Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-11-0002

8:30 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 7, 2011

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION – DECEMBER 2010

The unemployment rate fell by 0.4 percentage point to 9.4 percent in December, and nonfarm payroll
employment increased by 103,000, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment
rose in leisure and hospitality and in health care but was little changed in other major industries.

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month
December 2008 – December 2010 change, seasonally adjusted, December 2008 –
December 2010
Percent Thousands
11.0 600
10.0 400

9.0 200

8.0 0

7.0 -200

6.0 -400

5.0 -600

4.0 -800
Dec-08 M ar-09 Jun-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 M ar-10 Jun-10 Sep-10 Dec-10 Dec-08 M ar-09 Jun-09 Sep-09 Dec-09 M ar-10 Jun-10 Sep-10 Dec-10

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal
adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally
adjusted estimates back to January 2006 were subject to revision. The unemployment
rates for January 2010 through November 2010 (as originally published and as revised)
appear in table A on page 6, along with additional information about the revisions.
Household Survey Data

The number of unemployed persons decreased by 556,000 to 14.5 million in December, and the unem-
ployment rate dropped to 9.4 percent. Over the year, these measures were down from 15.2 million and
9.9 percent, respectively. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (9.4 percent) and whites (8.5
percent) declined in December. The unemployment rates for adult women (8.1 percent), teenagers (25.4
percent), blacks (15.8 percent), and Hispanics (13.0 percent) showed little change. The jobless rate for
Asians was 7.2 percent, not seasonally adjusted. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

In December, the number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs dropped by
548,000 to 8.9 million. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was
little changed at 6.4 million and accounted for 44.3 percent of the unemployed. (See tables A-11 and
A-12.)

The civilian labor force participation rate edged down in December to 64.3 percent, and the employ-
ment-population ratio was essentially unchanged at 58.3 percent. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as involun-
tary part-time workers) was essentially unchanged in December at 8.9 million. These individuals were
working part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time
job. (See table A-8.)

About 2.6 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force in December, little different
than a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force,
wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They
were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the
survey. (See table A-16.)

Among the marginally attached, there were 1.3 million discouraged workers in December, an increase
of 389,000 from December 2009. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are per-
sons not currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining
1.3 million persons marginally attached to the labor force had not searched for work in the 4 weeks pre-
ceding the survey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 103,000 in December. Employment rose in leisure
and hospitality and in health care but changed little in other major industries. Since December 2009,
total payroll employment has increased by 1.1 million, or an average of 94,000 per month. (See table
B-1.)

Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 47,000 in December. Within the industry, job gains
continued in food services and drinking places (+25,000). Since a recent low in December 2009, the
food services industry has added 188,000 jobs.

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In December, health care employment continued to expand, with a gain of 36,000. Over the month, job
gains continued in ambulatory services (+21,000), hospitals (+8,000), and nursing and residential care
facilities (+7,000).

Within professional and business services, employment in temporary help services continued to trend
up in December (+16,000) and has risen by 495,000 since a recent low in September 2009.

Employment in retail trade changed little in December (+12,000). A job gain in motor vehicle and parts
dealers (+8,000) offset a loss in health and personal care stores (-8,000). Employment in most other
service-providing industries changed little over the month.

In the goods-producing sector, mining employment continued to trend up in December, reflecting a job
gain in support activities for mining (+5,000).

Manufacturing employment changed little over the month (+10,000). Following job growth earlier in
2010, employment has been relatively flat, on net, since May. Construction employment also was little
changed overall in December (-16,000). Within construction, there were job losses in heavy and civil
engineering (-13,000) and in residential building (-6,000).

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls held at 34.3 hours in December.
The manufacturing workweek for all employees declined by 0.1 hour to 40.2 hours, while factory over-
time remained at 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 33.6 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 3
cents, or 0.1 percent, to $22.78. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 1.8
percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory
employees rose by 2 cents, or 0.1 percent, to $19.21. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised from +172,000 to +210,000,
and the change for November was revised from +39,000 to +71,000.

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 4, 2011, at
8:30 a.m. (EST).

-3-
 Upcoming Changes to Establishment Survey Data

Effective with the release of January 2011 data on February 4, 2011, the establishment
survey will begin estimating net business birth/death adjustment factors on a quarterly
basis, replacing the current practice of estimating the factors annually. This will allow the
establishment survey to incorporate information from the Quarterly Census of Employ-
ment and Wages into the birth/death adjustment factors as soon as it becomes available
and thereby improve the factors. Additional information on this change is available at
www.bls.gov/ces/ces_quarterly_birthdeath.pdf.

Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data

Effective with the release of January 2011 data on February 4, 2011, two additional
data series—"Self-employed workers, unincorporated" and "Self-employed workers,
incorporated"—will be added to table A-9. As a result, the format of table A-9 will
change; sample versions in HTML and PDF formats are available at
www.bls.gov/cps/empsit_changes_table_a9_2011.htm. Data on the incorporated
self-employed have not previously been published on a regular basis.

Also, in table A-8, the data series currently labeled "Self-employed workers" (one for
Agriculture and related industries and one for Nonagricultural industries) will be renamed
"Self-employed workers, unincorporated." This is strictly a change in title and not in
definition; the data shown will not be affected. This change is being made to clarify that
these data only include persons operating unincorporated businesses. A similar title
change will be made to one data series in table A-14.

In addition, a change affecting data collected on unemployment duration will be

introduced in the household survey in January 2011. Presently, the Current Population
Survey can record unemployment durations of up to 2 years. Starting with data collected
for January 2011, respondents will be able to report unemployment durations of up to 5
years. This change will likely affect one data series in this news release: the average
(mean) duration of unemployment, which is found in table A-12. The change does not
affect the estimate of total unemployment or other data series on duration of unemploy-
ment. Additional information is available at www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Beginning with data for January 2011, occupation estimates in table A-13 will reflect the
introduction of the 2010 Census occupation classification system into the household
survey. This occupation classification system is derived from the 2010 Standard
Occupational Classification system. Historical data will not be revised.

-4-
 Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data

With the release of January 2011 data on February 4, 2011, the Current Employment Statistics
survey will introduce revisions to nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings data to
reflect the annual benchmark adjustments for March 2010 and updated seasonal adjustment
factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with April 2009 and seasonally adjusted data
beginning with January 2006 are subject to revision.

Revisions in the Household Survey Data

Effective with the release of data for January 2011 on February 4, 2011, revisions will be
introduced into the population controls for the household survey. These changes reflect the
routine annual updating of intercensal population estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau.

-5-
 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor
force series derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), or household survey. As a result of
this process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2006 through November 2010 were subject to revision.

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2010 through November 2010, as first published and
as revised. The rates were unchanged in 8 of the 11 months and changed by one-tenth of a percentage
point in the remaining 3 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force series
beginning in December 2009 appear in table B.

An article describing the seasonal adjustment methodology for the household survey data and revised
data for January 2010 through November 2010 is available at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsrs2011.pdf.

Historical data for the seasonally adjusted household series contained in the A-tables of this release can
be accessed at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted monthly and
quarterly data for additional series are available on the Internet at ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/lf/.

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates and changes due to revision,

January - November 2010
As first
Year and month As revised Change
published

2010
January ..................................... 9.7 9.7 0.0
February ................................... 9.7 9.7 .0
March ....................................... 9.7 9.7 .0
April ......................................... 9.9 9.8 -.1
May .......................................... 9.7 9.6 -.1
June .......................................... 9.5 9.5 .0
July ........................................... 9.5 9.5 .0
August ...................................... 9.6 9.6 .0
September ................................ 9.6 9.6 .0
October .................................... 9.6 9.7 .1
November ................................ 9.8 9.8 .0

-6-
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
2009 2010
Employment status, sex, and age
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . . . . . . 236,924 236,832 236,998 237,159 237,329 237,499 237,690 237,890 238,099 238,322 238,530 238,715 238,889
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,172 153,353 153,558 153,895 154,520 154,237 153,684 153,628 154,117 154,124 153,960 153,950 153,690
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 64.8 64.8 64.9 65.1 64.9 64.7 64.6 64.7 64.7 64.5 64.5 64.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,960 138,511 138,698 138,952 139,382 139,353 139,092 138,991 139,267 139,378 139,084 138,909 139,206
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . 58.2 58.5 58.5 58.6 58.7 58.7 58.5 58.4 58.5 58.5 58.3 58.2 58.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,212 14,842 14,860 14,943 15,138 14,884 14,593 14,637 14,849 14,746 14,876 15,041 14,485
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.4
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . . . . . . 106,125 105,998 106,100 106,198 106,301 106,407 106,522 106,641 106,761 106,887 107,007 107,114 107,216
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,463 78,386 78,568 78,841 79,279 79,178 79,094 78,993 79,295 79,289 79,016 78,980 78,906
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.6 74.4 74.3 74.1 74.3 74.2 73.8 73.7 73.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,479 70,525 70,707 70,977 71,348 71,451 71,329 71,340 71,505 71,559 71,365 71,130 71,480
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . 66.4 66.5 66.6 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.0 66.9 67.0 66.9 66.7 66.4 66.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,983 7,861 7,861 7,864 7,931 7,728 7,765 7,653 7,789 7,729 7,651 7,849 7,426
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . . . . . . 113,832 113,796 113,886 113,974 114,066 114,160 114,264 114,372 114,481 114,596 114,704 114,801 114,894
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,635 68,958 69,026 68,976 69,167 69,057 68,826 68,797 68,883 69,082 69,018 69,151 69,027
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 60.6 60.6 60.5 60.6 60.5 60.2 60.2 60.2 60.3 60.2 60.2 60.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,037 63,549 63,516 63,479 63,501 63,487 63,483 63,340 63,379 63,562 63,400 63,385 63,428
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . 55.4 55.8 55.8 55.7 55.7 55.6 55.6 55.4 55.4 55.5 55.3 55.2 55.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,598 5,409 5,509 5,497 5,665 5,570 5,343 5,458 5,504 5,520 5,618 5,766 5,599
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 7.8 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.1 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population1 . . . . . . . 16,967 17,038 17,012 16,987 16,962 16,932 16,904 16,877 16,857 16,839 16,819 16,800 16,780
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,075 6,009 5,964 6,078 6,074 6,002 5,764 5,838 5,939 5,754 5,927 5,820 5,757
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.8 35.3 35.1 35.8 35.8 35.4 34.1 34.6 35.2 34.2 35.2 34.6 34.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,444 4,438 4,475 4,497 4,533 4,416 4,279 4,312 4,383 4,256 4,319 4,393 4,298
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . 26.2 26.0 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.1 25.3 25.5 26.0 25.3 25.7 26.2 25.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,631 1,572 1,490 1,581 1,542 1,586 1,485 1,526 1,556 1,497 1,607 1,426 1,460
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 26.2 25.0 26.0 25.4 26.4 25.8 26.1 26.2 26.0 27.1 24.5 25.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

