Development indicators and indices[edit]

There are various types of macroeconomic and sociocultural indicators or "metrics" used
by economists and geographers to assess the relative economic advancement of a given region
or nation. The World Bank's "World Development Indicators" are compiled annually from
officially-recognized international sources and include national, regional and global estimates.

GDP per capita - Growing development population[edit]

GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by mid year population. GDP is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus
any subsidizes not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making
deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural
resources.

Income distribution[edit]
Income distribution means that income level of people of certain country increases and equitable
distribution.

Literacy and education[edit]

Literacy and education simply means how well the local people of a certain area have access to
education. It is the average number of educated people as compared to other countries in the
world. The ratio of educated population to uneducated people

Access to healthcare[edit]
To assess the economic development of a country, geographers use economic
indicators including:

 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services
produced by a country in a year.
 Gross National Product (GNP) measures the total economic output of a
country, including earnings from foreign investments.
 GNP per capita is a country's GNP divided by its population. (Per
capitameans per person.)
 Economic growth measures the annual increase in GDP, GNP, GDP per capita,
or GNP per capita.
 Inequality of wealth is the gap in income between a country's richest and
poorest people. It can be measured in many ways, (eg the proportion of a country's
wealth owned by the richest 10 per cent of the population, compared with the proportion
owned by the remaining 90 per cent).
 Inflation measures how much the prices of goods, services and wages increase
each year. High inflation (above a few percent) can be a bad thing, and suggests a
government lacks control over the economy.
 Unemployment is the number of people who cannot find work.
 Economic structure shows the division of a country's economy
betweenprimary, secondary and tertiary industries.
 Demographics study population growth and structure. It compares birth rates to
death rates, life expectancy and urban and rural ratios. Many LEDCshave a younger,
faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more people living in the countryside than
in towns. The birth rate in the UK is 11 per 1,000, whereas in Kenya it is 40.

INHIBITING FACTORS
1) Population Growth : Population Growth is the biggest obstacle in India's
Growth.Resources are limited.But People who consume resources are increasing.
   What ever growth rate you achieve it will be insufficient due to high rate of Population
growth.
2) Pathetic Condition of Agriculture : Agriculture is the source of livelihood for
majority of people in India.In 62 years Agriculture is in pathetic condition.
   Farmers are dependent on Page on monsoon.so Economy is dependent on chance.
3) Unfriendly atmosphere for Entrepreneurship : Government policies are not
friendly towards people who want to start their own business.those who are running
their business they have to bribe.
   It is a well know fact that you can not survive in business without adopting improper
means.
4) Focus should be on manufacturing and Tourism:Currently India is a heavily a
service oriented economy.Like IT sector.You are always dependent on US and Western
countries.
   Manufacturing sector have high potential to generate more jobs. 
5) Poor Education sector : Our education is not upto the mark.Students study just for
marks and job.They can not be blamed for that.It is government failure.
   Primary education is government school is pathetic.
   
 I am not deliberately including corruption.Corruption is the by product of all these
issues.If people are aware they won't let corruption to trouble them.Now due to poor
governance and laws 

SDG
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as Transforming our world:
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" is a set of seventeen aspirational "global
Goals" with 169 targets between them . Spearheaded by the United Nations, through a
deliberative process involving its 193 Member States, as well as global civil society ,the
goals are contained in paragraph 54 United Nations Resolution A/RES/70/1 of 25
September 2015.[1] The Resolution is a broader intergovernmental agreement that, while
acting as the Post 2015 Development Agenda (successor to the Millennium Development
Goals), builds on the Principles agreed upon under Resolution A/RES/66/288, popularly
known as The Future We Want. [2] The SDGs were in large measure informed by the oft
quoted assertion by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that "there can be no
Plan B, because there is no Planet B."

