Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

Disusun oleh:
Hendri Amirudin Anwar ST, MKKK
AGENDA PEMBAHASAN

Definisi dan Fungsi dari HVAC

Komponen Dasar dari HVAC

Sistem Kerja dari HVAC

Definisi dan Fungsi dari HVAC

3
 Definition and Function of HVAC

• HVAC = Heating, Ventilation

and Air Conditioning
• Goal of HVAC :
– Provides comfort for people
– Allows humans to exist under
adverse conditions.
 Comfort

• Comfort is primary intent

of HVAC systems.
• Productivity
• Building Durability
• Health
• Mold
 Function of HVAC
1. Control temperature
2. Fresh air circulation
3. Air filtration
 Heating

• Engine coolant is routed to heater core

– Air passes over fins of the heater core
 Sources of Heat
• The system adds heat in the winter
– Removes it in the summer
• Sources of heat
– Passengers
– Outside air
– Road
– Engine
– Catalytic converter
– Sunlight
 Heat Transfer
• Heat flows to anything with less heat
– Convection
• Heat rises
• Heat always flows from hot to cold
– Radiation
• Example: heat from the sun
– Evaporation
• Moisture absorbs heat as it is vaporized
• Example: perspiration
 Ventilation
• Fresh air replaces stale air
– Prevents carbon monoxide from exhaust
• Air ducts allow outside air into interior
– Does not work when car is slowed or stopped
– Electrically driven blower motor and squirrel cage fan
brings outside air in
• Blower runs at low speed when ignition key is on
– Maintains fresh air in car interior
– Creates positive cabin pressure
 Air Distribution System
• Moves heat between different locations
– Controls air volume, temperature, quality, and
location
• Plenum housing: case assembly
– Combined or split
• Air doors
– Open and close to control air flow
• Carbon air filter
– Often replaced with screens
• Control head: relays A/C system demands
 Air Conditioning
• Air in passenger compartment is cooled, dried,
and circulated
– Heat is removed from inside to outside
• Modern cars get better freeway fuel economy
with windows up and air-conditioning on
– Above 40 mph: more gas used with windows
down
 Air-Conditioning Principles

• Must be a transfer
of heat for
refrigerant to
change state
– Liquid absorbs
heat as changes to
gas
– Vapor releases
heat as changes to
liquid
 Humidity
• Low humidity
– Permits heat to be taken away from the human
body
• Evaporation and perspiration
• High humidity
– Makes evaporation difficult
• People feel as comfortable at 79°F with 30% humidity
as at 72°F at 90% humidity
 Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Resistance (R-Value)
• U=1/R
U-Value is the rate of heat
• Q = U x A x T flow in Btu/h through a one ft2
area when one side is 1oF
warmer
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

The amount of solar

heat energy allowed to
pass through a window

Example: SHGC = 0.40

Allows 40% through and
turns 60% away
 Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Condenser

Compressor

Expansion
Valve

Evaporator
Komponen Dasar dari HVAC

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 Basic HVAC Equipment
• Fans / Blowers
• Furnace / Heating unit
• Filters
• Compressor
• Condensing units
• Evaporator (cooling coil)
• Control System
• Air Distribution System
 System Types and Common Terms
• Packaged Rooftop Constant Volume
Unit Variable Volume
Indoor Air Quality
• Split System
Direct Expansion
• Heat Pump
• Geothermal
• Air to Air
• Hydronic (water)
• PTAC / PTHP
Packaged Rooftop Units
 Split System

Ductwork

Heating
and Cooling
Equipment

FURNACE

A/C UNIT
Temperature &
Humidity Controls
 Heat Pump
• Operate on simple
refrigeration cycle
• Reversing the cycle
provides heating
• Temperature limitations
• Air to air
• Water source
• Geothermal
• Lake coupled
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems
 Variable Air Volume
Variable Speed Supply Ducts
Supply Fan

VAV Box
Filters
Cool Coil w/Temp Reset

Heat Coil w/Temp

Return Air

Reheat Coil
Reset

T T

Zone Thermostat

Variable Speed Return Ducts

Return Fan

HVAC-26
 Terminal Units
Variable volume: Constant volume:
Parallel Series
 Hydronic systems
• Pumps
• Piping
• Valves
 Control Devices

• Thermostats
– Manual
– Programmable
• Optimum Start
• DDC Systems
• Variable Speed Drives
• Automatic Valves and Dampers
• Outdoor Sensors
 Major Equipment
• Chillers

• Boilers

• Cooling Towers
 Economizers

Air Side
Water Side
 Economizers
Free cooling source: When available, use cool outdoor air instead
of mechanically cooled air.
Minimum supply of 55 oF and
outside air up
55 oF 85%
outside
air
85%
80 oF exhaust 80 oF

