Chapter review 2

1 a QR is the diameter of the circle so the centre, C, is the midpoint of QR

 11 + (−5) 12 + 0 
Midpoint =  ,  = (3, 6)
 2 2 
C(3, 6)

1 1 1
b Radius = of diameter = of QR = of ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
2 2 2
1 2 2
= of (−5 − 11) + (0 − 12)
2
1
= of 400
2
1
= of 20 = 10 units
2

c Circle with centre (3, 6) and radius 10:

(x − 3)2 + (y − 6)2 = 100

d P(13, 6) lies on the circle if P satisfies the equation, so substitute x = 13 and y = 6 into the equation
of the circle:
(13 − 3)2 + (6 − 6)2 = 100 + 0 = 100
Therefore, P lies on the circle.

2 The distance between (0, 0) and (5, –2) is

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )= (5 − 0) + ( −2 − 0 )= 52 + ( −2 )=
2 2 2 2 2
25 + 4
= 29
The radius of the circle is 30.
As 29 < 30 (0, 0) lies inside the circle.

3 a x2 + 3x + y2 + 6y = 3x − 2y − 7
x2 + y2 + 8y = −7
Completing the square gives:
(x − 0)2 + (y + 4)2 − 16 = −7
(x − 0)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9
Centre of the circle is (0, −4) and the radius is 3.

b The circle intersects the y-axis at x = 0

(0 − 0)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9
y2 + 8y + 16 = 9
y2 + 8y + 7 = 0
(y + 1)(y + 7) = 0
y = −1 or y = −7
(0, −1) and (0, −7)
c At the x-axis, y = 0
x2 + 02 + 8(0) = −7
x2 = −7
There are no real solutions, so the circle does not intersect the x-axis.

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4 a The centre of ( x − 8 ) + ( y − 8 ) =
2
117 is (8,8).
Substitute (8, 8) into ( x + 1) + ( y − 3) =
2 2
106
(8 + 1) + (8 − 3)
2 2
= 92 + 52 = 81 + 25 = 106 
So (8, 8) lies on the circle ( x + 1) + ( y − 3) =
2 2
106.

b As Q is the centre of the circle ( x + 1) + ( y − 3) =

2 2
106 and P lies on this circle, the
length PQ must equal the radius.
So PQ = 106

Alternative method: Work out the distance between P(8, 8) and Q(−1, 3) using the distance
formula.

5 a Substitute ( −1, 0 ) into x 2 + y 2 =

1

( −1) + ( 0 )
2 2
=1 + 0 =1 
So ( −1, 0 ) is on the circle.

1 3
Substitute  , 2 2
 into x + y =1
2 2 
2 2
1  3 1 3
  +   = + =1 
 2   2  4 4
1 3
So  ,  is on the circle.
2 2 

1 3
Substitute  , − 2 2
 into x + y =1
2 2 
2 2
1  3 1 3
  +  −  = + = 1 
2  2  4 4
1 3
So  , −  is on the circle.
2 2 

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 1 3
5 b The distance between ( −1, 0 ) and  ,  is
2 2 
2 2
1   3 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 =
)  − ( −1)  + 
2 2
− 0 
2   2 
2 2
1   3
=  + 1  + 
 2   2 
2 2
3  3
=   +  
 2   2 
9 3
= +
4 4
12
=
4
= 3
1 3
The distance between ( −1, 0 ) and  , −  is
2 2 
2 2
1   3 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 =
)  − ( −1)  +  −
2 2
− 0 
2   2 
2 2
1   3
=  + 1  +  − 
 2   2 
2 2
3  3
=   +  − 
 2   2 
9 3
= +
4 4
12
=
4
= 3
1 3 1 3
The distance between  ,  and  , −  is
2 2  2 2 

2 2
1 1  3 3
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )=
2 2
 −  +  − − 
2 2  2 2 

( )
2
= 02 + − 3

= 0+3
= 3
So AB, BC and AC all equal 3. ∆ABC is equilateral.