-7 -
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Change from:
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Category Nov. 2010-
2009 2010 2010 2010
Dec. 2010

Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,924 238,530 238,715 238,889 174
Civilian labor force...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... . 153,172 153,960 153,950 153,690 -260
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 64.5 64.5 64.3 -0.2
Employed................................................................... . 137,960 139,084 138,909 139,206 297
Employment-population ratio.......................................... . 58.2 58.3 58.2 58.3 0.1
Unemployed................................................................ . 15,212 14,876 15,041 14,485 -556
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.4 -0.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,752 84,570 84,765 85,199 434
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 9.7 9.8 9.4 -0.4
Adult men (20 years and over)............................................. . 10.2 9.7 9.9 9.4 -0.5
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 8.1 8.3 8.1 -0.2
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8 27.1 24.5 25.4 0.9
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 8.8 8.9 8.5 -0.4
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 15.7 16.0 15.8 -0.2
Asian (not seasonally adjusted)............................................ . 8.4 7.1 7.6 7.2 –
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . 12.8 12.6 13.2 13.0 -0.2
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.1 -0.3
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 15.3 15.7 15.3 -0.4
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.6 10.1 10.0 9.8 -0.2
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.1 -0.6
Bachelor’s degree and higher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.7 5.1 4.8 -0.3
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,688 9,070 9,471 8,923 -548
Job leavers................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 916 854 864 914 50
Reentrants....................................................................... . 3,385 3,498 3,427 3,408 -19
New entrants.................................................................... . 1,244 1,278 1,269 1,311 42
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,908 2,659 2,824 2,725 -99
5 to 14 weeks................................................................... . 3,483 3,427 3,336 3,184 -152
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,781 2,500 2,515 2,205 -310
27 weeks and over........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,133 6,234 6,328 6,441 113
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,093 9,100 8,960 8,931 -29
Slack work or business conditions......................................... . 6,397 6,174 6,025 6,011 -14
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,362 2,564 2,557 2,568 11
Part time for noneconomic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,359 18,230 18,326 18,184 -142
Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,486 2,602 2,531 2,609 –
Discouraged workers... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 1,219 1,282 1,318 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not
necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Category 2009 2010 2010p 2010p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -109 210 71 103
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -83 193 79 113
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -54 10 -5 -2
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 5 4
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -36 4 -2 -16
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18 -4 -8 10
Durable goods1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11 1 -2 10
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.1 3.2 0.1 3.3
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7 -5 -6 0
Private service-providing1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -29 183 84 115
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4.3 11.1 5.2 8.8
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14.5 38.2 -19.4 12.0
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4.0 3.9 15.3 8.8
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14 -4 2 -4
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9 3 -4 4
Professional and business services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 40 49 7
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 28.6 31.1 15.9
Education and health services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 66 37 44
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 42.1 26.6 37.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -33 -1 12 47
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7 25 -12 -14
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -26 17 -8 -10
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.9 49.6 49.6 49.6
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.1 48.1 48.1
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.8 34.3 34.3 34.3
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 22.38 $ 22.74 $ 22.75 $ 22.78
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 756.44 $779.98 $780.33 $781.35
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.7 93.1 93.1 93.2
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.8 100.9 101.0 101.3
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.4 0.7 0.1 0.3
HOURS AND EARNINGS
PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 33.6 33.5 33.6
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 18.85 $ 19.18 $ 19.19 $ 19.21
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 625.82 $644.45 $642.87 $645.46
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.9 100.1 99.9 100.3
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.4 -0.2 0.4
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2002=100)4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.3 128.3 128.1 128.8
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.8 -0.2 0.5
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 60.4 52.0 60.0
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 49.4 45.7 53.7

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing
industries.
3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours.
4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance
between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary

1
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of employment
and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series has a smaller
margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its
much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically
significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change in the
household survey is about 400,000. However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the
establishment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household
survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.

Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, it
is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does not
collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which identify
the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign born.

Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax records.
The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more informa-
tion on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/cesbmart.htm.

Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments with
fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the reliability of the
total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled
to achieve that goal.

Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net employment
change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an econometric model that
forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the
net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because the survey is not
immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth
of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new
businesses to the survey twice a year.

Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment insurance
benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons who
are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the unemployed.
(People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement
or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, including
those who have stopped looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged workers). In
addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and
other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in The Employment
Situation news release.
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and
surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or
and the Current Employment Statistics survey (estab- unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment
lishment survey). The household survey provides informa- rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor
tion on the labor force, employment, and unemployment force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force
that appears in the "A" tables, marked HOUSEHOLD as a percent of the population, and the employment-popu-
DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households lation ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau Additional information about the household survey can be
of Labor Statistics (BLS). found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
The establishment survey provides information on
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on non- Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
farm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
month from the payroll records of a sample of nonagricul- government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
tural business establishments. The sample includes about those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
140,000 businesses and government agencies representing period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are
approximately 410,000 worksites and is drawn from a sam- counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are
pling frame of roughly 8.9 million unemployment insurance produced for the private sector for all employees and for
tax accounts. The active sample includes approximately production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and
one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a related employees in manufacturing and mining and
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the logging, construction workers in construction, and non-
reference period is generally the calendar week that supervisory employees in private service-providing in-
contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment dustries.
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the Industries are classified on the basis of an estab-
12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the lishment's principal activity in accordance with the 2007
calendar week. version of the North American Industry Classification
System. Additional information about the establishment
Coverage, definitions, and differences between survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/#technical.
surveys
Differences in employment estimates. The num-
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect erous conceptual and methodological differences between
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on the household and establishment surveys result in impor-
responses to a series of questions on work and job search tant distinctions in the employment estimates derived from
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample the surveys. Among these are:
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in
 The household survey includes agricultural
the labor force.
workers, the self-employed, unpaid family
People are classified as employed if they did any work
workers, and private household workers among the
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked
employed. These groups are excluded from the
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or
establishment survey.
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were  The household survey includes people on unpaid
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad leave among the employed. The establishment
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal survey does not.
reasons.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of  The household survey is limited to workers 16
the following criteria: they had no employment during the years of age and older. The establishment survey is
reference week; they were available for work at that time; not limited by age.
and they made specific efforts to find employment
 The household survey has no duplication of
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
individuals, because individuals are counted only
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting
once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as
establishment survey, employees working at more
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the
than one job and thus appearing on more than one
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for
payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.
Seasonal adjustment error. When a sample rather than the entire population is
surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor differ from the "true" population values they represent. The
force and the levels of employment and unemployment exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may particular sample selected, and this variability is measured
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-
and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate
seasonal variation can be very large. based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less errors from the "true" population value because of sampling
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal percent level of confidence.
variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
developments, such as declines in employment or increases change in total nonfarm employment from the
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large 100,000. Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment
number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely increases by 50,000 from one month to the next. The 90-
to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative percent confidence interval on the monthly change would
to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of range from -50,000 to +150,000 (50,000 +/- 100,000).
economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by
establishment survey, payroll employment in education these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
declines by about 20 percent at the end of the spring term chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within
and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the this interval. Since this range includes values of less than
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because zero, we could not say with confidence that nonfarm
seasonal employment changes at the end and beginning of employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however,
the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be the reported nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval
discernable. The seasonally adjusted figures provide a would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least
more useful tool with which to analyze changes in month- a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact,
to-month economic activity. risen that month. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently percent, the 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. change in unemployment as measured by the household
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, survey is about +/- 280,000, and for the monthly change in
such as total payroll employment, employment in most the unemployment rate it is about +/- 0.19 percentage point.
major sectors, total employment, and unemployment are In general, estimates involving many individuals or
computed by aggregating independently adjusted establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
component series. For example, total unemployment is size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- small number of observations. The precision of estimates
sex components; this differs from the unemployment also is improved when the data are cumulated over time,
estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the such as for quarterly and annual averages.
total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more The household and establishment surveys are also
detailed age categories. affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
For both the household and establishment surveys, a reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in population, inability to obtain information for all
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current respondents to provide correct information on a timely
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the the collection or processing of the data.
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are For example, in the establishment survey, estimates
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly for the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample
revisions to historical data are made once a year. reports have been received, that the estimate is considered
final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the
Reliability of the estimates establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for
Statistics based on the household and establishment this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an
surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling estimation procedure with two components is used to
account for business births. The first component excludes universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
employment losses from business deaths from sample- administrative records of the unemployment insurance
based estimation in order to offset the missing employment program. The difference between the March sample-based
gains from business births. This is incorporated into the employment estimates and the March universe counts is
sample-based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough
sample units going out of business, but imputing to them proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also
the same employment trend as the other firms in the incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over
sample. This procedure accounts for most of the net the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total
birth/death employment. nonfarm employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a
The second component is an ARIMA time series range from -0.7 to 0.6 percent.
model designed to estimate the residual net birth/death
employment not accounted for by the imputation. The Other information
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA
model was derived from the unemployment insurance
Information in this release will be made available to
universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years. (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
The sample-based estimates from the establishment
survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,924 238,715 238,889 236,924 238,099 238,322 238,530 238,715 238,889
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,693 153,698 153,156 153,172 154,117 154,124 153,960 153,950 153,690
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 64.4 64.1 64.7 64.7 64.7 64.5 64.5 64.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,953 139,415 139,159 137,960 139,267 139,378 139,084 138,909 139,206
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.4 58.3 58.2 58.5 58.5 58.3 58.2 58.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,740 14,282 13,997 15,212 14,849 14,746 14,876 15,041 14,485
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 9.3 9.1 9.9 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,231 85,017 85,733 83,752 83,983 84,198 84,570 84,765 85,199
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,939 5,832 6,212 6,218 6,039 6,236 6,279 6,248 6,471
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,728 115,640 115,731 114,728 115,317 115,433 115,542 115,640 115,731
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,243 81,651 81,504 81,533 82,266 82,165 82,000 81,986 81,845
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 70.6 70.4 71.1 71.3 71.2 71.0 70.9 70.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,258 73,540 73,226 72,609 73,600 73,594 73,470 73,337 73,600
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 63.6 63.3 63.3 63.8 63.8 63.6 63.4 63.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,985 8,111 8,278 8,925 8,666 8,571 8,530 8,649 8,245
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 9.9 10.2 10.9 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,485 33,988 34,228 33,194 33,051 33,268 33,542 33,653 33,886
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,125 107,114 107,216 106,125 106,761 106,887 107,007 107,114 107,216
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,392 78,822 78,780 78,463 79,295 79,289 79,016 78,980 78,906
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 73.6 73.5 73.9 74.3 74.2 73.8 73.7 73.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,251 71,471 71,235 70,479 71,505 71,559 71,365 71,130 71,480
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 66.7 66.4 66.4 67.0 66.9 66.7 66.4 66.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,141 7,352 7,545 7,983 7,789 7,729 7,651 7,849 7,426
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 9.3 9.6 10.2 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,733 28,291 28,436 27,662 27,467 27,599 27,991 28,134 28,310
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,197 123,075 123,158 122,197 122,783 122,889 122,988 123,075 123,158
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,450 72,046 71,653 71,639 71,851 71,959 71,960 71,964 71,845
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.5 58.5 58.2 58.6 58.5 58.6 58.5 58.5 58.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,694 65,875 65,933 65,351 65,667 65,784 65,613 65,572 65,605
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 53.5 53.5 53.5 53.5 53.5 53.3 53.3 53.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,756 6,171 5,719 6,287 6,183 6,175 6,346 6,392 6,240
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.6 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.9 8.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,747 51,029 51,505 50,558 50,932 50,930 51,028 51,112 51,313
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,832 114,801 114,894 113,832 114,481 114,596 114,704 114,801 114,894
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,617 69,374 68,999 68,635 68,883 69,082 69,018 69,151 69,027
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 60.4 60.1 60.3 60.2 60.3 60.2 60.2 60.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,430 63,779 63,809 63,037 63,379 63,562 63,400 63,385 63,428
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 55.6 55.5 55.4 55.4 55.5 55.3 55.2 55.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,187 5,595 5,190 5,598 5,504 5,520 5,618 5,766 5,599
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 8.1 7.5 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,215 45,427 45,895 45,198 45,598 45,514 45,687 45,651 45,867
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,967 16,800 16,780 16,967 16,857 16,839 16,819 16,800 16,780
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,684 5,501 5,378 6,075 5,939 5,754 5,927 5,820 5,757
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.5 32.7 32.0 35.8 35.2 34.2 35.2 34.6 34.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,272 4,165 4,116 4,444 4,383 4,256 4,319 4,393 4,298
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 24.8 24.5 26.2 26.0 25.3 25.7 26.2 25.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,412 1,335 1,262 1,631 1,556 1,497 1,607 1,426 1,460
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 24.3 23.5 26.8 26.2 26.0 27.1 24.5 25.4
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,283 11,299 11,402 10,892 10,918 11,085 10,893 10,980 11,022