On 19 July 2014, the UN General Assembly's Open Working Group (OWG) on Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) forwarded a proposal for the SDGs to the Assembly. The proposal
contained 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues.
These included ending poverty and hunger, improving health and education, making cities more
sustainable, combating climate change, and protecting oceans and forests.[3] On 5 December
2014, the UN General Assembly accepted the Secretary-General's Synthesis Report which
stated that the agenda for the post-2015 SDG process would be based on the OWG proposals.

GOALS
The Official Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted on 25 September 2015 has 92
paragraphs, with the main paragraph (51) outlining the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and
its associated 169 targets. This included the following goals: [19][1]

1. No Poverty - End poverty in all its forms everywhere[20] Targets.

 Extreme poverty has been cut by more than half since 1990- however, more than
1 in 5 people live on less than $1.25 a day
 Poverty is more than lack of income or resources- it includes lack of basic
services, such as education, hunger, social discrimination and exclusion, and lack or
participation in decision making.
 Gender inequality plays a large role in the perpetuation of poverty and it's risks;
They then face potentially life-threatening risks from early pregnancy, and often lost
hopes for an education and a better income [2]
2. Zero Hunger - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture[21] Targets.
 Globally, 1 in 9 people are undernourished, the vast majority of these people live
in developing countries
 Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods for 40
per cent of today’s global population. It is the largest source of income and jobs for
poor rural households. Women comprise on average 43 per cent of the agricultural
labor force in developing countries, and over 50 per cent in parts of Asia and Africa,
yet they only own 20% of the land [3]
 Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 per cent) of deaths in children under five –
3.1 million children each year.
3. Good Health and Well-being - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages[22] Targets.
 Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing
some of the common killers associated with child and maternal mortality, and major
progress has been made on increasing access to clean water and sanitation,
reducing malaria, tuberculosis, polio and the spread of HIV/AIDS.
 However, only half of women in developing countries have received the health
care they need, and the need for family planning in increasing exponentially, while
the need met is growing slowly- more than 225 million women have an unmet need
for contraception [4]
4. Quality Education - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote lifelong learning opportunities for all[23] Targets.
 Major progress has been made for education access, specifically at the primary
school level, for both boys and girls. However, access does not always mean quality
of education, or completion of primary school. Currently, 103 million youth worldwide
still lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent of them are women
 Target 1 "By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and
quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective
learning outcomes"- shows the commitment to nondiscriminatory education
outcomes
5. Gender Equality - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls[24] Targets.
 Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent
work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will
fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large
 While a record 143 countries guaranteed equality between men and women in
their Constitutions by 2014, another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations,
gender discrimination is still woven through legal and social norms [25]
 Though goal 5 is the gender equality stand-alone goal- the SDG's can only be
successful if women are completely integrated into each and every goal
6. Clean Water and Sanitation - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all[26] Targets.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable
and clean energy for all[27] Targets.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all[28]Targets.
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure - Build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation[29] Targets.
10. Reduced Inequalities - Reduce inequality within and among countries[30] Targets.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities - Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable[31] Targets.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production - Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns[32] Targets.
13. Climate Action - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts[33] Targets.
14. Life Below Water - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development [34] Targets.
15. Life on Land - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss[35] Targets.
 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies
for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels[36] Targets.
17. Partnerships for the Goals - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development.

