward and forward parallel to the wall to break up
the earth and chemical emulsion poured along the wall at the rate of 7.5 litres per square metres of
vertical surfaces. After the treatment, the earth should be tampted back into place. Should the earth
outside the building be graded on completion of building, this treatment should be carried out on
completion of such grading.

In the event of filling being more than 300 mm, the external perimeter treatment shall extend to the
full depth of filling up to the ground level so as to ensure continuity of the chemical barrier.

Treatment of Soil Under Apron Along External Perimeter of Building - Top surface of the
consolidated earth over which the apron is to be laid shall be treated with chemical emulsion at the
rate of 5 litres per square metre of the vertical surface before the apron is laid. if consolidated earth
does not allow emulsion to seep through, holes up to 50 to 75 mm deep at 150 mm centres both
ways may be made with 12 mm diameter mild steel rod on the surface to facilitate saturation of the
soil with the chemical emulsion.

Treatment for Walls Retaining Soil Above Floor Level - Retaining walls like the basement
walls or outer walls above the floor level retaining soil need to be protected by providing chemical
barrier by treatment of retained soil in the immediate vicinity of the wall, so as to prevent entry of
termites through the voids in masonry, cracks and crevices, etc. above the floor level. The soil
retained by the walls shall be treated at the rate of 7.5 litres per square metre of the vertical surface
so as to effect a continuous outer chemical barrier.

Treatment of Soil Surrounding Pipes, Wastes, and Conduits - When pipes, wastes and conduits
enter the soil inside the area of the foundations, soil surrounding the point of entry shall be loosened
around each, of such pipe, waste or conduit for a distance of 150 mm and to a depth of 75 mm
before treatment is commenced. When they enter the soil external to the foundations, they shall be
similarly treated for a distance of over 300 mm unless they stand clear of the walls of the building by
about 75 mm.

Treatment for Expansion Joints - Expansion joints at ground floor level are one of the biggest
hazards for termite infestation. The soil beneath these joints should receive special attention. The
treatment should be supplemented by treating through the expansion joint after the subgrade has
been laid, at the rate of 2 litres per linear meter.

412
Post Construction
Anti Termite Treatment
RECOGNIZING THE PRESENCE OF TERMITE INFESTATION IN BUILDINGS
Swarms of winged reproductives flying from the soil or wood are the first indication of termite
infestation in a building. Often the actual flight may not be observed but the presence of wings
discarded by them will be a positive indication of a well established termite colony nereby. Termite
damage is not always evident from the exterior in the case of subterranean termites, since they do
not reduce wood to a powdery mass or push particles like some of the wood borers or drywood
termites. These termites are also recognised by the presence of earth-like shelter tubes which
afford them the runways between soil and their food.
Drywood termites on the contrary may be recognised by their pallets of excreta. Non-subterranean
termites excrete pallets of partly digested wood. These may be found in tunnels or on the floor
underneath the member which they have attacked. These termites may further be noticed by blisters
on wood surfaces due to their forming chambers close to the surface by eating away the wood and
leaving only a thin film of wood on the surface. Also the hollow sound on tapping structural timber
will indicate their destructive activity inside.
TERMITE DETECTION IN BUILDINGS
A certain amount of technical knowledge and experience is necessary to determine if there is
termite infestation in a building, particularly in the early stages when the attack has just started or it
is confined to remote locations in the building. It is necessary to know the habits of termites in
general, the manner in which they work, the places where they are likely to be found and the signs
which go to show that they are present.
A bright light is essential for termite inspection. A bright electric bulb protected by a wire-cage and
an extension cord would be useful. If this is not available, a flashlight may be used. A knife with a
sharp pointed blade to probe into woodwork is also necessary.
As subterranean termites emerge from the soil to seek entry into a building, the portions of the
building in contact with or adjacent to the soil should be the first to be inspected. These would
include the basement, ground floor, steps leading from the ground, columns, porches, etc. Locations
where there is dampness or where humid conditions prevail, such as bathrooms, lavatories, or
other places where there are leaky pipes or drains are likely places of termite infestation. Woodwork
at basement or ground floor level, particularly in damp locations, should be examined. The places
which demand careful scrutiny are the points where woodwork is embedded in the floor or in the
wall as termites seek entry through crevices in the concrete or brick work in which the wooden
frames are fixed.
The signs of presence of termites in a building are the tell-tale shelter tubes which are termites
runways. As termites have soft bodies which cannot withstand the drying effects of air, they move
about in sheltered mud tubes which they build when they have to cross open spaces which are
exposed to the air. These runways are usually thin and as small as 3 mm in diameter. They are,
therefore, not easily noticed and may go undetected except to the trained eye of an experienced
worker.
Termites work inside timber without breaking the surface. They are known to eat away a board
completely leaving only the film of paint on the surface. If they break open the surface at any point
accidentally, they quickly seal it up, and their activity continues beneath the surface without detection.