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6 a (x − k)2 + (y − 3k)2 = 13, (3, 0)
Substitute x = 3 and y = 0 into the equation of the circle.
(3 − k)2 + (0 − 3k)2 = 13
9 − 6k + k2 + 9k2 − 13 = 0
10k2 − 6k − 4 = 0
5k2 − 3k − 2 = 0
(5k + 2)(k − 1) = 0
2
k = − or k = 1
5

b As k > 0, k = 1
Equation of the circle is (x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 13

7 x2 + px + y2 + 4y = 20, y = 3x − 9
Substitute y = 3x − 9 into the equation x2 + px + y2 + 4y = 20
x2 + px + (3x − 9)2 + 4(3x − 9) = 20
x2 + px + 9x2 − 54x + 81 + 12x − 36 − 20 = 0
10x2 + (p − 42)x + 25 = 0
There are no solutions, so using the discriminant b2 − 4ac < 0:
( p − 42) 2 − 4 (10 )( 25 ) < 0 
( p − 42) 2 < 1000
p − 42 < ± 1000
p < 42 ± 1000
p < 42 ± 10 10
42 −10 10 < p < 42 + 10 10

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8 Substitute x = 0 into y = 2x – 8
y = 2(0) – 8
y = –8

Substitute y = 0 into y = 2x – 8
0 = 2x – 8
2x = 8
x=4

The line meets the coordinate axes at ( 0, −8 ) and ( 4, 0 ) .

The coordinates of the centre of the circle are at the midpoint:

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2   0 + 4 −8 + 0   4 −8 
 , =  , =  , =  ( 2, −4 )
 2 2   2 2  2 2 
The length of the diameter is
+ ( 0 − ( −8 ) ) =
2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) = ( 4 − 0)
2 2 2
4 2 + 82 = 80 = 16 × 5 = 4 5

4 5
So the length of the radius is = 2 5.
2
The centre of the circle is ( 2, −4 ) and the radius is 2 5.
The equation of the circle is
( x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 ) =
2 2
r2

( )
2
( x − 2 ) + ( y − ( −4 ) )
2 2
=2 5

( x − 2) + ( y + 4)
2 2
20
=

9 a The radius is
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) = (8 − 4 ) + (10 − 0 ) =
2 2 2 2
42 + 102 = 16 + 100 =116 = 2 29

The centre is on the perpendicular bisector of ( 4, 0 ) and ( a, 0.) So

4+a
=8
2
4+a = 16
a = 12

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 Substitute y = 0 into ( x − 5 ) + y =
22
10 36
( x − 5)
2
36
=
x − 5 = 36
x − 5 =±6
So x − 5 = 6 ⇒ x = 11
and x − 5 =−6 ⇒ x =−1
The coordinates of P and Q are ( −1, 0 ) and (11, 0 ) .

Substitute x = 0 into ( x + 4 ) + ( y − 7 ) =
2 2
11 121
42 + ( y − 7 ) =
2
121
16 + ( y − 7 ) =
2
121
( y − 7)
2
105
=
y − 7 =± 105
So y= 7 ± 105

The values of m and n are 7 + 105 and 7 − 105.

12 a (x + 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 125, A(a, 0), B(0, b)

At A(a, 0): (a + 5)2 + (0 + 2)2 = 125

a2 + 10a + 25 + 4 − 125 = 0
a2 + 10a − 96 = 0
(a + 16)(a − 6) = 0
As a > 0, a = 6

At B(0, b): (0 + 5)2 + (b + 2)2 = 125

25 + b2 + 4b + 4 − 125 = 0
b2 + 4b − 96 = 0
(b + 12)(b − 8) = 0
As b > 0, b = 8
So a = 6, b = 8

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12 b A(6, 0), B(0, 8)
y2 − y1 8−0 4
gradient = = =−
x2 − x1 0−6 3
y-intercept = 8
4
Equation of the line AB is y = − x + 8
3

1
c Area of triangle OAB = × 6 × 8 = 24 units2
2

13 a By symmetry p = 0.