DADDU PDF

Box 10.3 : Anti-poverty, employment generation and basic services programmes (a) Pradhan
Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Launched in December 2000 as a 100 per cent CSS,
PMGSY aims to provide all-weather connectivity to all the eligible unconnected rural
habitations. Bharat Nirman, envisages connectivity by 2009 to all the habitations with a
population of 1000 or more in the plains, and of 500 or more in the hilly, desert and tribal
areas. The systematic upgradation of the existing rural road network also is an integral
component of the scheme, funded mainly from the accruals of diesel cess in the Central
Road Fund, with support of the multilateral funding agencies and the domestic financial
institutions. Up to December 2005, with an expenditure of Rs.12,049 crore, a total length of
82,718 km. of road works had been completed. . (b) Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) IAY aims to
provide dwelling units, free of cost, to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs),
and freed bonded labourers, and also the non-SC/ST BPL families in rural areas. It is funded
on a cost-sharing basis in the rates of 75.25 between the Centre and the States. Under IAY,
the ceiling on construction assistance is Rs.25,000/- per unit in the plains and Rs.27,500/-
for hilly/difficult areas; and Rs. 12,500/- on upgradation of unserviceable kutcha house to
pucca/semi pucca house for all areas. Up to January 30, 2006, about 138 lakh houses had
been constructed/upgraded with an expenditure of Rs.25,208 crore. (c ) Swarnjayanti Gram
Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) SGSY, launched in April, 1999 after restructuring the Integrated
Rural Development Programme and allied schemes, is the only self-employment
programme for the rural poor. The objective is to bring the selfemployed above the poverty
line by providing them income-generating assets through bank credit and Government
subsidy. Up to November 2005, the Centre and States, sharing the costs on 75:25 basis, had
allocated Rs.8,067 crore, of which Rs. 6,980 crore had been utilized to assist 62.75 lakh self-
employed. (d) Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) SGRY, launched on September 25,
2001 to provide additional wage employment in the rural areas, has a cash and food grains
component, and the Centre bears 75 per cent and 100 per cent of the cost of the two with
the balance borne by the States/UTs. In 2004-05, 82.23 crore persondays were generated
with the Centre releasing Rs. 4,496 crore as cash component and about 50 lakh tonnes of
foodgrains to the States/ UTs. Besides, under the special component of the SGRY, with the
States/UTs meeting the cash components, Centre released 26 lakh tonnes of foodgrains to
the 13 calamity affected States. In 2005-06 up to November, 2005, the number of
persondays generated under SGRY was 48.75 crore, while the Centre’s contributions in
terms of the cash and foodgrains components up to January, 2006 were Rs. 4651 crore and
35 lakh tonnes, respectively. Under the special component, about 11.65 lakh tonnes of
foodgrains have been released to the 11 calamity-hit States in the current year (e) National
Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) The NFFWP was launched as a CSS in November 2004
in the 150 most backward districts to generate additional supplementary wage employment
with food security. States receive food grains under NFFWP free of cost. The focus of the
programme is on works relating to water conservation, drought proofing (including
aforestation /tree plantation), land development, flood-control/protection (including
drainage in waterlogged areas), and rural connectivity in terms of all-weather roads. In
2004-05, allocation of Rs 2,020 crore and 20 lakh tonnes of foodgrains generated 7.85 crore
persondays of employment. In 2005-06, of the allocation of Rs 4,500 crore and 15 lakh
tonnes of food grains (Revised), Rs.2,219 crore and 11.58 lakh metric tonnes of foodgrains
had been released up to January 27, 2006. About 17.03 lakh persondays were generated up
