VECTOR CALCULUS

BEKG 2443
DR. RAHIFA BINTI RANOM
 FUNCTIONS---THE BIG PICTURE

A set of inputs A set of outputs

(domain!) (range!)

A “rule” that takes any input and yields an output

 SCALAR FIELDS

A scalar field is one whose output values are real numbers

f :R  R
 SCALAR FIELDS IN
HIGHER DIMENSIONS
 VECTOR FIELDS

• Functions in which the inputs are real numbers of vectors and

the outputs are also vectors are called “vector fields.”

f :R  R n m

• We will still concentrate on vectors with 2 or 3 coordinates to

make these things easier to picture. But really we can work in
any dimension.
 VECTOR FIELDS

A vector field is one whose output values are vectors.

f : R2  R2
 VECTOR FIELDS

A vector field is one whose output values are vectors.

Direction field---if we care only about

f : R2  R2 direction and not magnitude
 VECTOR (MAGNITUDE, DIRECTION)
AT EVERY POINT IN SPACE

Example: Velocity vector field - jet stream

DEFINITION – VECTOR FIELD
DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY
 LINE INTEGRALS – THE IDEA

• The line integral is a single integral over a curve in three dimension

al space can be interpreted as the area under a curve in space.
• An important application of line integrals is the computation of the
work done as a variable force moves along an arbitrary path.

The idea of line integral

 Integrate over a curve (instead of integrating over an interval [a,
b])
 Involve scalar fields or vector fields
 Solve problems involving fluid flow, forces, electricity and magnet
ism.
DEFINITION 1
 EXAMPLE

Evaluate 𝐶 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐶 is the right half of the circle, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16

traced out in a counter clockwise direction.

We first need a parameterization of the circle. This is given by,

𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑡 , 𝑥 = 4 cos 𝑡.
𝜋 𝜋
The range of the right half of the circle is − ≤ 𝑡 ≤ .
2 2
Now, let’s compute ds
𝑑𝑠 = 4 sin 𝑡 ′2 + 4 cos 𝑡 ′2 𝑑𝑡 = 4 cos 𝑡 2 + −4 sin 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
= 16(cos 2 𝑡 + sin2 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 4𝑑𝑡
The line integral is then
𝜋
2

𝑥𝑦 4 𝑑𝑠 = 4 cos 𝑡 4 sin 𝑡 4 4 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝜋
−
2
𝜋
= 4096 2
𝜋 cos 𝑡 sin4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Substitution: let 𝑢 = sin 𝑡
−
2
𝜋
4096 5 2 8192
= sin 𝑡 𝜋 =
5 − 5
2
DEFINITION II(A)
 EXAMPLE

Evaluate 𝐶
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 over the circular arc 𝐶 given by 𝑥 =
𝜋
cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ .
2 𝜋
2
𝑑
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡) (cos 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
𝜋
2 𝜋
1 2 1
=− sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − sin3 𝑡 =−
3 0 3
0

𝜋
2
𝑑
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = (cos 2 𝑡 + sin2 𝑡) (sin 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
𝜋
2
𝜋
2
= cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = sin 𝑡 0 =1
0

𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
1 8
= − + 3(1) =
3 3
 DEFINITION II(B)

The definition of line integrals with smooth curve 𝐶 can be extended to curves
formed by finitely many smooth curves, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛 joined end to end. For
examples;

Thus, a line integral over a piecewise curve C to be the sum integrals over the
pieces;
𝐶
= 𝐶1
+ 𝐶2
+⋯+ 𝐶𝑛
.
 EXAMPLE
Let 𝐶 consists of a quarter-circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 from (2,0) to (0,2) and the line
segment from (0,2) to (0,0). Evaluate the line integral

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦.
𝐶
𝜋
Along 𝐶1 : 𝑥 = 4 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2 .
So 𝑑𝑥 = −4 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
𝜋
2

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑡 −4 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 8 sin 𝑡(4 cos 𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝐶 0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2

= 16 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 8 sin 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0 0
𝜋
2
= 4 − cos 2𝑡 0 =0

Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
So 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑡.

2 2
𝑡2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 − 2 2 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −2 2𝑡 − = −2 2 = −4
2 0
𝐶 0

Consequently,
𝐶
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶1
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 − 4 = −4.
DEFINITION III
 EXAMPLE
Find the work done by a force
𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝐢 + 𝑥𝑦𝐣 + 2𝑥𝑧 𝐤
where C is the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 2 − 1 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1 .

Given 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝐢 + 𝑥𝑦𝐣 + 2𝑥𝑧 𝐤 and 𝑑𝐫 = 𝑑𝑥𝐢 + 𝑑𝑦𝐣 + 𝑑𝑧𝐤,

then we have
𝑭 ⋅ d𝐫 = 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧.
The derivatives of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 give
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡.
Therefore the required work done is

𝑊= 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝐫 = 𝑦 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝑪
1

= 2𝑡 − 2 𝑡 2 − 1 + 2𝑡 2 2 + 2𝑡 𝑡 2 − 1 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝟐

= 4𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 2 𝑑𝑡
0
1
𝑡5 𝑡3 2 47
= 4 −2 + 𝑡 + 2𝑡 = 15 .
5 3 0
EXERCISES
 EXERCISES

•
 GREEN’S THEOREM

Note: 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.

This method allows us to evaluate either a line integral
around a closed path 𝐶 or a double integral over the
area enclosed.
 EXAMPLE

Evaluate by using Green’s theorem

𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦,
𝐶
2 2
where 𝐶 is the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4.

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥
The integral is
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = −2 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝑅 𝑅
= −2 × the area of 𝑅 = −2 𝜋(22 ) = −8𝜋
Note: the area of a circle radius 𝑎 = 𝜋𝑎2 .
 EXAMPLE

Evaluate 𝐶 (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 over the triangle formed by the lines 𝑦 =

0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑥,
(a) directly
(b) using Green’s theorem
(a) directly (without using Green’s theorem)
Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. Then 𝑑𝑦 = 0, hence
1
1
(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 0 = 1.
𝐶 0
Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2. Then 𝑑𝑥 = 0, hence
2
2
(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 0 = 2.
𝐶 0
Along 𝐶3 : 𝑦 = 2𝑥 while x varies between x=1 to x-=0. Then 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥,
hence
1

(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = − 2𝑥 3 + 1 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐶 0
4 1
𝑥 2 13
=− + 𝑥 + 𝑥3 =− .
2 3 0
6
Finally
Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 1, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2. Then 𝑑𝑥 = 0, hence
13 5
(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + 2 − = .
6 6
𝐶
(a) Using Green’s theorem
We have 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1, 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
The integral becomes

𝜕 2 𝜕 2
(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦+1 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶 𝑅
1 2𝑥

= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
2𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 0
0
1

= 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0
1
4 3 𝑥4 5
= 𝑥 − = .
3 2 0
6
 EXERCISES