Scribd
Upload
70 views5 pages

Biological Classification: Balik Tanaw Sa IS 1

This document discusses the history and development of biological classification. It describes early classification schemes developed by Aristotle and Carolus Linnaeus, who established the system of binomial nomenclature using Latin names. Later, Robert Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification system distinguishing bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Modern classification is informed by evidence from fossil records, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and biochemical/molecular studies. DNA sequencing now provides the most accurate information about evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Uploaded by

Krish D.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
70 views5 pages

Biological Classification: Balik Tanaw Sa IS 1

This document discusses the history and development of biological classification. It describes early classification schemes developed by Aristotle and Carolus Linnaeus, who established the system of binomial nomenclature using Latin names. Later, Robert Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification system distinguishing bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. Modern classification is informed by evidence from fossil records, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and biochemical/molecular studies. DNA sequencing now provides the most accurate information about evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Uploaded by

Krish D.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

8/30/2018

Balik Tanaw sa IS 1

BIOLOGICAL  Classification is
integral to science.
CLASSIFICATION  Commonalities and
similarities
Exploring Life’s Diversity  Based on
observation

History of Biological
Classification

Systematics, Phylogeny, and


Aristotle
Taxonomy
 Systematics is the scientific study of biological  Made the first classification
diversity. scheme of living things
 Plants and animals (not
 Phylogeny is the science that explores the
zombies…)
evolutionary relationships among organisms and
 Plants (trees, shrubs, herbs)
seeks to reconstruct evolutionary history.
 Animals (with blood,
 Taxonomy is the science of naming organisms. bloodless)
 Animals (crawling, flying,
walking)

1
8/30/2018

What’s the problem with common


Carolus Linnaeus
names?
 Also known as Carl von Linne  Tagalog: patola
 Swedish physician and  English: loofah
botanist  Cebuano: tabobog
 Systema Naturae  Ilocano: kabatiti
 Devised the basis of today’s  Japanese: tokado hechima
scheme for biological  Chinese: jiao gua
classification
 Indonesian: petola
 Father of Taxonomy

Common names
create confusion.

Binomial Nomenclature Examples


 Naming system developed
by Carolus Linnaeus
 Two-name system (genus
and species)
 Latin language (why not
Japanese?)

Adelfa Ilang-ilang Sampaguita


Nerium indicum Cananga odorata Jasminum sambac
Luffa acutangula

Linnaean System of Classification


 Binomial nomenclature
 Placement of organisms into
meaningful groups
(hierarchical)
 Scientific name
 Hierarchy of biological
classification

2
8/30/2018

Robert Whittaker Five Kingdom Scheme


 American plant ecologist
 Five-kingdom scheme
 Cell structure and biology
 Important intellectual
development in biology
after post-World War II

Are You Sleeping? Five-Kingdom Song

Are you sleeping? Are you sleeping? Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Monera,
Brother John? Brother John? Bacteria, bacteria
Plasmodium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Euglena
Morning bells are ringing. Morning bells are
ringing. Are protists, are protists.

Ding! Dong! Ding! Ding! Dong! Ding!


Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Fungi,
Are breadmolds and mushrooms,
Plantae, Animalia, Plantae, Animalia
Five kingdoms, five kingdoms.

Three-Domain System

“Nothing in biology makes


sense except in the light of
evolution.”
Theodosius Dobzhansky
One of the founders of evolutionary biology  Evolution from the five-kingdom scheme
 Continuous reevaluation of classification schemes
 DNA sequencing and more detailed study of cellular structures

3
8/30/2018

For easy recall…

Levels of
Biological
Classification Distinguished King Philip
came over for good
spaghetti.

Pieces of Evidence

What pieces of evidence were used to


Comparative anatomy
arrive with the accepted scheme for Fossil records

biological classification?

Comparative embryology Biochemical and molecular studies

Fossil Records Comparative Anatomy


 Remains of previously
existing life
 Radioactive dating
 Placement of organisms in
time sequence
 The least accurate among the
pieces of evidence

 Comparison of organismic structures


 Determined by its genes and developmental processes
 Homology and analogy

4
8/30/2018

Homologous Structures Analogous Structures

 Similar function,
different structure
 Does not show direct
lineage or
evolutionary
relationship

 Similar structure, different function


 Show direct lineage or evolutionary relationship

Comparative Embryology Biochemical and molecular studies

 Comparison of life cycles, developmental stages (specifically  Detailed analysis of hereditary information (DNA sequences)
larval stages)
 The more identical the sequences, the more related
 Gives clue about evolutionary history (e.g. birds and reptiles)  Most accurate among the pieces of evidence

You might also like