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, race, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,628 192,641 192,749 191,628 192,245 192,391 192,527 192,641 192,749
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,344 124,735 124,309 124,703 125,358 125,333 124,914 124,824 124,700
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 64.7 64.5 65.1 65.2 65.1 64.9 64.8 64.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,416 114,254 114,035 113,439 114,457 114,433 113,975 113,728 114,079
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.2 59.3 59.2 59.2 59.5 59.5 59.2 59.0 59.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,928 10,481 10,274 11,264 10,901 10,899 10,940 11,096 10,620
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 8.4 8.3 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.5
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,284 67,907 68,439 66,925 66,887 67,058 67,612 67,817 68,049
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,870 65,074 64,978 64,884 65,571 65,579 65,215 65,088 65,041
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.4 74.1 73.9 74.4 74.8 74.8 74.3 74.1 74.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,653 59,492 59,280 58,846 59,720 59,759 59,425 59,137 59,484
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 67.7 67.4 67.5 68.2 68.1 67.7 67.3 67.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,217 5,583 5,698 6,038 5,850 5,820 5,790 5,951 5,557
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 8.6 8.8 9.3 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.1 8.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,823 55,155 54,927 54,817 54,878 54,961 54,846 54,953 54,914
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.0 59.7 59.9 59.8 59.8 59.7 59.7 59.7
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,116 51,195 51,261 50,771 50,989 51,000 50,835 50,817 50,920
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.9 55.7 55.7 55.5 55.6 55.5 55.3 55.2 55.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,707 3,960 3,667 4,046 3,889 3,961 4,012 4,136 3,994
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 7.2 6.7 7.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.5 7.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,651 4,506 4,404 5,002 4,910 4,793 4,853 4,783 4,746
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.9 35.2 34.4 38.6 38.2 37.3 37.8 37.3 37.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,647 3,568 3,494 3,822 3,747 3,674 3,715 3,775 3,676
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1 27.9 27.3 29.5 29.2 28.6 29.0 29.5 28.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,004 938 910 1,180 1,162 1,119 1,138 1,008 1,070
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 20.8 20.7 23.6 23.7 23.3 23.4 21.1 22.5
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,437 28,865 28,896 28,437 28,755 28,794 28,831 28,865 28,896
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,484 17,979 17,835 17,616 17,876 17,777 17,946 18,020 17,958
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 62.3 61.7 61.9 62.2 61.7 62.2 62.4 62.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,759 15,206 15,120 14,760 14,972 14,920 15,127 15,142 15,119
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.9 52.7 52.3 51.9 52.1 51.8 52.5 52.5 52.3
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725 2,772 2,715 2,856 2,904 2,857 2,818 2,878 2,839
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 15.4 15.2 16.2 16.2 16.1 15.7 16.0 15.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,953 10,886 11,061 10,822 10,879 11,017 10,885 10,845 10,939
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,896 8,084 8,079 7,919 8,080 8,066 8,072 8,099 8,106
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.7 69.0 68.8 68.9 69.3 69.1 69.0 69.1 69.1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,579 6,815 6,758 6,588 6,691 6,661 6,763 6,753 6,764
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 58.2 57.6 57.4 57.4 57.1 57.8 57.6 57.6
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,317 1,269 1,321 1,331 1,389 1,405 1,309 1,346 1,341
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 15.7 16.4 16.8 17.2 17.4 16.2 16.6 16.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,891 9,238 9,141 8,953 9,114 9,101 9,173 9,228 9,204
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 63.6 62.9 62.7 63.1 62.9 63.3 63.6 63.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,786 8,035 7,998 7,783 7,911 7,948 7,998 8,017 7,993
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 55.4 55.0 54.5 54.7 54.9 55.2 55.2 55.0
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105 1,203 1,143 1,170 1,203 1,152 1,176 1,211 1,211
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 13.0 12.5 13.1 13.2 12.7 12.8 13.1 13.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 657 615 744 682 611 700 693 648
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.2 24.9 23.4 27.9 25.7 23.1 26.5 26.3 24.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 356 365 389 370 310 366 372 361
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.5 13.9 14.6 14.0 11.7 13.9 14.1 13.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 301 250 355 312 300 334 321 287
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.5 45.8 40.7 47.7 45.7 49.2 47.7 46.3 44.2
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,904 11,376 11,387 – – – – – –

See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, race, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,163 7,335 7,355 – – – – – –
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 64.5 64.6 – – – – – –
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,560 6,780 6,829 – – – – – –
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 59.6 60.0 – – – – – –
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 555 526 – – – – – –
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 7.6 7.2 – – – – – –
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,741 4,041 4,032 – – – – – –

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,379 34,102 34,188 33,379 33,836 33,927 34,014 34,102 34,188
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,481 22,958 22,929 22,408 22,733 22,896 22,814 22,915 22,868
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.3 67.3 67.1 67.1 67.2 67.5 67.1 67.2 66.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,591 20,042 19,957 19,532 19,991 20,042 19,936 19,899 19,906
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 58.8 58.4 58.5 59.1 59.1 58.6 58.4 58.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,890 2,916 2,972 2,876 2,742 2,854 2,878 3,016 2,962
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 12.7 13.0 12.8 12.1 12.5 12.6 13.2 13.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,899 11,145 11,259 10,971 11,102 11,031 11,201 11,188 11,320
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,804 13,000 13,115 – – – – – –
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 81.8 82.3 – – – – – –
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,168 11,454 11,431 – – – – – –
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 72.1 71.7 – – – – – –
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,636 1,546 1,684 – – – – – –
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 11.9 12.8 – – – – – –
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,720 8,999 8,880 – – – – – –
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 60.2 59.2 – – – – – –
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,806 7,916 7,892 – – – – – –
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.2 52.9 52.7 – – – – – –
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 1,083 988 – – – – – –
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 12.0 11.1 – – – – – –
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 959 934 – – – – – –
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.3 29.4 28.6 – – – – – –
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 672 633 – – – – – –
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 20.6 19.4 – – – – – –
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 288 300 – – – – – –
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.5 30.0 32.2 – – – – – –

