WHO? Exploring the human element WHEN? HOW?

Stakeholders Human factors

IFECYCL integration
E
World

Industry

Maritime
industry

Maritime
transport

Offship

Ship
domains
L ponsible stakehol HUMAN RESOURCES

D
s de Manpower (enough?)

ES
Re rs Personnel (right?)

IG
E Training (competent?)
SAF CT OF

N
HUMAN FACTORS

&B
GOV’MENT INVESTORS REGULATION INSPECTORS OPERATION MASTER ND U IP
PUBLIC INSURERS (IMO, ILO, ISO, Operational Safety Passage support SHIP CONTROL Pro
ject CO HE SH Human Factors

UI
IEC, Industry, (statutory, flag, port state (security, weather, (communications, Inte Manag T Engineering (science

LD
Governments, control, ISM). Financial VTMS, navigation, security, grat e
NGOs and UN) (insurers, cargo, charterer). charts/warnings, operational safety). or r, applied?)
set standards for Crew competence technical advice, TECHNICAL Health and Safety
acceptable practice. (manning, training). aids to navigation). SERVICES (effects on people
LEGISLATORS Technical (Rules, type Harbour services (engineering)
(national approval, owner, yard, (tugs, pilot, line BUSINESS within system?)

USE
administrations, supplier). handlers, (cargo, supplies, System Safety (risk
Class, professional OPERATOR stevedores, voyage maintenance, Master
bodies, trade Specifier (translate business repair, agent). regulations). from people
associations) need and context into Emergency support HOTEL (mis)using system?)
implement specification). Contract. (coastguard, rator

DEVE
s, Integ Accessibility (for
Owner
standards. Overseer/monitor lifeboat, accident
OWNER DESIGN, BUILD, investigator) passengers, fatigued
(planning, finance, UPDATE, MAINTAIN FRONT-LINE SAF
risk management) Hull (Project manager, yard, SUPPORT E and injured people or

LOP
reputation and naval architect, production Business (insurer, DEL & TIM situational changes?)
I E
money. engineer, drawing office, ship’s paper owner,
THE VERY LY
CUSTOMER / designer, interior designer, charterer, broker, tor O
CAR F
CLIENT tradesmen). Equipment operations
pera GO

Su
(charterer, (engines, auxiliary items, superintendent). O

pe
passenger). deck, communications (on People

tor t,

rin
era den
and off speech and digital), (manning/training

ten
NE
instruments/automation, company, union,

Op inten

de
marketing, design, R&D, DPA). Technical

nt,
ED
manufacture, (technical Project Manager,

per

Ma
installation/commissioning, superintendent, Integrator

Su

ste
support. equipments/system
RT

r
Systems (Concept, specialists).
architecture, integrator, user Logisitics
interface, commissioning). (provisions, DI
SP P PO
SUPPLIERS bunkers, spares)
DEVE TE SU
Consumables (Provisioning,
bunkers, spares, coatings,
OS
E LOP / DESIGN / UPDA
lubricants, water, etc.).
Manning agent.
MAINTAIN
Graphic: Andy Hunt

T here is no accepted international

definition of the term Human Element,
human and any system aboard ship. The
Human Element has been with us since
responsible stakeholders and their linkage,
at each stage of the lifecycle, from
flag. All responsible stakeholders need to
work together to ensure that ultimately
• Personnel - ensuring the correct mix
of people onboard to operate and
• Accessibility - for passengers, fatigued
and injured people, or to take account
yet the IMO has been addressing these time immemorial, but it is the ‘systems’ that conception to disposal. While every one of the master and his crew have the right maintain the ship and its systems of situational changes, which exceed
issues since 1991! The aviation world
describes the Human Element as an
alternative to the term Human Factors to
have changed, through the increase in
electronic technology, which has caused
the mariner to be less ‘hands on’ and
these stakeholders has an influence on the
human-system integration on the ship, the
degree of influence can be more, or less,
tools in place, and are properly trained, to
ensure the safe conduct of the ship, and
the safe and timely delivery of its cargo.
• Training - competency and familiarity
with the ship and its systems
human adaptation eg extreme motion
or low or high illumination

‘avoid ambiguity and aid comprehension’,

and the US Coastguard defines it as
driven more towards automation. Use of
technology in general has replaced work
direct. For example, someone on a ship
who does not take account of health and But, in order to ensure that the ship is ‘fit
• Human Factors Engineering - the
integration of human characteristics v
This is a working diagram and it is
inevitable that some of the stakeholders
may have been left out; we hope to
‘human and organizational influences on teams with individuals, resulting in less safety issues will have a very direct for purpose’ in every respect, stakeholders optimisation of human/machine
develop it further through the website,
marine safety and maritime system checking, more lone work and a different influence on the operation of that must ensure that the key domains are performance, including ergonomics
during the next three years.
performance’. social environment. particular ship, whereas someone in
Government, who takes an interest in the
fulfilled in terms of:
• Health and Safety - the effects on the
In the maritime context, the term
Human Element embraces anything that
This illustrative diagram tells the story of
the life of a modern ship in terms of the
health and safety of seafarers generally,
could have a small but significant effect on • Manning - numbers required, to do
the jobs in both normal and
•
people who are operating the system
System Safety - the risks from people
influences the interaction between a human element; it identifies the various all seafarers sailing under that country’s emergency situations using (or misusing) the system