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Essential Questions
• What are animals?
• What unique set of characteristics do animals
Kingdom Animalia possess?
• How systematics group animals?
Sa kaharian namin ay puno ng kahayupan
• What are the distinguishing characteristics of
prominent phyla in the animal kingdom?
• What species are representative organisms of each
animal phylum?

Made of many cells

Has cell with true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
Animal Reproduction

An animal is a multicellular eukaryotic

heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls.

Cannot produce their own Lack the structural support of cell walls. • Most animals reproduce sexually, and the diploid stage
food; takes food by ingestion Proteins external to the cell membrane usually dominates the life cycle.
provide structural support and connect • In the haploid stage, sperm and egg cells are produced
them to one another. directly by meiosis.

Animal Body Plan

• Animals can be

A vs. C
characterized by body
plans.
• A body plan is a particular
set of morphological and
developmental traits,
integrated into a
functional whole – the
living animal.

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Animal Symmetry
B I L A T E R A L

A N D

R A D I A L

• A basic feature of animal bodies

• Radial or bilateral

Tissues and Membranous Layers Germ Layers and Derivatives

Body Cavities of Tripoblastic

Body Cavity in Animals
Animals
• Most tripoblastic animals
have a body cavity
• A body cavity is a fluid- or
air-filled space located
between the digestive
tract and the outer body
wall.
• This body cavity is also
known as coelom.

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Functions of the Body Cavity

• Its fluid cushions the suspended organs, helping to

E vs. F
prevent internal injury.
• In soft-bodied coelomates, the fluid acts as a
skeleton against which muscles can work.
• It enables the internal organs to grow and move
independently of the outer body wall.

Phylum Porifera
P O R E -
• Pore-bearing animals (sponges)
• Basal animals that lack true tissues
B E A R I N G • Most species are marine and sessile
• Filter feeders
• Water is drawn through the pores into a central
A N I M A L S cavity called the spongocoel and flows out to a
larger opening called the osculum

Phylum Porifera
• Most are hermaphrodites.
• They exhibit sequential hermaphroditism.
• Economic importance: They produce a variety of
antibiotics and other defensive compounds (e.g.
cribrostatin). Some have anti-cancer properties.

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Phylum Cnidaria
• Ancient phylum of eumetazoans

X
• Originated 680 million years ago
• Includes jellyfishes, corals, hydras
• Most cnidarians exhibit relatively simple,
diboplastic, radial body plan that existed in early
members of the group some 560 million years ago.
• Characterized by the presence of stinging cells
called cnidocytes

P O L Y P

B vs. D M E
A

D
N

U
D

S A

Polyp vs. Medusa

Hydra Sea anemone

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Jellyfish
Corals

Portuguese man-of-
war

Cnidarian Nutrition
• Cnidarians are

G vs. H
predators.
• Use tentacles
arranged in a ring
around their mouth
• Prey is ingested to
the mouth
• Enzymes are
secreted in the
cavity

Phylum Platyhelminthes
P L A T Y H E L -
• Flatworms
M I N T H E S • Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial
habitats
• It also include parasitic species such as flukes and
tapeworms
N E M A T O D A
• Some are nearly microscopic while others can grow
to a length of 20 m
A N N E L I D A • Acoelomates (animals that lack a body cavity)

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Typical Flatworm Anatomy

Planaria Tapeworm

Schistosomiasis
• A disease caused by
a trematode
(Schistosoma
mansoni)
• Symptoms include
pain, anemia, and
diarrhea

Phylum Nematoda Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms • Have alimentary canal, lack a circulatory system
• Found in aquatic habitats, in the soil, and in moist • Nutrients are transported via pseudocoelom
tissue of plants • Includes many species that parasitize plants, and
• Cylindrical bodies range from less than 1 mm to some are major agricultural pests that attack the
more than 1 m long roots of crops
• Body is covered by a tough cuticle (a type of • Others parasitize animals
exoskeleton)
• As the worm grows, it periodically sheds its old
cuticle and secretes a new, larger one.