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release
of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,015 11,730 11,773 11,988 11,815 11,828 11,800 11,803 11,758
Participation rate................................... . 45.7 46.3 46.1 45.6 46.4 46.7 47.0 46.6 46.0
Employed................ . . . . . . . . . . ................. . 10,123 9,943 9,924 10,160 10,143 10,003 9,995 9,955 9,963
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 39.3 38.9 38.7 39.8 39.5 39.8 39.3 39.0
Unemployed........................................ . 1,892 1,788 1,850 1,829 1,673 1,824 1,805 1,848 1,795
Unemployment rate............................. . 15.7 15.2 15.7 15.3 14.2 15.4 15.3 15.7 15.3
High school graduates, no college1
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,808 37,794 38,231 37,732 38,266 38,151 38,051 37,824 38,203
Participation rate................................... . 61.7 61.0 60.9 61.6 61.9 61.9 61.6 61.1 60.9
Employed................ . . . . . . . . . . ................. . 33,803 34,178 34,470 33,746 34,352 34,331 34,225 34,035 34,465
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 55.2 54.9 55.1 55.5 55.7 55.4 55.0 54.9
Unemployed........................................ . 4,005 3,616 3,761 3,986 3,915 3,820 3,826 3,789 3,738
Unemployment rate............................. . 10.6 9.6 9.8 10.6 10.2 10.0 10.1 10.0 9.8
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,796 37,337 36,763 36,878 37,065 37,115 37,120 37,037 36,809
Participation rate................................... . 70.4 70.4 70.1 70.5 70.5 70.5 70.0 69.8 70.2
Employed................ . . . . . . . . . . ................. . 33,660 34,247 33,869 33,641 33,850 33,746 33,972 33,832 33,821
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 64.6 64.6 64.3 64.4 64.1 64.0 63.8 64.5
Unemployed........................................ . 3,135 3,090 2,894 3,237 3,215 3,369 3,148 3,205 2,988
Unemployment rate............................. . 8.5 8.3 7.9 8.8 8.7 9.1 8.5 8.7 8.1
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,927 46,330 46,310 45,912 45,677 46,488 46,132 46,322 46,312
Participation rate................................... . 77.2 76.6 76.9 77.1 75.8 76.5 76.1 76.6 76.9
Employed................ . . . . . . . . . . ................. . 43,752 44,101 44,170 43,654 43,574 44,405 43,971 43,952 44,095
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.5 72.9 73.4 73.3 72.3 73.0 72.6 72.7 73.2
Unemployed........................................ . 2,175 2,228 2,140 2,258 2,103 2,083 2,161 2,370 2,217
Unemployment rate............................. . 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7 5.1 4.8

1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,000 21,833 20,234 20,039 1,766 1,794
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,834 11,534 10,736 10,390 1,098 1,144
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 52.8 53.1 51.8 62.2 63.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,866 10,576 9,846 9,509 1,020 1,067
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 48.4 48.7 47.5 57.8 59.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 957 891 881 78 77
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 8.3 8.3 8.5 7.1 6.7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,166 10,299 9,498 9,649 668 650
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,120 2,242 1,755 1,897 365 345
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,768 1,794 1,496 1,558 273 236
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.4 80.0 85.2 82.1 74.7 68.3
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,628 1,584 1,377 1,374 252 210
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.8 70.7 78.4 72.4 69.0 60.8
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 210 119 184 21 26
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 11.7 8.0 11.8 7.6 10.9
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 448 259 339 92 109
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,825 2,924 2,374 2,470 451 454
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,464 2,530 2,124 2,163 340 367
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.2 86.5 89.5 87.6 75.3 80.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,307 2,395 1,987 2,039 320 356
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.7 81.9 83.7 82.5 70.9 78.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 136 137 125 20 11
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.4 6.5 5.8 5.9 3.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 394 250 307 111 87
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,130 10,796 10,764 10,448 367 348
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,108 3,847 3,974 3,718 135 129
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 35.6 36.9 35.6 36.8 37.2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,741 3,516 3,615 3,395 126 122
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 32.6 33.6 32.5 34.4 34.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 331 359 323 9 8
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 8.6 9.0 8.7 6.5 6.1
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,022 6,949 6,790 6,730 232 219
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,925 5,871 5,341 5,224 584 647
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,494 3,362 3,143 2,951 351 412
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 57.3 58.8 56.5 60.1 63.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,190 3,081 2,867 2,701 323 380
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 52.5 53.7 51.7 55.3 58.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 281 276 249 28 32
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 8.4 8.8 8.5 8.0 7.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,431 2,508 2,198 2,273 233 235
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,980 208,058 89,935 91,143 116,045 116,915
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,955 139,806 69,594 70,228 69,361 69,578
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5 67.2 77.4 77.1 59.8 59.5
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,705 127,220 61,794 63,082 63,911 64,138
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.0 61.1 68.7 69.2 55.1 54.9
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,250 12,586 7,800 7,146 5,450 5,440
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 9.0 11.2 10.2 7.9 7.8
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,025 68,252 20,341 20,915 46,684 47,338

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S.
Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August
2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time
periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and
another period are classified only in the wartime period. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Persons with a disability Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2009 2010 2009 2010

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... . 27,075 26,984 209,849 211,905
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,847 5,679 146,845 147,477
Participation rate..................................................................... . 21.6 21.0 70.0 69.6
Employed............................................................................. . 5,042 4,869 132,910 134,290
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.6 18.0 63.3 63.4
Unemployed.......................................................................... . 805 810 13,935 13,187
Unemployment rate............................................................... . 13.8 14.3 9.5 8.9
Not in labor force....................................................................... . 21,228 21,305 63,004 64,428
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,629 2,591 74,975 75,101
Participation rate..................................................................... . 36.4 34.6 82.5 82.2
Employed............................................................................. . 2,238 2,190 66,675 67,517
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 29.3 73.4 73.9
Unemployed.......................................................................... . 391 401 8,300 7,584
Unemployment rate............................................................... . 14.9 15.5 11.1 10.1
Not in labor force....................................................................... . 4,602 4,895 15,915 16,208
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,353 2,310 66,063 66,303
Participation rate..................................................................... . 30.6 31.2 71.2 70.8
Employed............................................................................. . 2,028 1,966 60,818 61,110
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 26.5 65.6 65.3
Unemployed.......................................................................... . 324 344 5,245 5,193
Unemployment rate............................................................... . 13.8 14.9 7.9 7.8
Not in labor force....................................................................... . 5,339 5,097 26,686 27,339
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 778 5,807 6,073
Participation rate..................................................................... . 7.1 6.4 22.2 22.5
Employed............................................................................. . 775 713 5,417 5,662
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.9 20.7 21.0
Unemployed.......................................................................... . 89 65 390 410
Unemployment rate............................................................... . 10.3 8.4 6.7 6.8
Not in labor force....................................................................... . 11,287 11,312 20,403 20,881

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing
even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition;
has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor’s office or
shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Employment status and nativity Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,575 36,545 17,932 18,042 17,643 18,503
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,920 24,783 14,179 14,441 9,741 10,342
Participation rate..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 67.2 67.8 79.1 80.0 55.2 55.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,290 22,153 12,517 12,856 8,773 9,297
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 60.6 69.8 71.3 49.7 50.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,630 2,630 1,662 1,584 968 1,045
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 10.6 11.7 11.0 9.9 10.1
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,655 11,762 3,753 3,602 7,902 8,160
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,349 202,344 96,795 97,689 104,554 104,655
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,773 128,373 67,064 67,063 61,709 61,310
Participation rate..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 64.0 63.4 69.3 68.6 59.0 58.6
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,663 117,006 59,741 60,370 56,922 56,636
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 57.8 61.7 61.8 54.4 54.1
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,110 11,367 7,323 6,693 4,787 4,674
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 8.9 10.9 10.0 7.8 7.6
Not in labor force.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,576 73,971 29,732 30,626 42,845 43,345

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or
one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the
United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated
population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Category Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,952 2,127 2,037 2,079 2,187 2,172 2,348 2,185 2,176
Wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,228 1,347 1,295 1,313 1,306 1,310 1,446 1,385 1,384
Self-employed workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 749 720 760 852 798 823 771 775
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 30 22 – – – – – –
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,001 137,289 137,123 135,854 136,957 137,266 136,797 136,752 137,001
Wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,003 128,468 128,436 126,605 128,215 128,438 127,852 127,728 128,043
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,128 20,745 20,745 21,146 20,564 20,855 20,717 20,600 20,759
Private industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,875 107,723 107,691 105,481 107,709 107,451 107,100 107,146 107,303
Private households........................... . 736 650 635 – – – – – –
Other industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,139 107,073 107,056 104,738 107,057 106,859 106,470 106,516 106,665
Self-employed workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,915 8,727 8,589 9,119 8,715 8,752 8,862 8,832 8,783
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 93 97 – – – – – –
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME1
All industries
Part time for economic reasons2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,354 8,670 9,205 9,093 8,883 9,506 9,100 8,960 8,931
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,758 5,897 6,347 6,397 6,357 6,732 6,174 6,025 6,011
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,286 2,487 2,499 2,362 2,379 2,478 2,564 2,557 2,568
Part time for noneconomic reasons3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,082 19,290 18,872 18,359 18,566 18,256 18,230 18,326 18,184
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,222 8,526 9,029 8,993 8,752 9,380 8,991 8,822 8,789
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,672 5,805 6,230 6,327 6,276 6,649 6,108 5,941 5,911
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,267 2,468 2,470 2,340 2,347 2,454 2,534 2,555 2,542
Part time for noneconomic reasons3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,740 18,928 18,525 18,020 18,175 17,911 17,848 17,929 17,829

1 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the
entire week.
2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions,
inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
3 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training,
retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during
the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of
the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,953 139,415 139,159 137,960 139,267 139,378 139,084 138,909 139,206
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,272 4,165 4,116 4,444 4,383 4,256 4,319 4,393 4,298
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,381 1,369 1,363 1,446 1,413 1,405 1,434 1,440 1,434
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,891 2,796 2,753 3,005 2,979 2,857 2,894 2,961 2,869
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,680 135,250 135,044 133,516 134,885 135,121 134,764 134,515 134,908
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,343 12,781 12,611 12,426 12,838 12,825 12,774 12,774 12,713
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,337 122,469 122,433 121,095 122,110 122,254 121,910 121,744 122,196
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,030 94,347 94,156 93,838 94,060 94,076 94,011 93,723 93,962
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,875 30,458 30,384 29,829 30,341 30,321 30,323 30,214 30,345
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,831 30,715 30,528 30,748 30,598 30,538 30,650 30,527 30,447
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,325 33,175 33,244 33,260 33,120 33,217 33,037 32,982 33,170
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,307 28,122 28,276 27,257 28,051 28,178 27,899 28,021 28,234
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,258 73,540 73,226 72,609 73,600 73,594 73,470 73,337 73,600
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,008 2,069 1,991 2,129 2,095 2,035 2,106 2,206 2,121
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 627 635 673 671 662 660 688 695
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,389 1,443 1,356 1,449 1,437 1,371 1,443 1,524 1,420
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,251 71,471 71,235 70,479 71,505 71,559 71,365 71,130 71,480
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,127 6,473 6,438 6,245 6,573 6,533 6,542 6,502 6,568
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,124 64,998 64,798 64,224 64,976 65,005 64,803 64,617 64,904
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,905 50,304 50,049 49,970 50,345 50,306 50,209 49,970 50,117
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,146 16,491 16,443 16,127 16,495 16,436 16,434 16,331 16,428
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,615 16,652 16,511 16,631 16,603 16,547 16,573 16,543 16,522
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,144 17,162 17,095 17,212 17,247 17,324 17,202 17,096 17,168
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,219 14,693 14,749 14,253 14,630 14,699 14,594 14,648 14,787
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,694 65,875 65,933 65,351 65,667 65,784 65,613 65,572 65,605
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,265 2,096 2,125 2,315 2,288 2,221 2,214 2,187 2,177
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 742 728 772 742 743 774 752 739
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,502 1,354 1,397 1,556 1,542 1,486 1,452 1,437 1,449
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,430 63,779 63,809 63,037 63,379 63,562 63,400 63,385 63,428
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,216 6,308 6,174 6,182 6,265 6,292 6,232 6,272 6,145
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,213 57,471 57,635 56,871 57,135 57,249 57,106 57,127 57,292
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,125 44,042 44,108 43,867 43,714 43,770 43,801 43,753 43,845
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,728 13,967 13,941 13,702 13,846 13,885 13,889 13,883 13,917
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,215 14,063 14,017 14,118 13,995 13,992 14,077 13,983 13,925
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,181 16,013 16,150 16,048 15,873 15,894 15,836 15,887 16,003
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,089 13,429 13,527 13,004 13,420 13,479 13,305 13,374 13,447
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,364 43,296 43,119 43,323 43,418 43,701 43,301 43,130 43,081
Married women, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,198 34,725 34,850 34,962 34,271 34,469 34,553 34,543 34,612
Women who maintain families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,403 8,817 8,878 – – – – – –
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,875 111,348 111,207 110,403 111,805 111,710 111,585 111,187 111,744
Part-time workers2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,078 28,068 27,953 27,492 27,711 27,649 27,433 27,594 27,394
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,886 6,816 6,884 6,936 6,805 6,687 6,679 6,734 6,950
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.0