Normal Operation Economizer Operation

Outside air dampers are Outside air dampers are fully
positioned to provide the open. Maximum outside air is
minimum outside air provided

HVAC-32
 Air Distribution
• Ductwork
– Metal
– Flexible
– Duct board
• Grilles, Louvers,
& Registers
• Dampers
– Shut off
– Fire
– Smoke
• Sealants
• Supports
Return Plenum Problems

HVAC-34
 Additional Equipment
• Energy Recovery Units
• Desiccant Systems
 Additional Equipment
• Heat Exchangers
• Humidifiers
• Silencers
 Mechanical Dehumidification
Return air is mixed with ventilation air

Cold coil condenses moisture

Heat is added back (electric or gas) so that room air is not

over cooled- Reheat
Filter
Sistem Kerja dari HVAC

38
Air-Conditioning System Operation
• Closed system
– Four major devices
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Evaporator
• Metering device
– Refrigerant circulates among devices
– Changing pressure and state of refrigerant regulates
cooling cycle operation
– Four stages: compression, condensation, expansion,
and vaporization
 Absorbing Heat
• Process
– Liquid refrigerant is circulated to the evaporator
• Loses pressure as it exits the metering device
• Absorbs heat from inside of car
• Boils and vaporizes
– Pressurized again
• Gives off heat to outside air
• Each cycle through evaporator absorbs at least 25° of
heat from air blowing across it
 Reducing Humidity
• Sources
– Outside air
– Breathing of passengers
• Moisture in the air condenses on evaporator fins
– Drained off through the floor as water
• System does not cool air as much when humidity
is high
• Defroster operation
– Dried cool air moves through heater core before it is
blown onto the windshield
 Compressing the Refrigerant
• Vaporized refrigerant pulled from evaporator
to compressor
– Compressors are driven by a belt from the
crankshaft
• Pressurizes heated refrigerant, increasing its
temperature
• Compressor clutch
– Electromagnetic clutch connects and disconnects
from the crankshaft pulley
 Transferring Refrigerant Heat to
Outside Air
• Refrigerant is pumped from compressor to
condenser
– Condenser is a radiator for refrigerant
• Transfers heat to cooler air blowing through it
• Pressurized refrigerant is cooled from gas to warm
liquid
• Refrigerant must be hotter than the air coming across
the condenser
– Condenser design
• Several designs
 Flow Control Devices
• Systems to control refrigerant flow
– Thermostatic expansion valve
– Orifice tube
• Restriction raises pressure in system
– Flow control device lets the pressure off
refrigerant as it flows to the evaporator
• TXV controls amount of refrigerant flowing to
evaporator
• Orifice tube cycles the compressor clutch
 Air-Conditioning Compressors
• Compressor designs
– Several types
• Axial compressor has four or more cylinders
– Swash plate: axial plate connected to drive shaft
– Wobble plate: wobbles in place
• Variable displacement compressors: no clutch
cycling
• Radial compressor: multiple cylinders with
pistons and a scotch yoke
Air-Conditioner Compressors (cont'd.)

• Scroll compressor
– Moveable scroll oscillates around a fixed scroll
• Rotary vane
– Blades like power steering pump
• Electric compressors
– Pressurize the air-conditioning system so the
engine does not have to be run
• Used in hybrids
Heating and Air-Conditioning Controls

• Manually controlled air conditioning

– Manual control system controlled by the driver
• Semiautomatic temperature control systems
– Discharge temperature is automatically controlled
• Automatic temperature control systems
– Driver sets desired temperature
• Automatic blower control
– Blower is pulse-width modulated
– Interval determined by the programmer
 Automatic Air-Conditioning Sensors

• Sensor inputs maximize system performance

– Outside air temperature (OAT) sensor denies
compressor operation between 35°F and 45°F
– Sunload sensor opens blend door and spins the
blower faster in response to sunlight intensity
– Discharge duct temperature sensor senses the
temperature of air leaving the duct
– Interior temperature sensor is sometimes used
for the first few minutes of vehicle operation
 Improved Ventilation Effectiveness
• Mechanically provide filtered and
dehumidified outdoor air to the
breathing space
• Vary ventilation based on the
number of occupants and process
loads - changes in occupancy can
be measured by CO2 sensors
• Consider designs that separate
ventilation and space conditioning
• Utilize heat recovery systems to
reduce system size and ventilation
energy costs
 Improved Ventilation Effectiveness
• Effective mixing of ventilation
air within space
• Net positive pressure in the
southeast; exhaust from
appropriate spaces
• Provide clean outdoor air,
avoid:
– loading docks
– exhaust vents
– plumbing stacks
– waste collection
– stagnant water
 Additional Information / Resources
• ASHRAE – The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
– www.ashrae.org
• Geothermal heat pump consortium
www.geoexchange.org
• www.buildingscience.com
• www.energycodes.gov
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