Using Pythagoras’ theorem

q 2 + 72 =
252
q 2 + 49 =
625
q 2 = 576
q = ± 576
q = ±24
As q > 0, q = 24.

b The circle meets the y-axis at q ± r ; i.e.

at 24 + 25 =49
and 24 − 25 =−1
So the coordinates are (0, 49) and (0, –1).

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14 The gradient of the line joining ( −3, −7 ) and ( 5,1) is
y2 − y1 1 − ( −7 ) 1 + 7 8
= = = = 1
x2 − x1 5 − ( −3) 5 + 3 8
1
So the gradient of the tangent is − −1.
=
(1)
The equation of the tangent is
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
y − ( −7 ) =−1( x − ( −3) )
y + 7 =−1( x + 3)
y + 7 =− x − 3
y =− x − 10 or x + y + 10 =0

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15

Let the coordinates of C be (p, q).

(2, –1) is the mid-point of (3, 7) and (p, q)

3+ p 7+q
So = 2 and = −1
2 2
3+ p
=2
2
3+ p = 4
p =1
7+q
= −1
2
7 + q =−2
q = −9

So the coordinates of C are (1, –9).

The length of AB is
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) = ( −5 − 3) + (3 − 7) = ( −8 ) + ( −4 ) =
2 2 2 2 2 2
64 + 16 = 80

The length of BC is
+ ( 3 − ( −9 ) ) =
2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) = ( −5 − 1) ( −6 ) + (12 ) =
2 2 2 2 2
36 + 144 = 180

The area of ∆ABC is

1 1 1 1 1
=180 80 = 14400 144
= × 100 144 × 100 = × 12 × 10 = 60
2 2 2 2 2

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16 (x − 6)2 + (y − 5)2 = 17
Centre of the circle is (6, 5).

Equation of the line touching the circle is y = mx + 12

Substitute the equation of the line into the equation of the circle:
(x − 6)2 + (mx + 7)2 = 17
2 2 2
x − 12x + 36 + m x + 14mx + 49 − 17 = 0
(1 + m2)x2 + (14m − 12)x + 68 = 0

There is one solution so using the discriminant b2 − 4ac = 0:

(14m − 12)2 − 4(1 + m2)(68) = 0
196m − 336m + 144 − 272m2 − 272 = 0
2

76m2 + 336m + 128 = 0

19m2 + 84m + 32 = 0
(19m + 8)(m + 4) = 0
8
m= − or m = −4
19
8
y = − x + 12 and y = −4x + 12
19

y2 − y1 1 − 7
17 a Gradient of AB = = = −3
x2 − x1 5−3
 3 + 5 7 +1
Midpoint of AB =  ,  = (4, 4)
 2 2 
M(4, 4)
1
Line l is perpendicular to AB, so gradient of line l =
3
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
y − 4 = (x − 4)
3
1 8
y= x+
3 3

b C(−2, c)
1 8
y = (−2) + =2
3 3
C(−2, 2)
Radius of the circle = distance CA
( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 = (−2 − 3) 2 + (2 − 7) 2 =
= 50
Equation of the circle is (x + 2)2 + (y − 2)2 = 50

c Base of triangle = distance AB = (5 − 3) 2 + (1 − 7) 2 = 40

2 2
Height of triangle = distance CM = (4 + 2) + (4 − 2) = 40
1
Area of triangle ABC = × 40 × 40 = 20 units2
2

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18 a (x − 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 52
3
The equations of the lines l1 and l2 are y = x+c
2
2
Diameter of the circle that touches l1 and l2 has gradient − and passes through the
3
centre of the circle (3, −3)
2
y= − x+d
3
2
−3 = − (3) + d
3
d = −1
2
y = − x − 1 is the equation of the diameter that touches l1 and l2.
3
Solve the equation of the diameter and circle simultaneously:
2
(x − 3)2 + ( − x + 2)2 = 52
3
4 8
x2 − 6x + 9 + x2 − x + 4 − 52 = 0
9 3
13 2 26
x − x − 39 = 0
9 3
13x2 − 78x − 351 = 0
x2 − 6x − 27 = 0
(x − 9)(x + 3) = 0
x = 9 or x = −3