to December 2005. (f) DPAP, DDP and IWDP Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) was
launched in 1973-74 to tackle the special problems faced by those areas constantly affected
by severe drought conditions. Desert Development Programme (DDP) was launched in
1977-78 to mitigate the adverse effects of desertification. Integrated Wastelands
Development Programme (IWDP) has been under implementation since 1989-90 for the
development of wastelands/ Poverty alleviation and employment generation programmes
10.9 Poverty reduction has been an important goal of development policy since the
inception of planning in India. Various antipoverty, employment generation and basic
services programmes have been in operation for decades in India (Box 10.3). The ongoing
Social Sectors 207 website: http:/indiabudget.nic.in degraded lands. The basis of
implementation has been shifted from sectoral to watershed basis from April 1995. For
2005-06, Rs.353 crore, Rs.268 crore and Rs.485 crore have been allocated for DPAP, DDP
and IWDP, respectively. So far in 2005-06 up to October, 2005, 3000 new projects covering
15 lakh ha., 2000 new projects covering 10 lakh ha. and 340 new projects covering 16 lakh
ha. have been sanctioned under DPAP, DDP and IWDP, respectively. (g) Swarna Jayanti
Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) In December 1997, the Urban Self-Employment Programme
(USEP) and the Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP), which are the two special
components of the SJSRY, substituted for various programmes operated earlier for urban
poverty alleviation. The SJSRY is funded on a 75:25 basis between the Centre and the States.
In 2003-04, the central allocation of Rs. 94.50 crore plus Rs. 10.50 crore for NorthEastern
Region including Sikkim was fully utilized. Even 2004-05 saw the release of the entire
budgetary allocation of Rs. 122.00 crore. In 2005-06, out of an allocation of Rs. 160.00 crore,
Rs. 84.52 crore had been utilized until November 30, 2005. Physical performance of special
employment and poverty alleviation programmes in urban areas (in lakhs) Programmes
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Target Achievement Target Achievement Target Achievement I.
SJSRY (i) USEP Beneficiaries under USEP – 0.64 – 0.69 – 0.23 (ii) Beneficiaries assisted under
Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWCUA) – 0.36 – 0.37 – 0.22 Total
0.80 1.00 0.80 1.06 0.80 0.45 (iii) Persons trained 1.00 1.22 1.00 1.60 1.00 0.13 II. UWEP –
mandays of employment generated – 49.63 – 41.24 – 25.19 III. Beneficiaries covered under
community structure component – 325.58* – 337.15* – 337.40* * Cumulative figures. (h)
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) VAMBAY, launched in December 2001, facilitates
the construction and up-gradation of dwelling units for the slum dwellers, and provides a
healthy and enabling urban environment through community toilets under Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan, a component of the Scheme. The Central Government provides a subsidy of 50 per
cent, with the balance provided by the State Government. Since its inception and up-to
December, 31 2005, Rs. 866.16 crore had been released as Central subsidy for the
construction/upgradation of 4,11,478 dwelling units and 64,247 toilet seats under the
Scheme. For 2005-06, out of the tentative Central allocation of Rs. 249 crore, up to
December 31, 2005, an amount of Rs.96.4 crore had been released covering 60,335 dwelling
units and 381 toilet seats. reforms attach great importance to removal of poverty, and
addressing specifically the wide variations across States and the rural-urban divide. Anti-
poverty strategy has three broad components: promotion of economic growth; promotion
of human development; and targeted programmes of poverty alleviation to address multi-
dimensional nature of poverty. The various programmes targeted at the poor have been
streamlined and strengthened in recent years, including through the NREGS.

