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Technical College of Engineering Department of Petrochemical Course: Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent Liquids (The Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) D445

This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum product at different temperatures. The objective and introduction provide background on viscosity. The apparatus, procedure, calculations and discussion sections outline how the flow time of a sample in a viscometer is used to calculate kinematic viscosity based on the viscometer constant. Questions are answered about measuring viscosity and the relationship between temperature and viscosity. References are also included.

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soran najeb
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81 views

Technical College of Engineering Department of Petrochemical Course: Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent Liquids (The Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) D445

This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum product at different temperatures. The objective and introduction provide background on viscosity. The apparatus, procedure, calculations and discussion sections outline how the flow time of a sample in a viscometer is used to calculate kinematic viscosity based on the viscometer constant. Questions are answered about measuring viscosity and the relationship between temperature and viscosity. References are also included.

Uploaded by

soran najeb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Technical College of Engineering

Department of Petrochemical
COURSE: refinery

Name of Experiment: Kinematic Viscosity of


Transparent Liquids
(The Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) D445
Submitted by: soran najeb Group: B Stage:3
Experiment No: 2
Date of experiment: 15/2/2020

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EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the kinematic viscosity, υ, of a transparent
petroleum product

INTRODUCTION:
The viscosity: of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given
rate. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for
example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water.
Viscosity can be conceptualized as quantifying the frictional force that arises between
adjacent layers of fluid that are in relative motion. For instance, when a fluid is forced
through a tube, it flows more quickly near the tube's axis than near its walls. In such
a case, experiments show that some stress (such as a pressure difference between
the two ends of the tube) is needed to sustain the flow through the tube. This is
because a force is required to overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid
which are in relative motion: the strength of this force is proportional to the viscosity.
A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal or inviscid fluid.
Zero viscosity is observed only at very low temperatures in super fluids. Otherwise,
the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have positive viscosity, such
fluids are technically said to be viscous or viscid. A fluid with a relatively high
viscosity, such as pitch, may appear to be a solid.
kinematic viscosity: describes a substance’s flow behavior under the influence of
Earth’s gravity. It is the dynamic viscosity divided by density (rho). Density is defined
as mass per volume.
Based on this observation, it might be tempting to say that the gear oil requires
more force to stir because it has a higher viscosity than the turbine oil. However, it is
the oil’s resistance to flow and shear due to internal friction that is being measured in
this example, so it is more correct to say that the gear oil has a higher absolute
viscosity than the turbine oil because more force is required to stir the gear oil.
APPARATUS:

1- A viscometer, U-shaped glass tube, the arm, L has a


larger diameter and a reservoir at the bottom, it is used
to fill the viscometer with sample. The other arm, N
with capillary has two bulbs; the lower bulb has two
marks E & F.
2- Viscometer holder,
3- Temperature control bath,
4- Temperature controller,
5- Temperature measuring device
6- Timing device.

PROCEDURE
1- Adjust and maintain the viscometer bath at a required
test temperature.
2- Select a clean, dry, calibrated viscometer having a range
covering the estimated kinematic viscosity (that is, a wide capillary for a very viscous
liquid and a narrower capillary for a more fluid liquid). The flow time shall not be less
than 200 s.
3- Charge the viscometer and draw the test portion into the working capillary and
timing
bulb, place rubber stoppers into the tubes to hold the test portion in place, and insert
the viscometer into the bath.
4- Allow the viscometer to reach bath temperature (10 – 15 minutes).
5- Remove the stopper from capillary arm and allow the sample flowing freely,
measure, in
seconds to within 0.1 s, the time required for the meniscus to pass from the first (E)
to
the second (F) timing mark, (the flow time should not be less than 200 s).
6- Find the viscometer constant from the table and calculate the kinematic viscosity
of the
sample.
CALCULATIONS:

V = C.t when (C is tube constant & t is time of flow & dynamic viscosity)
1)Cuper = 0.17020 mm^2/s 2) Clower = 0.22977 mm^2/s

1-at temperature rom (18 C).


t.up= 5.29 min
t.lower= 4.04 min
1)V = 0.17020*(5.29*60) =54.021 cst
2)V = 0.22977*(4.04*60) =55.696 cst

54.021+55.696
V .total = =54.86 cst
2

2-at temperature (36 C).


t.up= 4.35 min
t.lower= 3.34 min
1)V = 0.17020*(4.35*60) =44.897 cst
2)V = 0.22977*(3.34*60) =46.045 cst

44.897+46.045
V .total = =45.471 cst
2

DISCUSSION:
The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity μ to the density of the
fluid ρ. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter nu (ν). , it is used in reservoir
simulators to estimate the rate of oil or gas to flow and their production, and it is
needed in calculation of power required in mixers or to transfer fluid, the amount of
pressure drop in pipe or column, flow measurement devices and design and
operation of oil/water separations.
ANSWER A QUESTIONS:
1.
 Measuring of viscosity for crude oil is important for the purpose of
determining the crude oil capacity to flow through pipe line maybe
from city to city or through long distances or we can say for
transportation of crude oil
 Measuring of viscosity for lubricating oil is important for the purpose of
decreasing the friction between two bodies for example the cylinders
and the walls that cylinders moves through them into an engine
 Measuring of viscosity for fuel oil is important for the purpose of
determining its capacity to ignite perfectly during Difficult conditions
like cold countries and the relationship between viscosity and
temperature is when temperature increase viscosity decreases.

2.For Liquids viscosity decrease with increase temperature because A


fluid's viscosity strongly depends on its temperature. Along with the shear
rate, temperature really is the dominating influence. The higher
the temperature is, the lower a substance's viscosity is. Consequently,
decreasing temperature causes an increase in viscosity.
In other words, increasing gas temperature causes the gas molecules to
collide more often. This increases the gas viscosity because the transfer of
momentum between stationary and moving molecules is what causes
gas viscosity. As a liquid is heated, the viscosity decreases ... just the
opposite effect as in gases.

3.Viscosity Index (VI) is an arbitrary scale used to show the magnitude of


viscosity changes in lubricating oils with changes in temperature. Oils with
low VI number such as V-0 have high dependence of viscosity change on
temperature. The viscosity of oils with high VI number such as VI-200, will
still change with temperature The viscosity index can be calculated using the
following formula:
Where V indicates the viscosity index, U the kinematic viscosity at 40 °C
(104 °F), and L & H are various values based on the kinematic viscosity
at 100 °C (212 °F) available in ASTM D2270
1. We need an fluid of known viscosity and we will put
viscometer in the fluid until it reaches the upper line of
viscometer and we will record the time from the upper line till
lower line and we will get the time and we have a viscosity so
through the equation ( V = C.t ) we can determine ( C ).

REFERENCES
1. http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/411/oil-viscosity
2. https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/dynamic-absolute-kinematic-
viscosity-d_412.html
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity
4. http://blog.rheosense.com/what-are-the-differences-between-dynamic-
and-kinematic-viscosities
5. http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/kinematic_viscosity_fo
rmula/472/
1. .

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