413
Woodwork in the vulnerable locations should be carefully examined to fined out if termites have
attacked the wood. In the absence of any external signs of damage, the woodwork should be
carefully examined to find out if termites have attacked the wood. In the absence of any external
signs of -damage, the woodwork should be tapped to see if it is hollow having been eaten up from
inside. A sharp pointed instrument or the sharp end of a pen-knite may be used to pierce the
woodwork to determine if there are cavities in the wood.
There is nothing as certain as termite runways to establish that infestation exists. However, one
should be able to distinguish between old runways and new ones. The old runways are brittle and
break away easily while the new ones will be moist and stronger. It is not advisable to remove or
destroy termite runways during inspection.
If termite activity is noticed in any one location of a building, it becomes necessary to make a
thorough search in the entire building. In a multi-storeyed building, if infestation has occurred at the
ground floor, all the upper floors must be subjected to thorough scrutiny. There have been instances
where termite activity was noticed in one of the upper floors, with no visible signs of attack in the
lower floors except perhaps the ground floor. This is explained by the fact that the termites had
travelled from floor to floor under cover through lift wells or casings covering electric wiring, telephone
cables, utility pipes, etc. Such covered conduits should, therefore, be examined carefully as they
are ideal routes for termites. Other places which should be examined are woodwork, wooden
panelling on staircases and walls, areas behind picture frames hung on walls, false ceilings, special
attention being paid to locations where dampness prevails, such as bathrooms, toilets and kitchen
sinks.

POST CONSTRUCTION TREATMENT


Inspection - Before undertaking any type of treatment, a thorough inspection shall be made of the
infestation in the building with a view to determine the extent to which it has spread, and the routes
of entry of the termites into the building. A study of structure of the foundation -and the ground floor
helps in finding out the routes of entry of termites from the soil and also in deciding the mode of
treatment. For guidance, a note on termite detection in buildings is given in Appendix C.
Extermination of Termites in Building - After making a study of the infestation in the building, the
next step is to exterminate the termites located inside the building. This operation shall be carried
out in a thorough manner, seeking the termites in their hideouts, such as ceilings, behind wooden
panellings, inside electrical wiring battens, conduits, switchboards and similar locations. Recourse
shall be taken to inject chemicals. All traces of termite tubes shall be removed so that any fresh
infestation which might occur at a later date may be easily detected.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES
Soil Treatment - The object of soil treatment is to establish chemical (toxic) barrier between the
termites in the soil and the building to be protected. Basically, it consists of treating the soil and the
building to be protected. Basically, it consists of treating the soil adjacent to or under the building
with a chemical toxicant which kills or repels termites. Water emulsions of one of the chemicals
shall be used in soil treatment and applied uniformly at the prescribed rate.

414
Treatment along outside of foundations - The soil in contact with the external wall of the building
shall be treated with chemical emulsion at the rate of 7.5 litres per square metre, of the vertical
surface of the sub-structure to a depth of 300 mm. To facilitate this treatment a shallow channel
shall be excavated along and close to the wall face. The chemical emulsion shall be directed
towards the wall at 1.75 litres per running metre of the channel. Rodding with 12 mm diameter mild
steel rods at 150 mm apart shall be done in the channel if necessary for uniform dispersal of the
chemical to 300 mm depth from the ground level. The balance chemical of 0.5 litre per running
metre shall then be used to treat the backfill earth as it is returned to the channel directing the spray
towards the wall surface. If there is a concrete or masonry apron around the building, approximately
12 mm diameter holes shall be drilled as close as possible to the plinth wall at 300 mm apart, deep
enough to reach the soil below, and the chemical emulsion pumped into these holes to soak the
soil below at a rate of 2.25 litres per linear metre.
NOTE : In soils which do not allow percolation of chemicals to the desired depth, the uniform
dispersal of the chemical to a depth of 300 mm shall be obtained by suitably modifying
the mode of treatment depending on the site condition. The dosage of 2.25 litres per
metre shall however remain the same.
The treatment described in above applies to masonry foundations. In the case of RCC foundation,
the soil (backfill earth) in contact with the column sides and plinth beams along the external perimeter
of the building shall be treated with chemical emulsion at the rate of 7.5 litres per square metres of
the vertical surfaces of the structure. To facilitate this treatment, trenches shall be excavated equal
to the width of a shovel exposing the sides of the column and plinth beams up to a depth of 300 mm
or up to the bottom of the plinth beam if this level is less than 300 mm. The chemical emulsion shall
be sprayed on the backfill earth as it is returned into the trench, directing the spray against the
concrete surface of the beam or column as the case may be. If there is a concrete or masonry
apron around the building, approximately 12 mm diameter holes shall be drilled as close as possible
to the plinth wall about 300 mm apart, deep enough to reach the soil below and the chemical
emulsion pumped into these holes to soak the soil below at a rate of 2.25 litres per linear metre.
Treatment of soil under floors - The points where the termites are likely to seek entry through the
floor are the cracks at the following locations
a) At the junction of the floor and walls as a result of shrinkage of the concrete;
b) On the floor surface owing to construction defects;
c) At a construction joints in a concrete floor, cast in sections; and
d) Expansion joints in the fIoor
Chemical treatment should be provided within the plinth area on the ground floor of the structure
wherever such cracks are noticed, by drilling vertically 12 mm holes at the junction of floor and
walls, constructional and expansion joints mentioned above at 300 mm interval to reach the soil
below. Chemical emulsion shall be squirted into these holes using a hand operated pressure pump