1 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
2 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated
population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates
Characteristic (in thousands)
Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,212 15,041 14,485 9.9 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.4
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,631 1,426 1,460 26.8 26.2 26.0 27.1 24.5 25.4
16 to 17 years................................... . 613 476 533 29.8 31.2 30.0 30.3 24.9 27.1
18 to 19 years................................... . 1,027 947 933 25.5 23.8 23.3 24.7 24.2 24.5
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,581 13,615 13,025 9.2 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.2 8.8
20 to 24 years................................... . 2,310 2,418 2,296 15.7 14.9 14.9 15.3 15.9 15.3
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,245 11,188 10,716 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.1
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,184 8,983 8,674 8.9 8.6 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.5
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,388 3,513 3,418 10.2 9.8 10.0 9.9 10.4 10.1
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 2,558 2,566 8.8 7.8 8.3 7.9 7.7 7.8
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,840 2,912 2,690 7.9 8.2 7.7 7.8 8.1 7.5
55 years and over............................ . 2,119 2,184 2,088 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.9
Men, 16 years and over.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,925 8,649 8,245 10.9 10.5 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.1
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 800 818 30.7 29.5 29.3 29.4 26.6 27.8
16 to 17 years................................... . 333 274 284 33.1 32.8 33.3 33.8 28.5 29.0
18 to 19 years................................... . 613 523 536 29.7 27.8 26.2 26.8 25.5 27.4
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,983 7,849 7,426 10.2 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.9 9.4
20 to 24 years................................... . 1,424 1,440 1,340 18.6 17.3 17.1 16.5 18.1 16.9
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,547 6,417 6,079 9.3 9.1 9.0 8.9 9.0 8.6
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,337 5,145 4,926 9.7 9.2 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.9
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,011 2,002 1,950 11.1 10.5 10.8 10.4 10.9 10.6
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,641 1,417 1,418 9.0 8.2 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.9
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,685 1,726 1,558 8.9 9.0 8.6 8.6 9.2 8.3
55 years and over............................ . 1,210 1,272 1,152 7.8 8.5 7.9 8.3 8.0 7.2
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,287 6,392 6,240 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.9 8.7
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 626 641 22.9 22.9 22.8 24.8 22.3 22.8
16 to 17 years................................... . 280 202 248 26.6 29.6 26.8 27.0 21.2 25.2
18 to 19 years................................... . 414 425 397 21.0 19.7 20.4 22.6 22.8 21.5
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,598 5,766 5,599 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.1
20 to 24 years................................... . 886 978 956 12.5 12.3 12.4 13.9 13.5 13.5
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,698 4,771 4,638 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.5
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,846 3,838 3,747 8.1 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.9
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,376 1,511 1,468 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.4 9.8 9.5
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,315 1,141 1,147 8.5 7.2 8.1 7.5 7.5 7.6
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,156 1,186 1,132 6.7 7.2 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.6
55 years and over1 .......................... . 800 887 830 5.8 6.9 6.4 5.9 6.2 5.8
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,357 3,214 3,047 7.2 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.6
Married women, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,184 2,118 2,046 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.6
Women who maintain families1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,258 1,317 1,207 13.0 13.4 12.9 12.4 13.0 12.0
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,370 13,298 12,650 10.8 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.2
Part-time workers3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,788 1,690 1,764 6.1 6.7 6.1 6.3 5.8 6.0

1 Not seasonally adjusted.

2 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs.
3 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time
jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of
the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Reason Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,822 8,926 8,995 9,688 9,285 9,286 9,070 9,471 8,923
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,683 1,172 1,547 1,530 1,505 1,340 1,293 1,430 1,402
Not on temporary layoff........................... . 8,140 7,754 7,448 8,158 7,780 7,947 7,777 8,042 7,521
Permanent job losers........................... . 6,718 6,183 5,917 6,736 6,411 6,467 6,254 6,425 5,995
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . 1,422 1,571 1,530 1,422 1,368 1,479 1,523 1,617 1,526
Job leavers............................................ . 860 852 861 916 868 809 854 864 914
Reentrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,012 3,348 3,031 3,385 3,418 3,441 3,498 3,427 3,408
New entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,046 1,156 1,110 1,244 1,260 1,193 1,278 1,269 1,311
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.6 62.5 64.3 63.6 62.6 63.0 61.7 63.0 61.3
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 8.2 11.1 10.0 10.1 9.1 8.8 9.5 9.6
Not on temporary layoff........................... . 55.2 54.3 53.2 53.6 52.5 54.0 52.9 53.5 51.7
Job leavers............................................ . 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.9 5.5 5.8 5.8 6.3
Reentrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 23.4 21.7 22.2 23.0 23.4 23.8 22.8 23.4
New entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 8.1 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.1 8.7 8.4 9.0
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.8
Job leavers............................................ . 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6
Reentrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2
New entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
[Numbers in thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Duration Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,871 2,639 2,681 2,908 2,756 2,872 2,659 2,824 2,725
5 to 14 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,335 3,152 3,043 3,483 3,604 3,329 3,427 3,336 3,184
15 weeks and over................................... . 8,534 8,491 8,273 8,913 8,471 8,517 8,734 8,843 8,647
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,638 2,233 2,073 2,781 2,210 2,364 2,500 2,515 2,205
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,896 6,258 6,200 6,133 6,261 6,153 6,234 6,328 6,441
Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 34.5 34.0 29.3 33.5 33.4 33.9 33.9 34.2
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 21.7 22.3 20.4 20.6 20.5 21.3 21.7 22.4
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 18.5 19.2 19.0 18.6 19.5 17.9 18.8 18.7
5 to 14 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 22.1 21.7 22.8 24.3 22.6 23.1 22.2 21.9
15 weeks and over................................... . 57.9 59.5 59.1 58.2 57.1 57.9 58.9 58.9 59.4
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.9 15.6 14.8 18.2 14.9 16.1 16.9 16.8 15.2
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 43.8 44.3 40.1 42.2 41.8 42.1 42.2 44.3

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed
rates
Occupation
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010

Total, 16 years and over1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,953 139,159 14,740 13,997 9.7 9.1
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 52,131 51,704 2,509 2,468 4.6 4.6
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,944 20,393 1,157 1,243 5.2 5.7
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,188 31,310 1,352 1,225 4.2 3.8
Service occupations................................................. . 24,216 24,717 2,747 2,696 10.2 9.8
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,296 33,407 3,184 3,023 8.7 8.3
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,478 15,521 1,520 1,407 8.9 8.3
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,819 17,885 1,664 1,616 8.5 8.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations........................................................ . 12,617 12,666 2,802 2,407 18.2 16.0
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 925 242 268 21.8 22.5
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,106 6,849 2,067 1,785 22.5 20.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............ . 4,642 4,892 494 354 9.6 6.7
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations........................................................ . 15,692 16,666 2,425 2,245 13.4 11.9
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,420 8,339 1,281 1,109 14.7 11.7
Transportation and material moving occupations............. . 8,272 8,327 1,144 1,137 12.2 12.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2009 2010 2009 2010

Total, 16 years and over1 ............................................................... . 14,740 13,997 9.7 9.1

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,997 11,008 10.2 9.3
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... . 89 83 11.8 10.8
Construction.......................................................................... . 2,044 1,749 22.7 20.7
Manufacturing........................................................................ . 1,747 1,551 11.9 10.0
Durable goods..................................................................... . 1,245 999 13.3 10.4
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 551 9.5 9.4
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,851 1,698 9.1 8.2
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 428 9.0 7.4
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 244 8.5 8.1
Financial activities... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . 665 568 7.2 6.4
Professional and business services............................................... . 1,486 1,477 10.3 10.2
Education and health services..................................................... . 1,183 1,139 5.6 5.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . 1,624 1,580 12.6 12.0
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 491 8.2 7.9
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... . 292 278 19.7 18.1
Government workers................................................................... . 797 950 3.6 4.4
Self-employed and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 650 5.9 6.5

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Measure Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as

a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.6
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 5.8 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 9.3 9.1 9.9 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.4
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus
discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 10.0 9.9 10.5 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers,
plus all other persons marginally attached to
the labor force, as a percent of the civilian
labor force plus all persons marginally attached
to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 10.8 10.7 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.2 11.2 10.9
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic reasons,
as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all
persons marginally attached to the labor
force................................................. . 17.1 16.3 16.6 17.2 16.7 17.1 17.0 17.0 16.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are
available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a
job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for
full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
Total Men Women
Category Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force............................................ . 84,231 85,733 33,485 34,228 50,747 51,505
Persons who currently want a job. . . . ............................. . 5,939 6,212 2,896 2,936 3,043 3,276
Marginally attached to the labor force1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,486 2,609 1,384 1,326 1,102 1,283
Discouraged workers2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 1,318 594 829 334 489
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3 . . . . 1,558 1,291 790 497 768 794
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,886 6,884 3,369 3,259 3,517 3,625
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.5 5.4 5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,641 3,514 2,010 1,889 1,632 1,624
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,818 1,916 549 596 1,268 1,320
Primary and secondary jobs both full time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 251 123 156 79 95
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,198 1,164 670 597 528 567