2
When x = 9, y = − (9) − 1 = −7
3
2
When x = −3, y = − (−3) − 1 = 1
3
(9, −7) and (−3, 1) are the coordinates where the diameter touches lines l1 and l2.
P(9, −7) and Q(−3, 1)

3
b The equations of the lines l1 and l2 are y = x+c
2
l1 touches the circle at (−3, 1):
3 11 3 11
1 = (−3) + c, c = , so y = x +
2 2 2 2

l2 touches the circle at (9, −7):

3 41 3 41
−7 = (9) + c, c = − , so y = x − `
2 2 2 2

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19 a x2 + 6x + y2 − 2y = 7
Equation of the lines are y = mx + 6

Substitute y = mx + 6 into the equation of the circle:

x2 + 6x + (mx + 6)2 − 2(mx + 6) = 7
2 2 2
x + 6x + m x + 12mx + 36 − 2mx − 12 − 7 = 0
(1 + m2)x2 + (6 + 10m)x + 17 = 0
There is one solution so using the discriminant b2 − 4ac = 0:
(6 + 10m)2 − 4(1 + m2)(17) = 0
100m2 + 120m + 36 − 68m2 − 68 = 0
32m2 + 120m − 32 = 0
4m2 + 15m − 4 = 0
(4m − 1)(m + 4) = 0
1
m= or m = −4
4
1
y = x + 6 and y = −4x + 6
4

1
b The gradient of l1 = and the gradient of l2 = −4, so the two lines are perpendicular,
4
Therefore, APRQ is a square.
x2 + 6x + y2 − 2y = 7
Completing the square:
(x + 3)2 − 9 + (y − 1)2 − 1 = 7
(x + 3)2 + (y − 1)2 = 17
Radius = 17
Let point P have the coordinates (x, y)
Using Pythagoras' theorem:
l2: (0 − x)2 + (6 − y)2 = 17
2
1  1 
Using the equation for l2, y = x + 6, (0 − x) 2 +  6 −  x + 6   = 17
4  4 
1
x2 + x2 = 17
16
17 2
x = 17
16
x 2 = 16
x = ±4
1
From the diagram we know that x is negative, so x = −4, y = (−4) + 6 = 5
4
P(−4, 5)
Now let point Q have the coordinates (x, y).
Using the equation for l1, y = −4x + 6, (0 − x)2 + (6 − (−4x + 6))2 = 17
x 2 + 16 x 2 =
17
17 x 2 = 17
x2 = 1
x = ±1
From the diagram x is positive, so x = 1, y = −4(1) + 6 = 2
Q(1, 2)

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19 c Area of the square = radius2 = 17 units2

20 a Equation of the circle: (x − 6)2 + (y − 9)2 = 50

Equation of l1: y = −x + 21

Substitute the equation of the line into the equation of the circle:
(x − 6)2 + (−x + 12)2 = 50
x2 − 12x + 36 + x2 − 24x + 144 − 50 = 0
2x2 − 36x + 130 = 0
x2 − 18x + 65 = 0
(x − 13)(x − 5) = 0
x = 13 or x = 5
When x = 13, y = −13 + 21 = 8
When x = 5, y = −5 + 21 = 16
P(5, 16) and Q(13, 8)

y2 − y1 9 − 16
20 b The gradient of the line AP = = = −7
x2 − x1 6−5
1
So the gradient of the line perpendicular to AP, l2, is .
7
The equation of the perpendicular line is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
m= and ( x1 , y1 ) = P(5, 16)
7
1
So y − 16 = (x − 5)
7
1 107
y= x+
7 7
y2 − y1 9−8 1
The gradient of the line AQ = = =−
x2 − x1 6 − 13 7
So the gradient of the line perpendicular to AQ, l3, is 7.
The equation of the perpendicular line is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
m = 7 and ( x1 , y1 ) = Q(13, 8)
So y − 8 = 7(x − 13)
y = 7x − 83
1 107
l2 : y = x + and l3: y = 7x – 83
7 7

y2 − y1 8 − 16
c The gradient of the line PQ = = = −1
x2 − x1 13 − 5
So the gradient of the line perpendicular to PQ, l4, is 1.
The equation of the perpendicular line is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
m = 1 and ( x1 , y1 ) = A(6, 9)
So y − 9 = 1(x − 6)
l4 : y = x + 3