415
until refusal or to a maximum of one litre per hole. The holes shall then be sealed. In general, the
Idea is to charge the soil below the floor at the locations of cracks with toxicants so that termites in
the soil are denied access through such cracks and openings in the floor.

Treatment to voids in masonry - Termites are known to seek entry into masonry foundations and
work their way up through voids in the masonry and enter the building at ground and upper floors.
The movement of the termites through the masonry walls may be arrested by drilling holes in the
masonry wall at plinth level and squirting chemical emulsion into the holes to soak the masonry.
The holes shall be drilled at a downward angle of about 45O preferably from both sides of the plinth
wall at approximately 300 mm intervals and emulsion squirted through these holes to soak the
masonry using a hand operated pressure pump. This treatment shall also be extended to internal
walls having foundations in the soil. Holes shall also be drilled at critical points, such as wall corners
and where door and window frames are embedded in the masonry or floor at ground. Emulsion
shall be squirted through the holes till refusal or to a maximum of one litre per hole. The treated
holes shall then be sealed.

Treatment at points of contact of woodwork - All existing woodwork in the building which is in
contact with the floor or walls and which is infested by termites, shall be treated by spraying at the
points of contacts with the adjoining masonry with the chemical emulsion of prescribed concentration
by drilling 6 mm holes at a downward angle of about 45O at the junction of woodwork and masonry
and squirting chemical emulsion into these holes till refusal or to a maximum of half a litre per hole.
The treated holes shall then be sealed.

Treatment of Woodwork - For the purpose of treatment, wood-work may be classified as follows
a) Which is damaged by termites beyond repair and needs replacements, and
b) Which is damaged slightly by termites and does not need replacement.

The woodwork which has already been damaged beyond repairs by termites shall be replaced.
The new timber should be dipped or liberally brushed at least twice with chemicals in oil or kerosene
based solution of Chlordane 1%. All damage woodwork which does not need replacement shall be
treated as given below.

Treatment of Electrical Fixtures - If infestation in electrical fixture (like switch boxes in the wall) is
noticed, covers of the switch boxes shall be removed and inside of such boxes shall be treated
liberally with 5 percent chlordane powder. The covers of the switch boxes shall be refixed after
dusting.

INSPECTION
Periodical inspection and vigilance are necessary after carrying out the preventive treatment
measures. It is essential that follow up action is maintained during subsequent humid and hot
seasons if termites appear.

416
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE UNDERTAKING ANTI TERMITE TREATMENT

PRECAUTIONS FOR HEALTH HAZARDS AND SAFETY MEASURES

All the chemicals which are prescribed are poisonous and hazardous to health. These chemicals
can have an adverse effect upon health when absorbed through the skin, inhaled as vapours or
spray mists or swallowed. Persons handling or using these chemicals should be warned of these
dangers and advised that absorption through the skin is the most likely sources of accidental
poisoning. They should be cautioned to observe carefully the safety precautions given below
particularly when handling these chemicals in the form of concentrates.

These chemicals are brought to the site in the form of emulsifiable concentrates. The containers
should be clearly labelled and should be stored carefully so that children and pets cannot get at
them. They should be kept securely closed.

