Assignment

Of

GPS and its applications

Submitted in partial fulfillment of

The degree of Master of Science

In Geology

By

NAME – MEVADA SONAL P.

Semester- M.SC. - 2

PAPER 410

Under the supervision of

DR. N. Y. BHATT

Geology Department

M.G. Science Institute

Affiliated to Gujarat University

Navarangpura, Ahmedabad-380009

Gujarat, India.
Content:
I. Introduction
II. Development of GPS
III. Different Navigation Systems
IV. System Description
V. Applications Of GPS
Introduction
Global Positioning System(GPS)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) is a form of Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS).Official name of GPS is NAVigational Satellite
Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR GPS).Global
Positioning System (GPS) is a space based satellite navigation system that
provides location & time information in all weather conditions anywhere on or
near the earth where there is an unobstructed line Of sight (LOS) to four or
more GPS satellites(Three position co-ordinates and clock deviation from
satellite time). GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be
processed in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity
and time. The current system became fully operational June 26, 1993 when the
24th satellite was lunched, with its control with US Department of Defence
(DOD). Accuracy and precision of data increases with more satellites.Only
completely functional one of its kind at this time.Consists of two dozen GPS
satellites in medium Earth orbit (The region of space between 2000km and
35,786 km).Made up of two dozen satellites working in unison are known as a
satellite constellation.This constellation is currently controlled by the United
States Air Force 50th Space Wing.It costs about $750 million to manage and
maintain the system per year.Mainly used for navigation, map-making and
surveying.A GPS receiver calculates its position by [precisely timing the signals
sent by GPS satellite high above the earth. Each satellite constantly sends
message that contains:
1. The time at which the message was transmitted

2. Satellite position at the time of message transmission

Objectives:

The study has been initiated to fulfil the following objectives-

 To analyze the basic concept of GPS.

 To analyze the various applications of GPS

I. Development of GPS :
 Like so many other high-tech developments, GPS is maintained by the
United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS
receiver.
 1973-Decision to development a satellite navigation system for military,
1974-1979 conducted system tests US air force and navy, 1977- first
receiver test was conducted without placing the satellite in the orbit.
 Signal received from pseudo- satellites. The concept started in the late '60s
but the first satellite was launched in February 1978. 1978-85 a total of 11
Block I satellites were launched. 1979 Decision to expand GPS with 18
satellites in space.
 1980-1982 Financial Crisis occurs when the sponsors questioned the
usefulness of the system. 1983- Civilian use of GPS was allowed after soviet
union shot down Korean airplane that get lost over soviet territory.
 1986-GPS Programme suffered a setback due to the accident of challenger,
which was supposed to carry block II satellites to the orbit. Then delta
rockets were used for the purpose.
 1988- Numbers of satellites were increased to 24.
 1989-First Block II satellites were installed and activated and The Magellan
Corp. introduced the first hand-held GPS receiver.
 1990-1991 Temporal deactivation of SA during Gulf War.
 In 1992 GPS was used in “Operation Desert Storm 1993- Initial operation
capability (IOC) was announced and decided worldwide civilian use free of
cost. 1994-Last block II satellites complete the satellite constellation. 1995-
Full operational capability was announced.
 On March 1996, the President decided to make GPS free for civilian users.
2000- Final deactivation of SA to give positional accuracy of 20m from
100m.2005- Launching of the II RM GPS satellite that supports the new
military M signal and the second civil signal L2C.
 GPS project was developed in 1973, to overcome the limitations of previous
navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a
number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.
  The current system became operational on June 26, 1993 when the 24th
satellite was launched. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A.
getting are credited for inventing the GPS.

II. Different Navigation Systems :

Other satellite navigation systems in use or various states of developments are:

NAVSTAR - Navigation Satellite Timing & Ranging GPS, United States‟

global navigation system. Fully operational worldwide.
GLONASS - Global Navigation Satellite System, Russia's global
navigation system. Fully operational worldwide.
GALILEO - On the name of famous Space Scientist GALILEO, A global
system being developed by the European Union and other partner countries,
planned to be fully deployed by 2019.
BEIDOU - People's Republic of China's regional system, currently limited
to Asia and the West Pacific.
COMPASS - People's Republic of China's global system, planned to be
operational by 2020
IRNSS - Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, India's regional
navigation system, covering India and Northern Indian Ocean.
QZSS - Japanese regional system covering Asia and Oceania

III. System Description :

GPS Technology and its application can be conceived by understanding the
three components of GPS. Its three components are:

A. THE SPACE SEGMENT: Consists of satellites and transmitted signals.

B. THE CONTROL SEGMENT: Consists of ground stations (located

around the world) that make sure the satellites are working properly.
 C. THE USER SEGMENT: Consists of receivers, which you can hold in
your hand or mount in your car.