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 1 107
20 d l2: y = x+ , l3: y = 7x − 83 and l4: y = x + 3
7 7
Solve these equations simultaneously one pair at a time:
1 107
l2 and l3: x + = 7x − 83
7 7
x + 107 = 49x − 581
48x = 688
43  43  52
x= , so y = 7   − 83 =
3  3  3
 43 52 
l2 and l3 intersect at  , .
 3 3
l3 and l4: 7x − 83 = x + 3
6x = 86
43 43 52
x= , so y = +3=
3 3 3
 43 52 
Therefore all three lines intersect at R  , 
 3 3

1
e Area of kite APRQ = × AR × PQ
2
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 = (13 − 5) 2 + (8 − 16) 2 = 128 = 8 2
1250 25 2
( ) ( )
43 2 52 2 2 2
AR = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 = −6 + −9 =
 25 
  +  253  = =
3 3  3 
9 3
1 25 2 200
Area = × ×8 2 =
2 3 3

21 a y = –3x + 12

Substitute x = 0 into y = –3x + 12

−3 ( 0 ) + 12 =
y= 12
So A is (0, 12)

Substitute y = 0 into y = –3x + 12

0= −3x + 12
3x = 12
x=4
So B is (4, 0).

b The mid-point of AB is
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2   0 + 4 12 + 0 
 = ,  = ,  ( 2, 6 )
 2 2   2 2 

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21 c

∠AOB = 90°, so AB is a diameter of the circle.

The centre of the circle is the mid-point of AB, i.e. (2, 6).
The length of the diameter AB is
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )= ( 4 − 0) + ( 0 − 12 )= 42 + ( −12 )=
2 2 2 2 2
16 + 144
= 160

160
So the radius of the circle is .
2
The equation of the circle is
2
 160 
( x − 2) + ( y − 6)
2 2
=
 
 2 
160
( x − 2) + ( y − 6)
2 2
=
4
( x − 2) + ( y − 6)
2 2
40
=

22 a A(−3, −2), B(−6, 0) and C(1, q)

AB = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 = (−6 + 3) 2 + (0 + 2) 2 = 13

Diameter = BC = (1 + 6) 2 + (q − 0) 2 = 49 + q 2

AC = (1 + 3) 2 + (q + 2) 2 = 16 + q 2 + 4q + 4 = q 2 + 4q + 20

Using Pythagoras' theorem AC2 + AB2 = BC2:

(q2 + 4q + 20) + 13 = 49 + q2
4q − 16 = 0
q=4

b The centre of the circle is the midpoint of B(−6, 0) and C(1, 4)

 −6 + 1 0 + 4   5 
Midpoint BC =  ,  =  − ,2
 2 2   2 
1 65
The radius is half of BC = of 49 + q 2 = 1 of 49 + 42 =
1
of 65 =
2 2 2 2
2 2
 5  65 
Equation of the circle is  x +  + ( y − 2 ) =
2
 
 2  2 
2
 5 65
 x +  + ( y − 2) =
2

 2 4

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23 a R(−4, 3), S(7, 4) and T(8, −7)

RT = (8 + 4) 2 + (−7 − 3) 2 = 244

RS = (7 + 4) 2 + (4 − 3) 2 = 122

ST = (8 − 7) 2 + (−7 − 4) 2 = 122

Using Pythagoras' theorem, ST2 + RS2 = 122 + 122 = 244 = RT2, therefore, RT is the
diameter of the circle.

b The radius of the circle is

1 1 1 1 1
× diameter = 244 = 4 × 61 = 4 × 61 = × 2 61 = 61
2 2 2 2 2

The centre of the circle is the mid-point of RT:

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2   −4 + 8 3 + ( −7 )   4 −4 
 , =  , =  , =  ( 2, −2 )
 2 2   2 2  2 2 

