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Ge - Industrial Power Systems Data Book

Industrial power systems

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Ge - Industrial Power Systems Data Book

Industrial power systems

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Ega Paz
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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GENERAL ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK This book ic the property of the General Elactie Compeny ond i loaned to the holder sobject ‘0 racoll upon nota, n ths book may be reprinted with special permission of Eloctrie Compony, ‘Although the information is isived in loase-lecf form to facilitate ‘evsions and additions so thot the Hordbook helder may have up- to-date information when published, the General Blecie Company reserves the right TO CHANGE ALL DATA WITHOUT NOTICE. If the book is last, wil finder please return itt: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, SCHENECTADY, N. Y. INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK ing Index cornea @ excernie .001 Page 1 Dee 21, 1964 Foreword end Indexes 000 Foreword OOL Filing Index (002 Alphabetical Index (003. Publication Index <1. Shot Circuits 10 u 2 3 ar Fundamentals of A-c Short circuit Currents, 102 Effects of Short Circuits Short circuit Rating Basis of A-c Equipment. 111 Equipment Above 600 Volts. Caleulation of A-e Short-circuit Duty. 120 General 121 Currents Needed 122 Impedance Diagram 125 Critical Duty 124 Calculation Details 125 Calculation Examples 127 Unit Substation Duties 128 Effects of Feeder Impedance Selection of A-c Interrupting Equipment. General Criteria. 131 Selection of Types of Short-cireuit Pro- xective Devices. 13+ Low-voltage Power Circuit Breskers Dikitin of An Noniaterrupting Byuipanits 141 Insulated Cable. 142 Overcurrent Effects in Bare Conductors Means for Reducing Short-ciceuit Duty. 152 Current-limiting Reactors. 153 Special Winding Arrangements of Com- ponents Dec System Shortcircult Currents, A71L. Short-cireult Characteristics of D-cMo- tore and Generators, 172 Short-cireuit Characteristics of Elec tronic Power Converters. 173 Short-cireuit Characteristics of Lead- acid Storage Batteries 17s, Short-ireult Characteristic of Syncro- 178 Dec System Short-citcuit Current Cal culations, 2 Control of Voltage Conditions. 20 at ‘System end Equipment Voltage Names and Ratings Voltage Spread and Flicleer 240 Requirements, 211 Calculation of Voltage Drops, 2113 Calculation of Voltage Drops Due to Acc Resistance Welders, 212 Methads of Reducing Voltage Spread, and Plieker. des a “4 22 Lightning and Other Overvoltages—Causes, and Protective Means. 220 Nature and Causes of Overvoltages. 2201 Cases of Failure Due 0 Over voltage. 222 General “223 Overvoltages Caused by Lightning -224 Apparatus Insulation Levels, 225 Lightning Protective Equipmeat. :226 Application of Lightning Protective Equipment. 227 Lightning Protection of System Com- ponents. 23 Harmonics—Causes and Effects System and Equipment Grounding. 30 System Grounding. 32 System Capacitance Data. 33 Equipment Grounding. 35 Grounding Large Portable Machines and ‘Tools for Safety. werfactor Improvement. 40 Fundamentals of Power factor Improvement. A1 System Advantages of Improved Power Fector. 421 Selection and Application of Motors and Capacitors, 412. Selection of Capacitor Switching Device and Cable Size. 423. Harmonics and Resonance as Affected by Capacitors. 424 Automatic Switching of Capacitors 43 Instruments and Messurements for Power: factor Studies, 4 Series Capacitors. Overcurrent Protection and Relay Applicetion 50 General Protection Practice. Protective Devices SH Summary of Types and Characteristics of Overcurrent Protective Devices. 52. Application of Protective Devices. SUL Protective Relaying for Circuits be- tween Utility and Industrial Plant Power Systems 522 Application of Relays and Other De vices for Miscellaneous Feeder, Bus, and Line Protection, $3 Equipment Protection for A.c Rotating Ma- chines, Transformers, ete “531 Acc Generator Protection 532 A.s Motor Protection. 001 seusnat QB stecrae Page 2 INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK g Index 5 Overcurrent Protection and Reley Application (Cone) 54 How to Select and Co-ordinate Protective 6 Mi 61 62 64 65 67 68 62 Device Settings. S41 Summary and Examples of Selection and Co-ordination of Overcurrent Pro- tective Device Settings. 546 Co-ordinated Feeders in Fused Unit Substations cllaneous. Problems in Selecting the Source of Power. Load Estimating Data and How to Use It Unit Cost Date and How to Use It Electrical Codes. Installation Problems. 671 Corrosion Problems Safety, Feeder Systems 691 Insulated Cable. 6932 Open Line Data 7 System Planning and Design. 