A. The Space Segment :

The Space Segment of the system consists of the GPS satellites. These space
vehicles (SVs) send radio signals from space. The Space Segments - consists of the
group of minimum 24 Satellites & the signals -that are broadcast by them, which
allow user to determine position velocity & time. The basic functions of satellites
are - To receive & store data uploaded by Control Segment. Maintain accurate time
by means of on board ATOMIC CLOCKS & Transmit information & signals to
users on TWO L- band frequencies. Out of 52 constellation of GPS Satellites, the
11 were launched as a experimental satellite in Feb 1978 under so-called `Block
1`Phase, `Block 2` & `Block 2 A` were launched from 1989 onwards. Full
operational capability was declared on 17 July in 1995. Currently 12 of these
satellites are re-designed as the part of `GPS Modernisation Programme.
 Fig: Space Segment

The Special Features Of The Space Segment :

The Operational GPS Constellation consists of minimum 24 satellites, each in
its own orbit, approximately about 20,200 km. above the Earth, in 12 hours
(nearly 11hrs 58 min). There are often more than 24 operational satellites as
new ones are launched to replace older satellites. The satellite orbits repeat
almost the same ground track (as the earth turns beneath them) once each day.
The orbit altitude is such that the satellites repeat the same track and
configuration over any point approximately each 24 hours (4 minutes earlier
each day). There are six orbital planes (with nominally four SVs in each),
equally spaced (60 degrees apart), and inclined at about fifty- five degrees with
respect to the equatorial plane. At any time of the day as many as 12 Satellites
are visible above an observer's horizon, but all of them are not above 15 degree
signals. This constellation provides the user with between five and eight SVs
visible from any point on the earth. Minimum 4 GPS satellites are needed for
determination of ground location with the GPS Receiver. Each satellite has a
very accurate clock, 0.000000003 seconds.Because the GPS receiver calculates
its location by trilateration, he task of the receiver is to determine its distance
from multiple satellites. PDOP is defined as Positional Dilution of Precision &
 that value should be less than 6. This factor is a measure of the quality of
satellite receiver geometry.

The GPS system uses two types of signals to calculate distance.

– Code-phase ranging

– Carrier-phase ranging

• Each satellite has a unique signal.

• It continuously broadcasts its signal and also sends out a time stamp every
time it starts.
• The receiver has a copy of each satellite signal and determines the distance
by recording the time between when the satellite says it starts its signal and
when the signal reaches the receiver.

B. The Control Segment :

Control Segments formerly consists of 5 tracking stations situated at Hawaii,
Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein & the Master Control facility is
located at Schriever Air force Base( Formerly Falcon AFB) in Colorado
Springs. Newly added control stations after 2005 are Washington DC England,
Ecuador, Argentina, Bahrain and Australia.

Monitor Stations:These Monitor stations measure signals from the SVs, which
are incorporated into orbital models for each satellites. Master stations collect
the data about the satellites of this system continuously from the other tracking
stations. Six monitor stations are located at Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado,
Cape Canaveral, Florida, Hawaii, Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean,
Diego Garcia Atoll in the Indian Ocean, and Kwajalein Island in the South
Pacific Ocean. Each of the monitor stations checks the exact altitude, position,
speed, and overall health of the orbiting satellites.

Master Control Station (MCS) process the tracking data for computation of
satellite ephemerides (or co- ordinate) & satellite clock parameters. The Master
control station uploads ephemeris and clock data to the SVs. The SVs then send
subsets of the orbital ephemeris data to GPS receivers over radio signals. The
MCS also monitor the position of satellites at any instant of time, the functional
capacity of the satellites & variation of the navigation data. The computation of
satellite‟s Ephemeris & Clock errors are most important tasks of control
stations, as both variables are important to get high accuracy.
Ground antennas monitor and track the satellites from horizon to horizon.
They also transmit correction information to individual satellites.

C. The User Segment :

The GPS user segment consists of the GPS receivers and the user community.
GPS receivers convert SV signals into position, velocity and time estimates.
Four satellites are required to compute the four dimensions of X, Y, Z
(Position) and Time. GPS receivers are used for navigation, positioning, time
dissemination and other research. Navigation in three dimensions is the primary
function of GPS. Navigation receivers are made for aircraft, ships, and ground
vehicles and for hand carrying by individuals. Precise positioning is possible
using GPS receivers at reference locations providing corrections and relative
positioning, geodetic control and plate tectonic studies are example. Time and
frequency dissemination, based on the precise clocks on board the SVs and
controlled by the monitor stations, is another use for GPS, Astronomical
observatories, telecommunications facilities, and laboratory standards can be set
to precise time signals or controlled to accurate frequencies by special purpose
GPS receivers. Research projects have used GPS signals to measure
atmospheric parameters.
IV. Applications Of GPS :
The United States government created the system, maintains it and makes it
freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.The global positioning system
provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the
world.
A. ROAD TRAFFIC CONGESTION : A navigation device has a GPRS
receiver for receiving real time information about or slow average speed on a
stretch of motorway, indicating congestion. The device calculates a new
itinerary to avoid the congestion, based on historically record speeds on
secondary roads weighed by the current average speed in the congestion area.
B. TECTONICS : GPS enables direct fault motion measurement of
earthquake between earthquake GPS can be used to measure crustal motion
and deformation to estimate seismic strain build up for creating seismic hazard
maps