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Trichinella spiralis Ascaris lumbricoides

J vs. L
Trichonosis Ascariasis

Phylum Annelida
• Segmented worms
S E G M E N T E D • They live in the sea, in most freshwater habitats,
and in damp soil.
• Coelomates
W O R M S • They range in length from less than 1 mm to more
than 3 m
• Traditionally divided into three classes: Polychaeta,
Oligochaeta, and Hirudenia

Setae

Spirobranchus giganteus Nerididae

Christmas tree worm Sandworm

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Earthworm Australian giant

earthworm

K vs. I
Hirudo medicinalis
Medicinal leech

Phylum Mollusca
S O F T -
• Includes snails and slugs, and octopuses and squids
• Over 100,000 known species
B O D I E D
• Second most diverse phylum in the animal kingdom
• Majority of the molluscs are marine
A N I M A L S • 8,000 species are freshwater while 28,000 species
are terrestrial
• Soft-bodied, most secrete a hard protective shell
made of calcium carbonate

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Basic Body Plan of a Mollusc

M vs. N

G A S T R O P O D

B I V A L V E S

C E P H A L O -

Snail Slug
P O D S

Oyster Mussels Scallop Clam

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Squid Octopus

Giant clam

J O I N T -

O vs. Q A
L

N
E

I
G

M
G

A
E

L
D

Phylum Arthropoda Basic Arthropod Body Plan

• Zoologists estimate that there are about a billion
billion (1018) arthropods living on Earth
• More than 1 million arthropod species have been
described (most of which are insects)
• The largest phylum in the animal kingdom
• Characterized by segmented bodies, hard
exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

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Exoskeleton in Arthorpods
• The body of an arthropod is completely covered by
the cuticle, an exoskeleton constructed from layers
of protein and the polysaccharide chitin.
• The rigid exoskeleton protects the animal and
provides points of attachment for the muscles that
move the appendages.
• It also prevents the arthropod from growing, unless
it occasionally sheds its exoskeleton and produces a
larger one.

Structure of Arthropods
• Have well-developed sensory organs (eyes,
olfactory receptors, and antennae)
• Most sensory organs are concentrated at the
anterior end of the animal, although there are
interesting exceptions.
• Arthropods are characterized of a having an open
circulatory system.

Major Arthropod Groups Chelicerates

• Chelicerates (including arachnids)
• Crustaceans
• Myriapods
• Insects

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Chelicerates Chelicerates

Tarantula Black widow spider Dorsal view Ventral view

Horseshoe crab

Myriapods Myriapods

Millipedes
Centipede

Crustaceans Crustaceans

Shrimp Barnacles
Crab
Lobster

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Insects Insects

Butterfly Moth Firefly Damselfly

Insects Insects

Dragonfly Ladybug
Stag beetle
X

P vs. R
E C H I N O -

D E R M A T A

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Phylum Echinodermata
• Spiny-skinned animals
• Slow-moving or sessile animals
• A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard
calcareous plates
• Unique to echinoderms is the water vascular
system, a network of hydraulic canals branching
into extensions called tube feet (for locomotion
and feeding)

Phylum Echinodermata
• Sexual reproduction of echinoderms usually
involves separate male and female individuals that
release their gametes into the water.
• They descended from bilaterally symmetrical
ancestors.
• The internal and external parts of most adult
echinoderms radiate from the center.

Major Classes of Echinoderms

• Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
• Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
• Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
• Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
• Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Sea stars Sea daisies

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Sea urchins Sand dollars Brittle stars

Sea cucumbers

Sea lilies Feather stars

Phylum Chordata
• Possess bilateral symmetry

S vs. T
• Also known as chordates
• Includes two groups of invertebrates and all
vertebrates
• Includes the most complex animals in the living
world

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Distinguishing Structures in
Chordates

Name the four distinguishing

structures present in all
chordates.
• A longitudinal, flexible rod located between the
digestive tube and the nerve cord.
• Provides skeletal support throughout most of the
length of a chordate

Distinguishing Structures in
Chordates

• Develops from a plate of ectoderm during the

embryonic stage of a chordate
• It develops into the central nervous system (brain
and the spinal cord.