MDG
CHAPTER 2 Overview Fourteen years have passed since the UN Millennium Declaration
enunciated a bold vision and established concrete targets by placing before the World the
Millennium Development Goals, which are aimed at saving and improving the lives of many
around the globe. In India, there has been considerable emphasis on all the MDGs and the
nation has witnessed significant progress towards the MDGs, with some targets already
having been met well ahead of the 2015 deadline. A brief of the performance of India in
achieving the MDGs is presented below: MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less
than one dollar a day The all India Poverty Head Count Ratio (PHCR) estimate was 47.8% in
1990. In order to meet the target the PHCR level has to be 23.9% by 2015. In 2011-12, the
PHCR at all India level is 21.9%, which shows that, India has already achieved the target well
ahead of time. During 2004-05 to 2011-12, the Poverty Gap Ratio reduced both in rural
and urban areas. While the rural PGR declined from 9.64 in 2004-05 to 5.05 in 2011-12 in
the urban areas it declined from 6.08 to 2.70 during the same period. A nearly 50% decline
in PGR both in rural and urban areas during 2004-05 to 2011- 12 reflects that the conditions
of poor have improved both in urban and rural areas. At all India level, the share of the
poorest quintile in the total consumption is lower in the urban areas than in rural areas.
During 1993-94 to 2011-12, in urban areas, the indicator (URP methodology) showed a
decline from 8.0% in 1993-94 to 6.97% in 2009-10, and then showed a slight improvement
7.1% 17 in 2011-12. In rural areas, the share of poorest quintile steadily declined from 9.6%
in 1993-94 to 9.1% in 2011-12. Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of
people who suffer from hunger It is estimated that in 1990, the proportion of
underweight children below 3 years 52%. In order to meet the target, the proportion of
under-weight children should decrease to 26% by 2015. The National Family Health Survey
shows that, the proportion of under-weight children below 3 year declined from 43% in
1998-99 to 40% in 2005-06. At this rate of decline the proportion of underweight children
below 3 years is expected to reduce to 33% by 2015, which indicates India is falling short of
the target. Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education TARGET 5: Ensure that by 2015,
children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary
education. The Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in primary education (age 6-10 years) was
estimated at 84.5 per cent in 2005-06 (U-DISE) and the NER has increased to 88.08 per
cent in 2013-14 (U-DISE), and is unlikely to meet the target of universal achievement. The
results from DISE report 2011-12, shows a steady increasing trend over the years in the
estimate of the indicator ‘ratio of enrolment of Grade V to Grade I’ from 78.08 in 2009-10 to
86.05 in 2011-12. The youth (15-24 years) literacy rate has increased from 61.9% to 86.14
per cent during the period 1991-2011 and the trend shows India is likely to reach 93.38%
which is very near to the target of 100% youth literacy by 2015. At national level, the male
and female youth literacy rate is likely to be at 94.81% and 92.47%. Goal 3: Promote
Gender Equality and Empower Women Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary,
secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education, no later than 2015
At present, in primary education the enrolment is favourable to females as Gender Parity
Index (GPI) of Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is 1.03 in 2013-14. In Secondary education also
gender parity has achieved GPI of GER is 1 in 2013-14 and in tertiary level of education, the
GPI of GER is 0.89 in 2012-13. As per Census 2011, the ratio of female youth literacy rate to
male youth literacy rate is 0.91 at all India level and is likely to reach the level of 1 by 2015.
18 The NSS 68th round (2011-12) results had estimated the percentage share of females
in wage employment in the non- agricultural sector as 19.3% with corresponding figures
for rural and urban areas as 19.9% and 18.7% respectively. There is an improvement in the
status as NSS 66th round (2009-10) had reported that the share of women in wage
employment is 18.6% at national level and the corresponding estimates for rural and urban
India pegged at 19.6% and 17.6% respectively. It is projected that, at this rate of progress,
the share of women in wage employment can at best reach a level of about 22.28% by 2015
which is far from the targeted 50%. As in January 2015, India, the world's largest
democracy, has only 65 women representatives out of 542 members in Lok Sabha, while
there are 31 female representatives in the 242 member Rajya Sabha and hence presently
the proportion of seats in National Parliament held by women is only 12.24% against the
target of 50%. Goal 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY TARGET 5: Reduce by two-thirds,
between 1990 and 2015, the under-five Mortality Rate Under Five Mortality Ratio (U5MR)
was estimated at 125 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990. In order to achieve the target ,