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week,
but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling
or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation
problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. from:
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2009 2010 2010p 2010p Nov. 2010-
Dec. 2010p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,448 131,600 131,871 131,514 129,588 130,538 130,609 130,712 103
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,623 108,970 109,124 108,919 107,107 108,261 108,340 108,453 113
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,871 18,359 18,257 17,989 17,906 18,048 18,043 18,041 -2
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 769 771 770 676 759 764 768 4
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 49.1 47.9 48.6 46.9 47.1 46.8 47.7 0.9
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628.1 720.2 723.2 721.2 629.4 711.8 716.8 720.0 3.2
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.7 169.4 169.2 167.8 159.8 169.8 168.7 167.7 -1.0
Mining, except oil and gas1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.0 222.9 222.9 215.6 207.7 218.3 219.6 219.1 -0.5
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 84.9 85.2 85.8 79.2 84.8 84.9 85.3 0.4
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.4 327.9 331.1 337.8 261.9 323.7 328.5 333.2 4.7
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,615 5,850 5,762 5,501 5,696 5,621 5,619 5,603 -16
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,282.5 1,292.9 1,282.9 1,245.7 1,282.5 1,256.2 1,257.5 1,251.2 -6.3
Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600.5 589.8 582.9 561.3 599.9 569.5 568.8 562.9 -5.9
Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.0 703.1 700.0 684.4 682.6 686.7 688.7 688.3 -0.4
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . . 763.3 894.0 862.9 776.1 797.9 829.2 828.7 816.0 -12.7
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,568.9 3,662.7 3,615.8 3,478.8 3,615.1 3,535.2 3,532.8 3,536.1 3.3
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . 1,538.6 1,576.3 1,551.2 1,498.6 1,567.2 1,519.1 1,519.9 1,524.0 4.1
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . . 2,030.5 2,086.4 2,064.6 1,980.2 2,047.9 2,016.1 2,012.9 2,012.1 -0.8
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,580 11,740 11,724 11,718 11,534 11,668 11,660 11,670 10
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,079 7,225 7,230 7,236 7,036 7,186 7,184 7,194 10
Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.9 345.8 345.8 343.7 348.9 343.8 344.1 344.3 0.2
Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.4 391.5 388.3 376.2 383.9 383.3 382.0 379.6 -2.4
Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.4 376.3 375.5 376.8 351.8 374.6 374.2 375.1 0.9
Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,277.4 1,335.2 1,334.4 1,336.3 1,266.8 1,322.4 1,324.8 1,328.9 4.1
Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.0 1,008.1 1,010.3 1,010.9 973.2 1,001.2 1,001.6 998.8 -2.8
Computer and electronic products1 . . . . . . . . . . 1,098.5 1,102.1 1,105.9 1,111.8 1,093.3 1,103.2 1,104.0 1,107.6 3.6
Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . . 159.3 162.3 163.6 165.5 158.3 162.3 162.6 163.3 0.7
Communication equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119.3 123.3 123.1 123.6 119.0 123.3 123.1 123.6 0.5
Semiconductors and electronic
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.9 368.6 369.1 371.8 359.7 368.8 368.9 370.7 1.8
Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.6 403.1 404.7 405.7 408.9 403.9 404.6 405.4 0.8
Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . . 362.7 375.4 374.2 375.5 361.8 374.7 373.1 375.8 2.7
Transportation equipment1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,334.1 1,353.3 1,360.0 1,372.2 1,316.6 1,351.0 1,351.6 1,357.1 5.5
Motor vehicles and parts2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667.1 688.5 694.6 702.4 652.2 686.2 686.3 689.6 3.3
Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.8 357.1 354.5 353.0 363.9 356.1 354.1 352.6 -1.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579.1 580.1 581.0 579.8 575.6 575.8 574.7 573.9 -0.8
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,501 4,515 4,494 4,482 4,498 4,482 4,476 4,476 0
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,459.9 1,472.4 1,459.6 1,459.5 1,455.6 1,449.9 1,448.4 1,450.8 2.4
Beverages and tobacco products. . . . . . . . . . . . 180.8 189.2 185.9 181.1 183.6 184.9 185.4 183.5 -1.9
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.8 123.8 124.2 125.0 124.2 123.6 123.8 124.8 1.0
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.3 121.4 118.9 117.7 122.1 119.9 117.7 117.7 0.0
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.5 164.2 162.3 163.6 166.0 164.4 163.7 165.0 1.3
Leather and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 30.1 29.9 30.6 28.4 29.8 30.0 30.3 0.3
Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.3 398.5 397.3 397.4 397.6 398.3 396.6 396.8 0.2
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . . 504.3 490.6 492.9 488.1 501.0 488.5 488.8 484.8 -4.0
Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.9 117.2 113.5 105.3 112.3 113.9 112.4 110.6 -1.8
Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792.0 772.8 773.8 775.0 791.2 775.1 773.6 772.7 -0.9
Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.7 635.2 635.5 638.5 616.4 634.1 635.4 639.0 3.6
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,752 90,611 90,867 90,930 89,201 90,213 90,297 90,412 115
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,251 24,931 25,275 25,462 24,653 24,849 24,849 24,880 31
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,581.9 5,625.9 5,634.2 5,639.9 5,564.0 5,605.0 5,610.2 5,619.0 8.8
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,772.4 2,795.1 2,801.5 2,811.5 2,766.7 2,787.5 2,793.3 2,800.5 7.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,982.1 1,985.6 1,987.6 1,980.8 1,974.3 1,976.0 1,974.0 1,974.3 0.3
Electronic markets and agents and brokers.. . 827.4 845.2 845.1 847.6 823.0 841.5 842.9 844.2 1.3
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,871.1 14,498.0 14,815.6 14,997.5 14,360.0 14,483.1 14,463.7 14,475.7 12.0
Motor vehicle and parts dealers1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,611.2 1,655.2 1,653.1 1,654.0 1,624.0 1,649.5 1,656.9 1,664.4 7.5
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,007.0 1,030.7 1,031.3 1,034.9 1,014.0 1,027.9 1,033.2 1,038.1 4.9
Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . . 464.9 449.6 460.1 470.7 439.0 444.9 443.8 447.6 3.8

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. from:
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2009 2010 2010p 2010p Nov. 2010-
Dec. 2010p
Retail trade - Continued
Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.1 494.3 512.3 514.2 477.2 491.7 491.4 490.2 -1.2
Building material and garden supply stores.. . 1,121.5 1,123.2 1,113.2 1,106.0 1,150.0 1,137.1 1,133.8 1,134.5 0.7
Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,827.0 2,811.4 2,831.1 2,833.3 2,799.8 2,807.7 2,806.8 2,807.3 0.5
Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . 996.2 969.3 978.0 978.6 978.7 971.0 968.4 960.8 -7.6
Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820.8 820.7 817.8 814.5 822.5 818.6 818.9 819.1 0.2
Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . . 1,495.2 1,416.1 1,496.3 1,557.8 1,360.9 1,415.6 1,412.9 1,419.0 6.1
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659.5 607.6 630.0 655.8 606.9 602.4 600.2 600.8 0.6
General merchandise stores1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125.1 2,942.8 3,091.8 3,164.3 2,911.8 2,955.0 2,943.9 2,945.3 1.4
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,623.1 1,479.7 1,593.2 1,656.9 1,458.7 1,490.8 1,483.8 1,484.5 0.7
Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.6 776.3 784.6 787.7 769.4 768.3 767.0 764.9 -2.1
Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.0 431.5 447.3 460.6 419.8 421.3 419.7 421.8 2.1
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,240.1 4,254.9 4,274.4 4,274.0 4,171.8 4,208.2 4,223.5 4,232.3 8.8
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451.6 454.9 453.5 455.6 453.8 454.7 454.9 455.6 0.7
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.7 222.7 223.8 223.7 213.7 222.4 223.0 223.6 0.6
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 65.4 64.5 64.8 63.3 64.9 65.1 65.2 0.1
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,234.5 1,264.8 1,260.6 1,251.1 1,231.3 1,243.9 1,247.5 1,250.1 2.6
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.0 453.6 453.1 455.3 414.6 437.1 436.6 439.1 2.5
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 39.1 39.1 39.1 40.7 38.9 38.9 39.1 0.2
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . . 24.4 29.6 24.6 22.4 28.1 28.2 27.7 26.5 -1.2
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . . 542.6 549.8 548.4 549.0 538.5 546.2 545.7 545.4 -0.3
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596.7 521.0 543.5 555.2 553.6 524.2 533.1 536.4 3.3
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643.9 654.0 663.3 657.8 634.2 647.7 651.0 651.3 0.3
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.6 552.4 551.0 550.5 557.2 552.8 551.8 552.9 1.1
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,763 2,708 2,728 2,721 2,748 2,713 2,715 2,711 -4
Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . 774.5 759.9 763.7 763.0 769.3 759.9 759.8 759.4 -0.4
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.7 347.0 357.3 353.9 341.7 351.4 353.5 354.9 1.4
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.4 299.1 299.6 298.8 294.3 297.8 297.3 296.7 -0.6
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960.0 916.2 918.9 916.5 956.9 916.3 916.0 911.5 -4.5
Data processing, hosting and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.6 244.3 245.7 246.0 250.2 245.2 245.2 245.4 0.2
Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.3 141.5 142.9 142.8 135.3 141.9 142.7 142.7 0.0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,667 7,586 7,577 7,590 7,657 7,585 7,581 7,585 4
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,704.2 5,648.0 5,653.2 5,657.9 5,693.7 5,650.8 5,650.2 5,650.8 0.6
Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 21.3 21.8 21.8 21.1 21.5 21.8 21.9 0.1
Credit intermediation and related
activities1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,572.7 2,573.2 2,573.9 2,575.8 2,570.9 2,575.4 2,575.0 2,575.1 0.1
Depository credit intermediation1 . . . . . . . . . . 1,752.6 1,764.7 1,765.2 1,768.0 1,750.3 1,766.5 1,766.8 1,768.3 1.5
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,312.3 1,323.1 1,322.7 1,326.0 1,310.8 1,324.4 1,324.8 1,326.9 2.1
Securities, commodity contracts,
investments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.6 796.9 799.0 805.3 795.9 797.3 798.6 803.0 4.4
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . . 2,224.0 2,171.2 2,172.9 2,169.6 2,219.6 2,171.6 2,169.3 2,165.6 -3.7
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles. . . 86.9 85.4 85.6 85.4 86.2 85.0 85.5 85.2 -0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,962.7 1,938.2 1,923.4 1,932.1 1,963.3 1,934.2 1,930.9 1,934.5 3.6
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,408.6 1,383.1 1,377.6 1,387.5 1,403.5 1,379.8 1,378.8 1,384.7 5.9
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528.3 530.8 521.7 520.2 534.2 530.0 527.9 525.6 -2.3
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . . 25.8 24.3 24.1 24.4 25.6 24.4 24.2 24.2 0.0
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,569 16,995 17,020 16,951 16,488 16,798 16,847 16,854 7
Professional and technical services1 . . . . . . . . . . . 7,471.5 7,404.9 7,436.4 7,475.6 7,431.5 7,428.0 7,436.0 7,437.4 1.4
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,107.5 1,107.9 1,107.2 1,111.6 1,104.5 1,107.6 1,106.7 1,105.7 -1.0
Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . . 925.4 813.0 824.7 859.3 915.8 875.3 873.2 862.5 -10.7
Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . . 1,291.9 1,285.0 1,284.4 1,277.3 1,291.7 1,275.4 1,276.1 1,274.8 -1.3
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,435.4 1,481.8 1,486.8 1,488.9 1,428.3 1,473.6 1,475.7 1,481.0 5.3
Management and technical consulting
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,005.1 1,005.8 1,013.8 1,018.4 993.3 996.2 1,000.8 1,003.7 2.9
Management of companies and enterprises. . . . 1,828.4 1,835.3 1,835.1 1,841.2 1,819.8 1,834.9 1,835.1 1,836.4 1.3
Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,269.4 7,754.9 7,748.1 7,634.3 7,236.4 7,535.5 7,575.5 7,580.1 4.6