Distinguishing Structures in Distinguishing Structures in

Chordates Chordates

• In chordate embryos, a series of arches separated by • Chordates have a tail that extends posterior to the
grooves forms along the outer surface of the pharynx anus.
• Allows water entering the mouth to exit the body • In some species, this becomes reduced.
without passing the digestive tract

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Class Cephalochordata Class Urochordata

• Lancelets
• The most basal group of
living chordates
• Adult lancelets can reach
6 cm in length
• Can be found in marine
environments
• Burrowers • Generally known as tunicates (marine organisms)
• Feeble swimmers • Chordate characteristics disappear once the larva
has settled on a substrate.

Tunicates
U vs. W

Vertebrates
• Chordates that have backbone
V E R T E - • Evolved around half a billion years ago (during the
Cambrian period)
• Characterized with a skeletal system and a more
B R A T E S complex nervous system
• More efficient at two essential tasks: capturing
food and avoiding being eaten

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V vs. X J A W L E S S

F I S H E S

Class Agnatha
• Jawless fishes
• Have cartilaginous skeleton, notochord persists
throughout life
• Marine and freshwater living species
• Lack paired appendages

Lamprey Hagfish

Class Chondrichthyes
• Cartilaginous fishes
• Have a cartilaginous skeleton
• Have jaws
• Notochord replaced by vertebrae in adult
• Has paired appendages
• Respiration through gills Shark Manta ray
• Internal fertilization
• Have acute senses (olfaction)

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Class Osteichthyes
• Bony fishes
• Have bony skeleton and jaws
• Most species external fertilization and lay large
numbers of eggs
• Respiration mainly through gills
• Many have a swim bladder
Spotted ratfish Hammerhead shark
• Marine and freshwater

Y vs. Z O P E R C U L U M

Typical Anatomy of a Bony Fish

Bangus Tilapia

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α vs. β
Sinarapan Butanding

Class Amphibia
• Represented today by about 6,150 species
(salamanders, frogs, and caecilians)
A M P H I B I A • Derived from the term amphibious, meaning both
ways of life
• First terrestrial vertebrates
• Appendages adapted for moving on land
• Aquatic larval stage metamorphosing into
terrestrial adult
• May lay eggs or bear live young
• Respiration through lungs and/or skin

Bullfrog Poison arrow frog

Salamander Newt

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Class Reptilia
• Terrestrial tetrapods
• With scaly skin
• Respiration via lungs
• Lay amniotic shelled eggs or bear live young

Toad Caecilian

S N A K E S

θ vs. γ
T U R T L E S

L I Z A R D S

C R O C O -

D I L E S

Chameleon Komodo dragon

House lizard Iguana

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Coral snake Black mamba

Tuatara Desert lizard

King cobra Rattlesnake

Sea turtle Tortoise

Boa constrictor Python

Crocodile Alligator

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D vs. S A V E S

Class Aves
• Birds
• Have reptilian heritage
• Tetrapods with feathers
• Forelimbs modified as wings
• Respiration through highly efficient lungs
• Heart separates O2-poor and O2-rich blood, allowing
endothermic metabolism Maya Monkey-eating eagle

• Internal fertilization
• Shelled amniotic eggs
• Acute vision

Swan Goose
Chicken Duck

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Class Mammalia
• Tetrapods with young nourished from the
mammary glands (of females)
• Body covered with hair
• Has diaphragm that ventilates lungs
• Has four-chambered heart
Ostrich • Endothermic
Penguins

Name the three major groups of mammals.

J vs. M Monotremes
Marsupials
Placental mammals

The Three Major Mammalian

Groups
Monotremes Marsupials Placental Mammals
• Egg-laying • Pouched mammals • Mammals with
mammals • Have nipples and longer gestation
• Most are found in have higher periods
Australia and New metabolic rate • Embryonic
Guinea compared to development
• Have hair and monotremes happens in the
produce milk • Nursing of the uterus
• They lack nipples offspring happens • The placenta
• Milk is supplied in the pouch called provides a more
through the the marsupium intimate and long-
mother’s hair. lasting association
between the
mother and the
offspring

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