the U5MR is to be reduced to 42 deaths per 1000 live births by 2015. As per Sample
Registration System 2013, the U5MR is at 49 deaths per 1000 live births and as per the
historical trend, it is likely to reach 48 deaths per 1000 live births, missing the target
narrowly. However, an overall reduction of nearly 60% happened during 1990 to 2013,
registering a faster decline in the recent past, and if this rate of reduction is sustained, the
achievement by 2015 is likely to be very close to the target by 2015. In India, Infant
Mortality Rate (IMR) was estimated at 80 per 1,000 live births in 1990. As per SRS 2013,
the IMR is at 40 and as per the historical trend; it is likely to reach 39 by 2015, against the
target of 27 infant deaths per 1000 live births by 2015. However, with the sharp decline in
the recent years, the gap between the likely achievement and the target is expected to be
narrowed. The Coverage Evaluation Survey estimates the proportion of one year old
children immunised against measles at 74% in 2009. Although, there is substantial
improvement in the coverage which was 42% in 1992-93, yet at this rate of improvement,
India is likely to achieve about 89% coverage by 2015 and thus India is likely to fall short of
universal coverage. 19 Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Target 6: Reduce by three
quarters between 1990 and 2015, the Maternal Morality Ratio In 1990, the estimated
MMR was 437 per 1,00,000 live births. In order to meet the MDG target, the MMR should
be reduced to 109 per 1,00,000 live births by 2015. As per the latest estimates, the MMR
status at all India level is at 167 in 2011-13. As per the historical trend, MMR is likely to
reach the level of 140 maternal deaths by 2015, however, assuming the recent sharper
decline is sustained, India is likely to be slightly nearer to the MDG target. The Coverage
Evaluation Survey conducted by Government of India and UNICEF in 2009 shows that
76.2% percentage of births were attended by skilled health personnel in 2009. Although,
considerable progress has been achieved over the years in improving the proportion of
births attended by skilled personnel, India is likely to reach the level of 77.29% vis –a vis the
targeted universal coverage. The latest results of Sample Registration System (SRS) 2013,
reveal that, the percentage of live births attended by skilled health personnel (Government
hospitals, Private hospital, qualified professional) is 87.1% in 2013, which indicates a better
status. Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases TARGET 7: Have halted by
2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS The prevalence of HIV among
Pregnant women aged 15-24 years is showing a declining trend from 0.89 % in 2005 to
0.32% in 2012-13. According to NFHS –III in 2005-06, Condom use rate of the
contraceptive prevalence rate (Condom use to overall contraceptive use among currently
married women, 15-49 years,%) was only 5.2 % at all India level. According to Behavioural
Surveillance Survey (BSS) conducted in 2001 & 2006, the national estimates for Condom
use at last high-risk sex (%) (Proportion of population aged 15-24 years who used condom
during last sex with non-regular partner) registered a 19% increase from 51.9% in 2001 to
61.7% in 2006. As per the ‘Condom Promotion Impact Survey 2010’, the national estimate
for Condom use at last high-risk sex is 74%, thus recording an improvement of 20% during
2006 to 2010. According to Behavioural Surveillance Survey (BSS), the national estimate for
proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive correct Knowledge of
HIV/AIDS (%) in 2006 was 32.9% reporting betterment from 2001 (22.2%). TARGET 8: Have
halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of Malaria and other major diseases.
20 The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) rate – Malaria has consistently come down from
2.12 per thousand in 2001 to 0.72 per thousand in 2013, but slightly increased to 0.88 in
2014 (P) but confirmed deaths due to malaria in 2013 was 440 and in 2014 (P), 578 malaria
deaths have been registered. In India, Tuberculosis prevalence per lakh population has
reduced from 465 in year 1990 to 211 in 2013. TB Incidence per lakh population has
reduced from 216 in year 1990 to 171 in 2013. Tuberculosis mortality per lakh population
has reduced from 38 in year 1990 to 19 in 2013. Goal 7: Ensure Environmental
Sustainability TARGET 9: Integrate the principle of sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources. As per
assessment in 2013, the total forest cover of the country is 697898 sq.km which is 21.23%
of the geographic area of the country. During 2011-2013, there is an increase of 5871 sq. km
in forest cover. The network of Protected Areas comprising 89 National Parks and 489
Sanctuaries giving a combined coverage of 155475.63 km2 in 2000, has grown steadily
over the years. As of 2014, there are 692 Protected Areas (103 National Parks, 525 Wildlife
Sanctuaries, 4 Community Reserves and 60 Conservation reserves, covering 158645.05 km2
or 5.07% of the country's geographical area. Per-capita Energy Consumption (PEC) (the
ratio of the estimate of total energy consumption during the year to the estimated mid-
year population of that year) increased from 6205.25 KWh in 2011-12 to 6748.61 KWh in