Particular care should be taken to prevent skin contact with concentrates. Prolonged exposure to
dilute emulsions should also be avoided. Workers should wear clean clothing and should wash
thoroughly with soap and water specially before eating and smoking. In the event of severe
contamination, clothing should be removed at once and the skin washed with soap and water. If
chemicals splash into the eyes they shall be flushed with plenty of soap and water and immediate
medical attention should be sought.

The concentrates are oil solutions and present a fire hazard owing to the use of petroleum solvents.
Flames should not be allowed during mixing.

Care should taken in the application of soil toxicants to see that they are not allowed to contaminate
wells or springs which serve as sources of drinking water.

417
GENERAL GUIDELINES

Salient Features

‰ Important points to be noted during construction of building

‰ Documents to be maintained on site of work

‰ Statistical approach to quality control

The notes attached herewith are for information only.


The Rates of the DSR have no bearing on the notes
enclosed herewith.
In case of any dispute regarding interpretation of
item it’s specifications etc. the reference to original
specifications shall be made.

419
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE NOTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING

GENERAL :-

1) R.C.C. jamb columns shall be provided when the door frames are provided in one brick
thick wall.

2) Provides chicken mesh before plastering to the area like junction of beams with walls,
horns of door frame to avoid the development of cracks.

3) Consider providing grooves at the junction of brick wall to concrete beams / columns.

4) R.C.C. chajja over windows should project 75 cm. Top of chajja to be taken in slope. The
junction shall be rounded off.

5) The M.S. fan boxes hall be provided in the slab.

6) The window grill shall be so designed to provide proper access for holding the handle,
operating the lower and upper tower bolt and wind stays.

7) The window sills for aluminium and steel window shall be provided in 2 pieces with inner sill
being at higher level to prevent ingress of water.

8) Provide requisite development length and overlap length to reinforcing bars.

9) See that adequate head room of minimum 210 cm. is provided under landing especially
when the entrance is provide below it.

10) While marking the window sill level, give allowance for flooring tile, mortar thickness, otherwise
finished sill height will be less than the required height.

11) If the ventilators are not provided to the steel windows, the soffit of chajja be kept 2.50 cm.
above the soffit of lintel to allow easy movement of shutters.

12) While fixing the frames for passage, toilets, etc. take care that frame levels are also altered
in proportion to sunk flooring lest the frame will be remaining hanging and may not rest on
the flooring.

13) It will be advisable if a mock up flat/room/part building is prepared at an early stage of the
work.

14) It is advisable to provide stone coping on parapet walls at terrace.

15) The plinth height shall not be normally less than 90 cm in case of Administrative & non
residential buildings and shall not be less than 75 cm in respect of residential buildings.

420
KITCHEN :-
1) Comfortable working height of cooking platform is 80 cm. The width shall be 60.00 cm.

Space above the counter upto a height of 50 cm. Shall be of water proof material to
prevent walls from staining.

Height of Gas Cylinder is 65 cm. and its’ diameter is 34 cm. the clear height from floor to the
bottom of kitchen counter shall be 77.50 cm. with 4.50 cm. thick stone an top of counter.
The hole in the gas pipe to be of minimum dia. 3.0 cm. so that cleaning of hole can be done
with a brush.

WATER STORAGE :-

1) The requirement regarding water supply, drainage and sanitation shall assume that a
minimum water supply of 200 litres per head per day is assured with a full flushing system.
For L.I.G and E.W.S., it may be reduced to 135 litres per head per day.

Out of the 200 litres per day, 45 litres per head per day may be taken for flushing requirements
and the remaining for domestic purposes.

The convenience and distribution of the water will be through the mains shall be at least 150
cm. under roadways and 75 cm, in case of footpaths.

For the communication pipes, the connections upto 50 mm. diameter may be made on the
water mains by means of screwed ferrules provided the size of the connections does not
exceed 1/3 the size of the water main.

The communication pipe and the underground service pipe shall be laid at right angles to
the main.

Every communication pipe shall have a stop cock and a meter inserted.

2) Every water storage tank shall be covered with a close fitting dust tight insect and fly
(mosquito) proof lid and shall be provided with a suitable ball valve.

Every tank shall be provided with an efficient mosquito proof worning pipe.

Each storage tank shall be provided a stop valve or stop tap at every outlet other than the
overflow pipe. Outlet pipe shall be fixed 50-75 mm. above the bottom of that and fitted with
a strainer preferably of copper.

3) The feed pipe connecting cold water tank with the hot water heater shall not be less than 20
mm. bore and it shall leave the cold water tank at a point not less than 5 cm. above the
bottom of the tank and shall connect the hot water heater near its bottom. The feed pipes
shall not deliver the cold water to any other connection, but into the hot water cylinder.

421

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