70 mn 1% Selection of System Voltage. System Planning—General Considerations. “70. Secondary Load Center Power Distribu- ‘uon Systems, 7101 Load Center System Circuit Ar- rangements. 7102 Selection and Application of Load Center Unit Substations. 7103 Low-voltage Power, Systems Serving Different Voltages (120 to #573 Volts). Primary and Subtranstission Power Distri- bution Systems Loed-center Systems Above. 600 Volts. 76 Modernization and Expansicn of Power Sys- tems. 701 Changing a Power System from 2-phase to 3-phase, CChariging «Power Syatem from #230 to. #460 Volts, -763 Changing Power System Frequency. 79 Electric Power Systems Applied to Specific Industries. 7910 Electric Power Systems for Ce- ment and Rock Products Plants. 7012 Electric Power Systems for the Mining and Ore Processing In. dustries. 794 Electric Power Systems for Stee! and Metal Processing Industries. 706 Electric Power Systeme for Textile Plants. 799 Electric Power Systems for the Printing Industry. 7991 Exectric Power Systems for Water Pumping Stations. 762 8 Specific System—Design Problems. 81 Unusual Design Problems. 813 Load Reclosing and Transfer 9 Analysis Procedures. “91. System Problem Representations 918 Per-unit System. 92 Analytical Techniques. 922 Complex Quantity Manipulation, 923 Network Conversions. 924 Symmetrical Components Appendix ‘AmMathematies B_Notation C—Constants INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK GEMERAL @ euecrate ua Basis of Rating A-c Heine Peae a Short-circuit Protective Devices Above 600 Volts ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Section .111 Page POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING BASIS 1 What Comprises the Power Circuit Breaker Rating? 1 What Limits Application of Power Circuit Breakers on Short-circuit Duty Basis? 3 How to Check Momentary Duty 3 How to Check Interrupting Duty 4 HIGH-VOLTAGE FUSES 5 High-voltage Fused Interrupter Switches. 5 High voltage Motor Starters, 6 Application of High-veltage Oil Circuit Breakers to 600-volt Systems 6 os of Re Serearait INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Basis of Rating A-c crwenat @ eusernie Short-circuit Protective Devices Above 600 Volts ‘The background of the circuit bresker rating struc- tures and other protective devices as well as the basic characteristics of short-circuit currents must be under stood to enable the enginesr to select the proper rotat ing-machine reactances and multiplying factors for the d-e component to determine the short-circuit-current ‘magnitude for checking the short-circuit current duty ona particular device, such x momentary duty, of interrupting duty. ‘The rating structure of circuit breakers, fused in- terrupter switches and motor starters is designed to tell the application engineer how breakers or fuses oF contactors will perform under conditions where the short-cireuit current varies with time, For further details on short-circuit rating besis refer to the up-to-date editions of the following Standards: Power Circuit Breakers NEMA Standards 'SG4-1954—“Power Circuit Breakers” ASA Standa: €37.4-1953 “Alternating Current Power Circuit Beesicers” High Voltage Fuses: NEMA Standards 8G2-1954—"“High Voltage Fuses” AIEE Standerds No. 25 "Standards for Fuses Above 600 Volts” High Voltage Motor Starters: NEMA Standards IC 1-1954—"Industrial Control” Power Switching Equipment: ‘NEMA Standards 806-1954—"“Power Switching Equipment” POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING BASIS The standard Magne-blast circuit breakers as used in metal-clad ewitchgeer will be used here to explein power circuit breaker ratings. The same fundamental principles apply to all other high voltage power circuit Dreakers. ‘The power ciecuit breaker rating structure is compli- cated because of the time of operation of the circuit breakers when a short circuit occurs. ‘The few cycles needed for the power circuit breaker to open the circuit and stop the fow of short-circuit current consist of the time required for: (1) The pro- fective relays to close their contacts; (2) The circuit breaker trip coil to move its plunger to release the circuit breaker operating mechanism; (3) The circuit breaker contacts to part and (4) The circuit breaker ‘to interrupt the short-circuit cusrent in its are chamber. During this time, the short-circuit current produces ‘high mechanical stresses in the circuit breaker and in other parts of the circuit (Fig, 1). These stresses ore ‘produced almest instantaneously in phase with the current, and vary as the square of the current. There- fore, they are greatest when maximum current is Now ing, The discussion (ection -10) showed that the short- circuit current is maximum during the first cycle or ej rrion ince on. 2,51 Pam me nae Joop, due to the presence of the ds component and because the motors contribute the most short-circuit ‘current at