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Lecture Notes Transient & Power Factor Correction

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Chiam Tat Ming
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89 views

Lecture Notes Transient & Power Factor Correction

-

Uploaded by

Chiam Tat Ming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Quality Causes and

Solutions
Transients

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 1


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
Transients
• Capacitor switching is one of the most common switching
events on utility systems. Capacitors are used to provide
reactive power.

• One drawback to the use of capacitors is that they yield


oscillatory transients when switched.

• There is always a brief voltage transient of at least 1.3 to


1.4 pu when capacitor banks are switched.

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 2


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
Transients

3
Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
Transients

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 4


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
Transients
• The transient is generally not higher than 2.0 pu on the
primary distribution system but the load-side capacitors can
magnify this transient overvoltage at the end-user side.

•A potential side effect of adding power factor correction


capacitors at the customer location is that they may increase
the impact of utility capacitor-switching transients on end-
use equipment.

•Transient overvoltages on the end-user side may reach as


high as 3.0 to 4.0 pu on the low-voltage bus under these
conditions, with potentially damaging consequences for all
5
types of customer equipment.
Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 6


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
Utility Side
• One solution is to control the transient overvoltage
at the utility capacitor. This is sometimes possible
using switches with preinsertion resistors.

• The idea is to insert a resistor into the circuit briefly


so that the first peak is damped significantly

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Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 8


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
End User Side

• At the customer location, high-energy surge arresters


can be applied to limit the transient voltage magnitude
at the customer bus. Energy levels associated with the
magnified transient will typically be about 1 kJ. Newer
high-energy MOV arresters for low-voltage applications
can withstand 2 to 4 kJ.

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 9


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors are generally associated


with devices used at the load
equipment.

These devices can be classified by 2 different modes


of operation:
1) crowbar
2) clamping

10
Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Crowbar devices are normally open devices that conduct


current during overvoltage transients. Once the device
conducts, the line voltage will drop to nearly zero due to the
short circuit imposed across the line. (Eg Gas Discharge
Tubes)
Clamping devices for ac circuits are commonly nonlinear
resistors (varistors) that conduct very low amounts of current
until an overvoltage occurs. Then they start to conduct heavily,
and their impedance drops rapidly with increasing voltage.
(Eg Metal Oxide Varistors)
11
Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
The main function of surge arresters and transient voltage surge suppressors
(TVSSs) is to limit the voltage across sensitive loads.

Surge suppression devices should be located as closely as possible to


12
the critical insulation.
Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

In the figure shown, the first arrester is connected from the line to the neutral-ground
bond at the service entrance. It limits the line voltage V1 from rising too high relative
to the neutral and ground voltage at the panel. When it performs its voltage-limiting
action, it provides a low-impedance path for the surge current to travel onto the
ground lead.

The first arrester at the service entrance is electrically too remote to provide
adequate load protection.

Therefore, a second arrester is applied at the load, directly across the insulation to
be protected.

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 13


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Another means of limiting the voltage magnification


transient is to convert the end-user power factor
correction banks to harmonic filters.

An inductance in series with the power factor correction


bank will decrease the transient voltage at the customer
bus to acceptable levels.

This solution has multiple benefits including providing correction for the displacement
power factor, controlling harmonic distortion levels within the facility, and limiting the
concern for magnified capacitor-switching transients.

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Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 15


INTRODUCTION

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 16


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
What is the relation between PF and PQ?

- Paragraph taken from Power Quality Book, CRC Press 2002, C. Sankaran

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 17


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

--

--

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 18


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

What is Power Factor (PF) ?

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 19


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 20


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 21


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
V and I in phase

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 22


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions
V and I in 90 degree phase shift

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 23


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

What causes low PF ?


The answer is….inductive loads

Inductive loads (sources of Reactive power) are such


as:
 Transformers
 Induction Motors
 Furnaces/ Arcs/Welding Machines

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Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 25


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Why need to improve PF ?


THREE (3) main reasons:

1)Not to be penalized by utilities


2)Increased system capacity and reduced
system losses
3)Increased voltage level

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 26


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Why need to improve PF ?


1)Not to be penalized by utilities

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 27


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Why need to improve PF ?


2) Increased system capacity and reduced
system losses

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 28


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Why need to improve PF ?

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 29


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Why need to improve PF ?

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 30


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

How to improve PF ?
TWO (2) ways:

1)Installing capacitors (kVAR generators)


2)Minimizing the operation of idling or
lightly loaded motors
3)Avoiding operation of equipment above
its rated voltage

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 31


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

How to improve PF ?
1)Installing capacitors (kVAR generators)

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 32


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

How to improve PF ?

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 33


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

How to improve PF ?

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 34


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

How to improve PF ?
2) Minimizing the operation of idling or
lightly loaded motors
- Fully loaded motors generally have a power factor of about 80%.
However, if the motor is under loaded, the fraction of reactive power
(for the coil) to actual power (for mechanical work) increases and the
power factor decreases.

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 35


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example :
The highest power factor registered during the period for which we were
supplied with electricity data was for March 2000, when the plant power factor
was 74% and the peak power was 594 kW. If the power factor during this
month were corrected to 97%, the power factor during the rest of the year
would never exceed 97%. Determine the size of capacitor to achieve the
targeted PF.

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 36


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example PF calculation:

Cosθ = kW / kVA
θ = Cos-1 (PF)
θ= Cos-1 (74%) = 42.27 o
The reactive power was about:
Tanθ = kVAr / kW
kVAr = kW x tanθ
kVAr = 594 kW x tan (42.27) = 540 kVAr

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 37


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example PF calculation:
If the power factor were increased to 97%, the reactive power would be about:

Cosθ = kW / kVA
θ = Cos-1 (PF)
θ = Cos-1 (97%) = 14.07 o

kVAr = kW x tanθ
kVAr = 594 kW x tan (14.07) = 149 kVAr

Thus, the amount of capacitance required to boost your power factor from 74%
to 97% during March 2000 would be about:

540 kVAr – 149 kVAr = 391 kVAr

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 38


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example PF calculation:

A customer has a balanced 2.4 MW load operating at


480 V at a lagging power factor of 75%. The customer
wants to correct the PF to 90%. Calculate the size of
the capacitor.

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 39


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example PF calculation:

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 40


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example PF calculation:

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 41


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example PF calculation:

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 42


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example of levies calculation:


TNB levies for low power factor according TNB Tariff book

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 43


Power Quality Causes and
Solutions

Example of levies calculation:

BEE 4153_POWER QUALITY 44

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