So the equation of the circle is

( 61) or ( x − 2) + (=
2
( x − 2 ) + (=
y + 2) y + 2)
2 2 2 2
61

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24 A(−4, 0), B(4, 8) and C(6, 0)
y2 − y1 8−0
The gradient of the line AB = = =1
x2 − x1 4+4
So the gradient of the line perpendicular to AB, is −1.
 −4 + 4 0 + 8 
Midpoint of AB =  ,  = (0, 4)
 2 2 
The equation of the perpendicular line through the midpoint of AB is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
m = −1 and ( x1 , y1 ) = (0, 4)
So y − 4 = −(x – 0)
y = −x + 4
y2 − y1 0−8
The gradient of the line BC = = = −4
x2 − x1 6−4
1
So the gradient of the line perpendicular to BC, is .
4
 4+6 8+0
Midpoint of BC =  ,  = (5, 4)
 2 2 
The equation of the perpendicular line through the midpoint of BC is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
1
m= and ( x1 , y1 ) = (5, 4)
4
1
So y − 4 = (x − 5)
4
1 11
y= x+
4 4
Solving these two equations simultaneously will give the centre of the circle:
1 11
− x + 4= x+
4 4
−4 x + 16 =x + 11
5x = 5
x = 1, so y = −1 + 4 = 3
The centre of the circle is (1, 3).

The radius is the distance from the centre of the circle (1, 3) to a point on the circumference C(6,
0):

Radius = (6 − 1) 2 + (0 − 3) 2 = 34

The equation of the circle is (x − 1)2 + (y − 3)2 = 34

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25 a i A(−7, 7) and B(1, 9)
y2 − y1 9−7 1
The gradient of the line AB = = =
x2 − x1 1+ 7 4
So the gradient of the line perpendicular to AB, is −4.
 −7 + 1 7 + 9 
Midpoint of AB =  ,  = (−3, 8)
 2 2 
The equation of the perpendicular line is
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
m = −4 and ( x1 , y1 ) = (−3, 8)
So y − 8 = −4(x + 3)
y = −4x – 4

ii C(3, 1) and D(−7, 1)

The line CD is y = 1
 3 − 7 1+1 
Midpoint of CD =  ,  = (−2, 1)
 2 2 
The equation of the perpendicular line is x = −2

b The two perpendicular bisectors cross at the centre of the circle

Solve y = −4x − 4 and x = −2 simultaneously:
y = −4(−2) − 4 = 4
The centre of the circle = (−2, 4)
The radius is the distance from the centre of the circle (−2, 4) to a point on the
circumference C(3, 1):
2 2
Radius = (3 + 2) + (1 − 4) = 34
The equation of the circle is (x + 2)2 + (y − 4)2 = 34

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Challenge

a Solve (x − 5)2 + (y − 3)2 = 20 and (x − 10)2 + (y − 8)2 = 10 simultaneously:

x2 − 10x + 25 + y2 − 6y + 9 = 20 and x2 − 20x + 100 + y2 − 16y + 64 = 10
x2 − 10x + y2 − 6y + 14 = 0 and x2 − 20x + y2 − 16y + 154 = 0
x2 − 10x + y2 − 6y + 14 = x2 − 20x + y2 − 16y + 154
−10x − 6y + 14 = −20x − 16y + 154
10x + 10y = 140
x + y = 14
x + y – 14 = 0

b Solve (x − 5)2 + (y − 3)2 = 20 and x + y = 14 simultaneously:

(9 − y)2 + (y − 3)2 = 20
81 − 18y + y2 + y2 − 6y + 9 = 20
2y2 − 24y + 70 = 0
y2 − 12y + 35 = 0
(y − 5)(y − 7) = 0
y = 5 or y = 7

When y = 5, x = 14 − 5 = 9
When y = 7, x = 14 − 7 = 7

P(7, 7) and Q(9, 5)

1
c Area of kite APBQ = × PQ × AB
2
PQ = (9 − 7) 2 + (5 − 7) 2 = 8

A(5, 3) and B(10, 8)

AB = (10 − 5) 2 + (8 − 3) 2 = 50

1 1
Area = × 8 × 50 = × 400 = 10 units2
2 2

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