See footnotes at end of table.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
— Continued
[In thousands]
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. from:
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2009 2010 2010p 2010p Nov. 2010-
Dec. 2010p
Administrative and waste services - Continued
Administrative and support services1 . . . . . . . . 6,922.8 7,395.9 7,390.8 7,280.8 6,888.7 7,179.8 7,220.2 7,224.9 4.7
Employment services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,659.7 2,985.1 3,013.6 3,002.9 2,575.0 2,844.9 2,880.4 2,888.7 8.3
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,981.8 2,293.1 2,313.4 2,304.7 1,911.0 2,172.4 2,203.5 2,219.4 15.9
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.7 807.9 820.2 826.4 805.3 800.8 803.1 805.3 2.2
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . . 1,654.2 1,783.2 1,739.7 1,645.8 1,725.9 1,730.7 1,725.6 1,723.7 -1.9
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346.6 359.0 357.3 353.5 347.7 355.7 355.3 355.2 -0.1
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,520 19,853 19,956 19,941 19,350 19,691 19,728 19,772 44
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,226.3 3,315.7 3,360.3 3,310.0 3,107.3 3,170.4 3,180.9 3,187.4 6.5
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,294.1 16,537.1 16,595.8 16,631.4 16,242.5 16,520.6 16,547.2 16,584.3 37.1
Health care3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,675.3 13,859.3 13,898.0 13,937.5 13,640.6 13,852.9 13,870.7 13,906.4 35.7
Ambulatory health care services1 . . . . . . . . . 5,866.4 5,986.3 6,001.9 6,027.3 5,847.2 5,980.5 5,986.8 6,007.4 20.6
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,318.5 2,333.3 2,338.9 2,348.4 2,306.5 2,330.7 2,331.9 2,335.2 3.3
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547.4 559.6 561.0 568.8 546.2 559.6 559.8 566.3 6.5
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,053.2 1,085.1 1,092.4 1,095.3 1,051.0 1,083.6 1,087.5 1,091.8 4.3
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,701.2 4,729.0 4,742.4 4,750.1 4,694.4 4,728.8 4,736.5 4,744.5 8.0
Nursing and residential care facilities1 . . . . 3,107.7 3,144.0 3,153.7 3,160.1 3,099.0 3,143.6 3,147.4 3,154.5 7.1
Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653.2 1,664.0 1,670.9 1,672.0 1,648.2 1,663.6 1,665.6 1,667.5 1.9
Social assistance1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,618.8 2,677.8 2,697.8 2,693.9 2,601.9 2,667.7 2,676.5 2,677.9 1.4
Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872.5 881.1 888.0 882.8 858.9 870.1 871.2 869.4 -1.8
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,691 13,128 12,930 12,911 12,991 13,172 13,184 13,231 47
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739.0 1,855.8 1,750.9 1,762.6 1,886.5 1,898.6 1,898.3 1,916.5 18.2
Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . . 376.2 410.8 400.7 401.0 391.8 407.9 415.8 417.7 1.9
Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks. . . 121.9 127.8 123.4 120.6 129.0 127.6 127.9 128.1 0.2
Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . . 1,240.9 1,317.2 1,226.8 1,241.0 1,365.7 1,363.1 1,354.6 1,370.7 16.1
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,951.5 11,272.0 11,179.0 11,148.1 11,104.5 11,272.9 11,285.5 11,314.6 29.1
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,683.4 1,744.1 1,702.3 1,695.7 1,733.1 1,754.1 1,750.2 1,754.8 4.6
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . 9,268.1 9,527.9 9,476.7 9,452.4 9,371.4 9,518.8 9,535.3 9,559.8 24.5
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,291 5,410 5,381 5,354 5,314 5,405 5,393 5,379 -14
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,131.8 1,158.8 1,150.1 1,144.4 1,139.8 1,157.4 1,153.7 1,150.9 -2.8
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,268.1 1,278.8 1,272.4 1,276.7 1,269.6 1,281.9 1,276.6 1,280.8 4.2
Membership associations and organizations. . . . 2,890.9 2,972.5 2,958.6 2,932.6 2,904.4 2,965.4 2,962.8 2,947.7 -15.1
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,825 22,630 22,747 22,595 22,481 22,277 22,269 22,259 -10
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,816.0 2,840.0 2,834.0 2,840.0 2,824.0 2,838.0 2,842.0 2,852.0 10.0
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,148.8 2,189.7 2,190.7 2,194.5 2,160.1 2,190.8 2,198.4 2,208.7 10.3
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667.5 650.4 642.8 645.5 663.7 646.9 643.6 643.6 0.0
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,281.0 5,331.0 5,360.0 5,295.0 5,178.0 5,182.0 5,184.0 5,184.0 0.0
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,502.3 2,585.3 2,616.5 2,553.9 2,383.7 2,427.1 2,429.3 2,430.9 1.6
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . . 2,778.9 2,746.1 2,743.5 2,740.6 2,794.5 2,754.4 2,754.8 2,753.4 -1.4
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,728.0 14,459.0 14,553.0 14,460.0 14,479.0 14,257.0 14,243.0 14,223.0 -20.0
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,363.1 8,154.0 8,257.4 8,218.7 8,040.0 7,914.5 7,906.9 7,899.7 -7.2
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . . 6,364.7 6,304.9 6,295.1 6,241.1 6,438.9 6,342.2 6,335.9 6,323.6 -12.3

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3 Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Industry 2009 2010 2010p 2010p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. . 33.8 34.3 34.3 34.3
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.8 39.7 39.7 39.7
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 43.3 43.1 43.5
Construction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 38.0 38.0 38.2
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 40.3 40.3 40.2
Durable goods... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................. . 39.7 40.5 40.6 40.5
Nondurable goods.............................................................. . 39.3 40.0 39.8 39.8
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 33.2 33.2 33.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 34.4 34.3 34.6
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 38.5 38.4 38.4
Retail trade...................................................................... . 31.2 31.3 31.2 31.6
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 38.7 38.7 38.8
Utilities........................................................................... . 40.5 42.0 41.7 41.4
Information......................................................................... . 36.5 36.9 36.8 36.7
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 37.1 37.2 37.1
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 35.7 35.7 35.8
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 33.0 33.0 32.9
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 25.8 25.8 25.7
Other services..................................................................... . 31.3 31.9 31.8 31.8
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing........................................................................... . 2.7 3.1 3.1 3.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.0
Nondurable goods................................................................... . 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.2

p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2009 2010 2010p 2010p

Total private................................................ . $22.38 $22.74 $22.75 $22.78 $ 756.44 $ 779.98 $ 780.33 $ 781.35
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.84 24.16 24.15 24.18 924.99 959.15 958.76 959.95
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.97 27.73 27.65 27.62 1,135.44 1,200.71 1,191.72 1,201.47
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.03 25.30 25.36 25.40 923.61 961.40 963.68 970.28
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.10 23.40 23.36 23.37 914.76 943.02 941.41 939.47
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.65 24.86 24.84 24.85 978.61 1,006.83 1,008.50 1,006.43
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.65 21.03 20.93 20.96 811.55 841.20 833.01 834.21
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.03 22.39 22.42 22.45 722.58 743.35 744.34 745.34
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.53 19.87 19.89 19.86 664.02 683.53 682.23 687.16
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.91 26.33 26.34 26.31 974.22 1,013.71 1,011.46 1,010.30
Retail trade......................................... . 15.47 15.64 15.66 15.63 482.66 489.53 488.59 493.91
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.69 21.20 21.22 21.30 784.15 820.44 821.21 826.44
Utilities.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . 32.93 33.24 33.00 33.23 1,333.67 1,396.08 1,376.10 1,375.72
Information............................................ . 30.03 31.14 31.22 31.26 1,096.10 1,149.07 1,148.90 1,147.24
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.83 27.30 27.33 27.42 984.66 1,012.83 1,016.68 1,017.28
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.09 27.43 27.46 27.47 950.86 979.25 980.32 983.43
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.55 23.07 23.07 23.17 737.39 761.31 761.31 762.29
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.10 13.11 13.10 13.14 335.36 338.24 337.98 337.70
Other services........................................ . 20.04 20.05 20.16 20.18 627.25 639.60 641.09 641.72

