Faculty of engineering - Shoubra

Benha University
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 Benha University
Faculty of Engineering -
Shoubra
Academic year 2019-2020

Research objective

The objective of this research is to study the different types of truss and the
applications in which they are used
And the application of an example of who we studied on the truss.

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Abstract
 Table of contents
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Subject / section Page

 Benha University
Faculty of Engineering -
Shoubra
Academic year 2019-2020

List of Figures (If any)

Figure I.D Description Page

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 List of Tables (If any)

Table I.D Description Page

 Introduction
Trusses are the key engineering feature in the emerging civil engineering contest.
Indeed, long span structures with light weight is the main reason for the increase in the
demand of trusses in the construction industry. Since from the usage of steel as a
construction material, due to its higher strength with lower mass, trusses took a major
role in the civil structures together with the advancement of steel industry. Over the
past years and even for now considering aesthetic feature these trusses are made with
the timber planks as well. Roof trusses, bridges, electricity and telecom towers and
even the structural frames are making use of these trusses as their integral structural
forms.

Trusses are defined as structures composed of slender bars connected to each other
through pins at their end points. In practice, joints do not have to be pinned: we can
assume a joint behaves as if it was pinned as long as all the bars passing through a
joint intersect at a single point. For example, figure (1) shows a real truss bridge. Its
members are joined together through metallic plates and bolts. Since all members
intersect at a single point for every joint, we can idealize the structure of the bridge for
purposes of analysis. Figure (2) shows the idealized bridge, where the light blue joints
represent frictionless pins.

Fig (1) real truss bridge Fig (2) idealized bridge

 There are several types of truss structure as:

 Pratt Truss
 Warren Truss
 K Truss
 Howe Truss
 Literature
Review

A truss is a structure that takes advantage of the inherent geometric stability of the
triangle to evenly distribute weight and to handle changing tension and compression.
The truss uses a web of triangles that are joined so that pressure and tension are
applied to the points of the corners of each triangle to take advantage of their stability
to support a structure. By connecting a series of trusses together, an enormous amount
of weight can be safely transferred to load-bearing beams, walls, or to the ground
directly. In the diagram, the triangles used in the bridge are built to deal with lateral
wind. The uneven force that the bridge takes from wind is then safely distributed by
the stability of the truss design.
Beyond the use of triangular forms to give the truss stability, there is no specific
design that determines the look of a truss. The design of a truss is truly determined by
how and what the truss is used for. If the truss is used in buildings or towers, then the
truss is designed to deal with shifting stresses that building may face, from wind and
weather, or to carry weight evenly and safely to the foundation.
There are several types of truss like:
 Pratt Truss
A Pratt Truss has been used over the past two centuries as an effective truss method.
The vertical members are in compression, whilst the diagonal members are in tension.
This simplifies and produces a more efficient design since the steel in the diagonal
members (in tension) can be reduced. This has a few effects – it reduces the cost of the
structure due to more efficient members, reduces the self-weight and eases the
constructability of the structure. This type of truss is most appropriate for horizontal
spans, where the force is predominantly in the vertical direction
  Application

 When a cost-effective design is

required
 When a mix of loads are applied
 When a simple structure is required

Fig 3 Pratt truss

 Warren Truss:

The Warren Truss is another very popular truss structure system and is easily
identified by its construction from equilateral triangles. One of the main advantages of
a Warren Truss is its ability to spread the load evenly across a number of different
members; this is however generally for cases when the structure is undergoing a
spanned load (a distributed load). Its main advantage is also the cause of its
disadvantage – the truss structure will undergo concentrated force under a point load.
Under these concentrated load scenarios, the
structure is not as good at distributing the load
evenly across its members. Therefore the
Warren truss type is more advantageous for
spanned loads, but not suitable where the load
is concentrated at a single point or node.
FIG 4 Warren Truss

 Applications:

 Long span structures

 Where an evenly distributed load is to be supported
  Where a simple structure is required

 K Truss:

The K Truss is a slightly more complicated version of the Pratt Truss. Its main
difference is that the vertical members have become shortened – improving its
resistance against buckling. It does, however, have similar pros and cons to the
Pratt Truss and although it is not widely used, it is a strong design. One of its main
disadvantages is that the members don’t always behave as expected. A member
may be in compression under one load scenario and in tension under another. This
can mean the structure may not be able to be optimally designed – since

Fig (4) K Truss

 Howe Truss

Howe trusses are essentially the opposite of Pratt trusses in terms of geometry. In fact,
looking at a Pratt truss upside-down will visualize a Howe truss of sorts. The entire
structure is still relatively the same, but the diagonal braces are now occupying the
opposite or the unoccupied joints. This switch in position of the diagonal members has
a very important effect
structurally.

Fig (5) Howe Truss

 Benha University
Faculty of Engineering -
Shoubra
Academic year 2019-2020

Results and
discussion
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comment on the significance of key results, with the expectation that more
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• explains what your results mean;
• interprets your results in a wider context; indicates which results were expected
or unexpected;
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 Conclusions
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been achieved.
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Between 70 – 100 words

 References
Includes a list of references that helped you in your research

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Knowledge Bank, EKB.
 Layout and formatting

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