Fig: Geoscientists use GPS to make precise measurements of

position And ground motion

C. GPS AND TERRORISM : GPS is very important to determine the

location of terrorist attacker‟s. For example, on the Gurudaspur strike, Indian
intelligence agencies had determined that the GPS sets used by the terrorist
were first turned on in Sargodha a home to Pakistan‟s largest airbase-on July
21, 2015, six days before the attack. The set were then programmed with
digital waypoints, which led the attackers the border to their targets in Punjab.
(The Indian Express, October 27, 2015)
D. GPS OF MINING : The use of RTK GPS has significantly improved
several mining operations such as drilling, shovelling, vehicle tracking and
surveying, RTK GPS provides centimetre-level positioning accuracy.
E. GPS AND TOURS : Location determines what content to display, for
instance, information about an approaching point of interest.
F. NAVIGATION : Navigators value digitally precise velocity and
orientation measurements. With the help of GPS roads or paths available,
traffic congestion and alternative routes, roads or paths that might be taken to
get to the destination. If some roads are busy (now or historically) the best
route to take, The location of food, banks, hotels, fuel, airports or other places
of interests, the shortest route between the two locations, the different options
to drive on highway or back roads. G. DISASTER RELIEF : Depend upon
GPS for location and timing capabilities of earthquake, flood wildfires.
H. GPS-EQUI RADIO SONDES AND DROPSONDES : Measure and
calculate the Atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction up to 27 km
from the earth‟s surface.
I. FLEET TRACKING : The use of GPS technology to identify, locate and
maintain contact reports with one or more fleet vehicles in real time.

J. CELLULAR TELEPHONY : Clock synchronization enables time

transfer, which is critical for synchronizing its spreading codes with other base
stations to facilitate inter-cell hand off and support hybrid GPS/ cellular
position detection for nibble emergency calls and other applications.
K. ROBOTICS : Self-navigation, autonomous robots using GPS sensors,
which calculate Latitude, Longitude, Time, speed and heading.
L. SPORT: Used in footballs and rugby for control and analysis of the
training load
M. SURVEYING : Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and
determines property boundaries. The surveying and mapping community was
one of the first to take advantage of GPS because it dramatically increased
productivity and resulted in more accurate and reliable data. Today, GPS is a
vital part of surveying and mapping activities around the world.
N. AUTOMATED VEHICLE : With the help of GPS location and routes for
cars and trucks to function without a human driver.
O. AGRICULTURE : GPS-based applications in precision farming are being
used for farm planning, field
mapping, soil sampling,
tractor guidance, crop scouting,
variable rate applications,
and yield mapping. GPS
allows farmers to work during
low visibility field conditions
such as rain, dust, fog, and
darkness.
P. FISHING AND GPS : Synoptic maps of the main concentrations of
fisherman villages, fishing ports and beach landing points, markets,
processing, freezing and transhipment points, coastal landforms can be studied
with the help of GPS.
Q. OIL LEAK AND GPS : GPS tracking technology is helping with the study by
examining how currents are influence by winds and waves and measuring wind
speed to find out how oil would spread from the
ocean, onto the beach. Many instruments are
being used in the study to gather as much
data as possible. After data is collected,
researchers plan to use 3D pictures of oil
transports and hope to come up with more
information about oil spills, how to mitigate
their damage, and how to protect the environment.
R. ASTRONOMY : Both positional and clock synchronization data is used in
astrometry and celestial mechanics calculations. It is also used in amateur
astronomy using small telescope to professionals observations, for example,
which finding extra solar planets.
S. GPS AND FORESTATION : GPS Technology Makes Tree Planting
More efficient. Deforestation and disappearing wildlife habitats are a big
problem in the modern world. Manufacturing industries use state-of-theart
technologies to produce and sell more paper and wood products, but there is
growing concern over the devastation wrought by their methods of obtaining
materials. The rate with which large, luscious forests are being cut down. The
trees are being removed much more quickly than we can hope to replant, as
trees take many years to grow to their full potential. One solution-orientated
man is leading team, developing ways to replant forests as quickly and
efficiently as possible, using GPS technology.
T. CARTOGRAPHY: Both civilian and military cartographers use GPS
extensively.
References :
- file:///E:/GPS%20pdf%202.pdf

- file:///E:/GPS%20pdf.pdf

- https://www.google.com/search?q