that time. Thus, the short-circuit stresses on the cireuit breakers and other parts of the circuit fare maximum during the first loop of short-circuit current. During the time from the inception of the short circuit until the circuit breaker contscts part, the aur: ent decreases in magnitude because of the decay of the d-c component and the change in motor reactance, as explained previously. Consequently, the current that ‘the circuit breaker must intermupt, four or five cycles after the inception of the fault, is generally of lese ‘magnitude than the maximum vaiue of the first loop. The fact that the current changes in magnitude with time has led to the establishment of two bases of short circuit current ratings on power circuit break: ers: (1) the momentary rating or its ability to close against and withstand mechanical stresses due to high short-circuit current and (2) the interrupting rating or ite ability to interrupt the flow of short cirouit current ‘within its interrupting element. What Comprises the Power Circuit Breaker Rating? To illustrate these ratings, one power cireuit breaker size, AM-4.16-250, hes been outlined in Table T as an example, and the meaning of several columne, starting at the let is explained below. (TYPE OF CIRCUT BREAKER (AM-4.16.250), 1, AM=Magne-blast circuit breaker 4.10 4.10 ky class of circuits (not good for "4600 and 4800 volt circuits) 250 Interrupting rating in mva at 4.16 kv respectively, ie. the interrupting rating ‘at 4.16 ky is 250 mwva, aeEee snetaewessee, wageere cgsen =a RK Sass of Rating Protective Bevis a am camenat @ eiecrare INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK ae Basis of Rating A-c Short-circuit Protective Devices Nov. 41957 Above 600 Volts —== = “TABLE I—TYPICAL ASA CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING SCHEDULE Oilless Magne-blast Circuit Breaker with CO-15 Sec.-Co Duty Cyele + Fer expanded table, see Sostion 311 (24 —VoUrAge naTMe. 2--Rated kv (4.16) —Thie is the nominal veltage or classes in which the circuit breaker is rated 3.—Maximam Design key (4.76)—This is the maxi- ‘mum voltege at which the circuit breaker is de- signed to operate. The 4.16 kev circuit breakers, for example, are suitable for 2 4330 volt system plus 10 per cent for voltage regulation or $.76 kr, (Note: 4330 is ¥3X2500.) Some utility systems ‘operate at 4330 volts near the substation, Minimum Operating ky at rated mva (6.85)— ‘This ie the minimum voltage or voltages at which, the circuit breaker will interrupt its rated mva or in this case it is 3.85 kv to get 250 mva, At any Voltages below this value, the circuit breaker is rot designed to interrupt the rated mva but will interrupt some value less then rated mva, This ic very significant in the rating of power cir cuit breakers for as pointed out later, the circuit breaker will interrupt 2 maximum of only’ so many amperes regardless of voltage. At any voltage less than the ‘minimum operating value the product of the maximum kilo-ampere interrupting rating times the kv times the square root of three is less than the mva rating of the circuit breaker, (7/3 Exy Ixa=mva). (5:6)—INSUIATION LEVEL (WITHSTAND TEST) Low frequency RMS ky (19)—The 60-cycle hi-pot level. 6Impulee Crest kv (60)-A measure of ite ability to withstand lightning end other surges. This is applied with an impulse genirator as a design test, (7-9)-CURRENT RATINGS IN AMPERES 7—Continuous 60 Cycles (1200 or 2000)—The amount of load current which the circuit breaker will carry continuously without exceeding the allowable ‘temperature rise. (4-9)—SHORT-TIME RATING 8—Momentary Amperes—(60,000) is the maximum RMS asymmetrical current that the circuit breaker will withstand including short-circuit currents from alll sources and motors (induction and synchronaus) land the d-c component. This rating is independent of operating voltage for a given circuit breaker. This is just as significant a limitation es mva inter- er ie am 3,198, Fema Stig, cupting rating. It defines the ability of the creat Breaker to clog agesat and withstand the mechanical rcesen produced by the very lange affect frst eyeleat he short-creie current. Te must close “and atch ageinst its short time rating and close and not weld ashing ia momentary rating: Ths rating i usualy Significant becouse the mechanical serene ithe Grease breaker vary a8 the square of the current, Figs 1, Te $8 the orly rating that fs affected by the squate lett tho therefore soe of the ange erica! im he appl tion of the cheat fre: The tate wehedtes of power cicut breakers are so proportioned thatthe omentary rating is out 1. times oc ester some {aoe that the maximum interrupting uae tapers, 9 Bonrmsnal (97,900)-—Tidn ws treatm Corres that the cient Sresker illwithtand in the closed position for a period of four seconde to allow for Raximum permiesble