p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2
Percent Percent
change change
Industry from: from:
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Nov. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Nov.
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2010- 2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2010 -
Dec. Dec.
2010p 2010p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.7 93.1 93.1 93.2 0.1 96.8 100.9 101.0 101.3 0.3
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.2 81.6 81.6 81.6 0.0 85.3 89.1 89.1 89.2 0.1
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.4 103.3 103.5 105.0 1.4 96.8 115.0 114.9 116.4 1.3
Construction................................. . 72.4 73.6 73.6 73.8 0.3 78.8 80.9 81.1 81.4 0.4
Manufacturing............................... . 82.2 84.6 84.5 84.4 -0.1 88.3 92.1 91.8 91.7 -0.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.6 81.9 82.1 82.0 -0.1 86.1 90.5 90.6 90.5 -0.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.2 89.5 88.9 88.9 0.0 92.4 95.5 94.4 94.6 0.2
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.0 96.2 96.3 96.4 0.1 100.3 104.3 104.6 104.9 0.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . 91.1 92.9 92.6 93.6 1.1 95.8 99.4 99.2 100.0 0.8
Wholesale trade.......................... . 91.3 94.2 94.0 94.1 0.1 98.7 103.5 103.3 103.4 0.1
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.0 92.1 91.6 92.9 1.4 93.1 95.2 94.9 96.0 1.2
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . 90.5 93.2 93.5 94.0 0.5 95.0 100.3 100.7 101.6 0.9
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.6 100.4 99.5 99.0 -0.5 106.2 110.3 108.5 108.7 0.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.6 91.4 91.2 90.9 -0.3 97.9 101.4 101.4 101.1 -0.3
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 92.7 92.9 92.7 -0.2 97.0 98.8 99.1 99.2 0.1
Professional and business services...... . 91.0 94.3 94.6 94.9 0.3 99.9 104.8 105.2 105.6 0.4
Education and health services. . . . ........ . 103.0 105.8 106.0 105.9 -0.1 108.8 114.3 114.5 114.9 0.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.9 97.0 97.1 97.0 -0.1 100.3 102.6 102.6 102.9 0.3
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2 95.5 95.0 94.8 -0.2 104.8 108.7 108.7 108.5 -0.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual
average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding
2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly
hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2009 2010 2010p 2010p

Total nonfarm.............. . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . 64,666 64,751 64,746 64,810 49.9 49.6 49.6 49.6
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,842 52,091 52,105 52,182 48.4 48.1 48.1 48.1
Goods-producing..................................... . 4,150 4,114 4,111 4,116 23.2 22.8 22.8 22.8
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 103 104 106 14.5 13.6 13.6 13.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 726 725 729 13.3 12.9 12.9 13.0
Manufacturing...................................... . 3,293 3,285 3,282 3,281 28.6 28.2 28.1 28.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739 1,735 1,735 1,737 24.7 24.1 24.2 24.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,554 1,550 1,547 1,544 34.5 34.6 34.6 34.5
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,692 47,977 47,994 48,066 53.5 53.2 53.2 53.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,062 10,041 10,015 10,014 40.8 40.4 40.3 40.2
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,684.8 1,686.5 1,687.4 1,688.0 30.3 30.1 30.1 30.0
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,232.6 7,222.5 7,198.8 7,197.3 50.4 49.9 49.8 49.7
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,006.1 1,000.5 997.1 997.7 24.1 23.8 23.6 23.6
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.3 131.8 131.2 130.8 24.8 23.8 23.8 23.7
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,133 1,102 1,108 1,101 41.2 40.6 40.8 40.6
Financial activities................................. . 4,533 4,452 4,445 4,446 59.2 58.7 58.6 58.6
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,389 7,471 7,493 7,515 44.8 44.5 44.5 44.6
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,956 15,184 15,209 15,240 77.3 77.1 77.1 77.1
Leisure and hospitality............................ . 6,823 6,884 6,885 6,914 52.5 52.3 52.2 52.3
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,796 2,843 2,839 2,836 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.7
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,824 12,660 12,641 12,628 57.0 56.8 56.8 56.7

p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Industry 2010p
2009 2010 2010p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,239 89,210 89,281 89,387

Goods-producing....... . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................... . 12,886 12,995 12,989 12,982
Mining and logging.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 568 571 577
Construction.......................................................................... . 4,307 4,257 4,261 4,240
Manufacturing........................................................................ . 8,089 8,170 8,157 8,165
Durable goods..................................................................... . 4,801 4,914 4,913 4,917
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,288 3,256 3,244 3,248
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,353 76,215 76,292 76,405
Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. . 20,876 21,014 21,010 21,053
Wholesale trade................................................................... . 4,470.8 4,483.6 4,485.7 4,490.8
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,329.1 12,463.1 12,448.6 12,472.9
Transportation and warehousing................................................ . 3,630.7 3,629.1 3,639.5 3,651.2
Utilities.............................................................................. . 445.0 438.2 436.5 437.8
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,192 2,180 2,181 2,181
Financial activities... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . 5,937 5,829 5,821 5,824
Professional and business services............................................... . 13,463 13,777 13,834 13,831
Education and health services..................................................... . 16,971 17,270 17,308 17,350
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . 11,464 11,621 11,623 11,660
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,450 4,524 4,515 4,506

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees
in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Industry 2009 2010 2010p 2010p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. . 33.2 33.6 33.5 33.6
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 40.6 40.5 40.5
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4 44.5 44.6 44.6
Construction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 38.8 38.6 38.7
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 41.2 41.2 41.2
Durable goods... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................. . 40.6 41.4 41.5 41.4
Nondurable goods.............................................................. . 40.4 40.9 40.8 40.9
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 32.4 32.3 32.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 33.5 33.5 33.7
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 38.2 38.2 38.3
Retail trade...................................................................... . 30.0 30.3 30.2 30.5
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.2 37.6 37.8 37.7
Utilities........................................................................... . 41.4 42.9 42.7 42.2
Information......................................................................... . 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.3
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.9 36.3 36.1 36.2
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 35.3 35.2 35.5
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 32.3 32.2 32.2
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.7
Other services..................................................................... . 30.5 30.9 30.8 30.8
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing........................................................................... . 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.0
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.9 4.0 4.1
Nondurable goods................................................................... . 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.8

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees
in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2009 2010 2010p 2010p 2009 2010 2010p 2010p

Total private................................................ . $18.85 $19.18 $19.19 $19.21 $ 625.82 $ 644.45 $ 642.87 $ 645.46
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.04 20.40 20.43 20.44 793.58 828.24 827.42 827.82
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.47 23.85 23.96 23.96 1,018.60 1,061.33 1,068.62 1,068.62
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.95 23.42 23.50 23.55 860.63 908.70 907.10 911.39
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.38 18.66 18.66 18.66 744.39 768.79 768.79 768.79
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.57 19.83 19.86 19.87 794.54 820.96 824.19 822.62
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.64 16.86 16.81 16.80 672.26 689.57 685.85 687.12
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.60 18.93 18.92 18.95 597.06 613.33 611.12 613.98
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.73 17.03 17.01 17.00 550.42 570.51 569.84 572.90
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.35 21.84 21.72 21.75 802.76 834.29 829.70 833.03
Retail trade......................................... . 13.16 13.37 13.39 13.38 394.80 405.11 404.38 408.09
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.00 19.23 19.16 19.25 687.80 723.05 724.25 725.73
Utilities.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . 29.91 30.76 30.78 30.68 1,238.27 1,319.60 1,314.31 1,294.70
Information............................................ . 25.64 26.20 26.18 26.22 935.86 953.68 952.95 951.79
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.11 21.61 21.66 21.67 757.85 784.44 781.93 784.45
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.58 22.98 22.98 22.99 785.78 811.19 808.90 816.15
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.76 20.19 20.17 20.24 638.25 652.14 649.47 651.73
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.27 11.30 11.31 11.34 279.50 281.37 281.62 280.10
Other services........................................ . 16.85 16.91 16.95 16.98 513.93 522.52 522.06 522.98

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees
in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. from: Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. from:
2009 2010 2010p 2010p Nov. 2009 2010 2010p 2010p Nov.
2010 - 2010 -
Dec. Dec.
2010p 2010p

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.9 100.1 99.9 100.3 0.4 123.3 128.3 128.1 128.8 0.5
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.0 80.6 80.4 80.3 -0.1 95.7 100.7 100.6 100.6 0.0
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.0 134.3 135.3 136.8 1.1 154.3 186.3 188.6 190.6 1.1
Construction................................. . 80.9 82.7 82.4 82.2 -0.2 100.2 104.6 104.5 104.5 0.0
Manufacturing............................... . 75.2 77.3 77.1 77.2 0.1 90.4 94.3 94.1 94.2 0.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 76.4 76.6 76.5 -0.1 89.5 94.6 95.0 94.9 -0.1
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.3 78.5 78.0 78.3 0.4 92.0 93.5 92.6 92.9 0.3
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.4 105.6 105.4 105.9 0.5 131.9 137.0 136.7 137.5 0.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . 95.7 98.1 98.1 98.9 0.8 114.3 119.2 119.1 119.9 0.7
Wholesale trade.......................... . 99.0 100.9 100.9 101.3 0.4 124.5 129.8 129.1 129.8 0.5
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.6 95.6 95.2 96.3 1.2 105.6 109.5 109.2 110.4 1.1
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . 98.9 102.7 103.6 103.6 0.0 119.2 125.3 125.9 126.5 0.5
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 96.2 95.3 94.5 -0.8 117.6 123.5 122.5 121.0 -1.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 90.6 90.6 90.4 -0.2 115.9 117.5 117.5 117.3 -0.2
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.0 101.3 100.6 100.9 0.3 133.1 135.3 134.7 135.2 0.4
Professional and business services...... . 105.0 109.0 109.1 110.0 0.8 141.1 149.0 149.2 150.5 0.9
Education and health services. . . . ........ . 118.2 120.3 120.2 120.5 0.2 153.6 159.7 159.4 160.4 0.6
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.2 106.1 106.1 105.6 -0.5 133.4 136.1 136.2 135.9 -0.2
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.2 98.1 97.6 97.4 -0.2 116.9 120.8 120.5 120.5 0.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees
in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls.
2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual
average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding
2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly
hours, and employment.
p Preliminary