2012-13, thus, the percentage annual increase of 8.76%. In 2013, the estimated CO2
emission (Million Tonnes) for India is 1954.02. The Carbon dioxide emission showed a
percentage increase of 235.57% in 2014 over 1990 for India. In 2010, consumption of CFC is
estimated at 290.733 ODP tonnes (ODP –Ozone Depletion Potential), down from 5614 ODP
tones in 2000. From the year 2000, the CFC consumption decreased steadily till 2008, but
showed minor increase in 2010. As per Census 2011, 67.3% households are using solid fuels
(fire wood / crop residue/cow dung cake/ coke, etc) for cooking against 74.3% in 2001.
Census 2011, further reveals that, in Rural areas 86.5% households and in Urban areas
26.1% households are using solid fuels for cooking. 21 TARGET 10: Halve, by 2015 the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation During 2012, at all India level, 87.8% households had access to improved source
of drinking water while 86.9% households in rural and 90.1% households in urban area had
access to improved source of drinking water. The target of halving the proportion of
households without access to safe drinking water sources from its 1990 level to be reached
by 2015, has already been achieved in rural areas and is likely to be achieved in urban areas.
At all India level also, the target for access to improved source of drinking water has already
been achieved. The NSS 2012 revealed 43.4% of households at all India level had no latrine
facilities. The NSS 2012 shows that 59.4% and 8.8% households in rural India and urban
India respectively had no access to sanitation. Towards achieving the target of access to
basic sanitation facility in households, in urban areas, the 2015 target is likely to be met as
the percentage of households without sanitation facility is likely to be 10.74% in 2015
against the target of 14.18%, and the progress is quite lagging behind in rural areas as likely
achievement in 2015 is 60.96% of households without sanitation facility vis-a- vis the target
of 46.77%. At all India level, 2015 target is unlikely to be met the percentage of households
without sanitation facility is likely to be 47.31% vis –a –vis the target of 38.09%. TARGET 11:
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers Census 2011 reported that 17.2% of urban households are located in slums.
The percentage of slum households to urban households (slum reported towns) is 22.17%.
Census recorded a 37.14% decadal growth in the number of slum households. Census
further reveals that in 2011, 17.37% of the urban population lives in slums. The Percentage
of population in slum households to urban households (slum reported towns) is 22.44%.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Target 18: In co-operation with the
private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information
and communication. The overall tele-density in the country has shown tremendous
progress and is at 76% as on 31st July 2014. The internet subscribers per 100 population
accessing internet through wireline and wireless connections has increased from 16.15 in
June 2013 to 20.83 in June 2014.

MDGs and Targets –Summary of Progress achieved by India

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER TARGET 1: Halve, between 1990 and
2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day On -track TARGET
2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Slow or
almost off-track MDG 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION TARGET 3: Ensure that,
by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling Moderately on-track MDG 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND
EMPOWER WOMEN TARGET 4 : Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 On-track
MDG 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY TARGET 5 : Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and
2015, the Under- Five Morality Rate Moderately on – track due to the sharp decline in
recent years MDG5 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH TARGET 6 : Reduce by three quarters,
between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Slow or off-track MDG 6: COMBAT
HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES TARGET 7 : Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS On-track as trend reversal in HIV prevalence has been
achieved TARGET 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases Moderately on-track as trend reversal has been achieved for Annual
Parasite Incidence of Malaria and for prevalence of TB MDG 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY TARGET 9: Integrate the principle of sustainable development into country
policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Moderately on-
track TARGET 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to
safe drinking water and basic sanitation On-track for the indicator of drinking water but
slow for the indicator of Sanitation TARGET 11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant
improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers The pattern not statistically
discernible MDG 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT TARGET 18 : In
cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communications On-track