relay operating time. This value is tie same as the mecinum iaterpting ating ampere. (oad) estar eanwos 10—Three-phase Rated Mva (250)—This is the three- ‘Phase va which the breaker ell snerrupe over 4 range of veltages foes the moxiorus desige Ey down tthe misimam operating kv, Ta this cise the interrupting rating e290 tiva beween 4.76 fad 3.85 kv. The miva 0 beinterrupted is tained by multiplying the ky at which the cent breauer operates, times the symmetrical short cenit current in kdoramperes to be interupted. mes the aquare root of three. The product of these Enet We chee thy ara inerrepiig eriee at Say operating voltage t1—Ampes st Rated Voltage (G5,000)—This is mart ‘mum total KMS arsperes which the creat breaker wil ieee ru at crted voltage boy ts the coe of the example used above 35,000 at 4.16 kev (4.16% 35X/3=250 mva), These curent ures are rounded, This figure is given for information only thd does not havea limluing signitcence of parts Sloe interest to the epplicstion cagiacer 12-Maximum Ampere Interupting Rating (37.500) ‘This is masimum total RMS cmperes that the circuit breaker wal interrupt regardless of How low ‘he voltage fn this example, this current 97,500 tmp. At minimum operating vitage, 185, thie carrespons t 250 va. INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Genenatg® etccraic ay Basis of Rating A-c ak pete Short-circuit Protective Devices Above 600 Volts Dec 21, 1964 The circuit breaker will not intecrupt this much current at all voltages, i.¢., it will not interrupt this ‘much current if the product of current, voltage, and the square root of uiree is greater tan the mva i tervupting rating This carrent limit determines. the ‘minimum ky at which the circuit breaker will interrupt rated mva (column 4, Table I). At any voltage lower then that given in Table 1, column 4, this maximum ems total interrupting current determines how much the circuit breaker will interrupt in mva. Therefore, when the voltage goes below the limit of column 4, Table I, the mva waich the circuit breaker will inter: rupt is lower than the mva rating given in column 10, Table I, by an amount proportional to the reduction in operating voltage below the value of column 4, Tablel. 13—-Reted Interrupting Time (6 cycles on 60 cycle basis) —This is the maximum total time of epera. tion from the instant the trip coil is energized luntil the circuit breaker has cleared the fault. What Limits Application of Power Circuit Breakers on Short-circuit Duty Basis Insofar as applying power circuit breakers on an in- terrupting duty basis fs concerned it can be seen from the above that there are four limits, none of which should be exceeded. These must all’ be checked for any application. 1—Operating voltage: This value should never at any time exceed the limit of column 3, Table I, i.c., the maximum design kv. 2 Interrupting mva: This should never be exceeded at any voltage. This limit is significant only when ‘the operating voltage is between the limits of ‘columns 3 and 4, Table I. tis not significant when the operating veltage is below the limit of column 4, Table I, because maximum interrupting amperes limit the ma to values less than the mva rating. ‘3-—Maximum interrupting reting amperes: This should never be excesded even though the product of this, current times tho voltages times the square root of three is less than the interrupting rating in. mva ‘This figure is the controlling one insofer as inter rupting duty is involved when the veltage is below that of column 4, Table T (minimum operating voltage at rated mwva). 4-Momentary current: ‘This should never be ex- ceeded st any operating voltage. Modern power cireuit breakers generally have a momentary rating in rme amperes of L6 or moro time the maxi mam interrupting rating in rms amperes As. a result, where there is no short-circuit current coa- tribution from motors, a check of the interrupting duty only is necessary. If this within the circuit breaker interrupting rating then the maximum short-circuit current, including the d-c component, will be within the momentary rating of the circuit breaker, ‘Where there ie short-circuit contribution from ‘motors, the momentary rating of the cireuit breaker may be exceeded, before the interrupting rating is ‘exceetled in a given circuit. Whenever there are mo. tors to be considered in the short cireuit calcula tions, the momentary duty and the interrupting duty should both be checked. mt vounnge Le ae 7S be Oe we Krovess xs @ There is a 500 mva and a 750 mva power eircait breaker where the momentary rating is considerably greater thaa 1.0 times the interrupting rating current. see Section .1311, This is to permit wider application Of circuits with high contribution to the total short- circuit carrent from motore in large industrial plaats like steel mills, paper mills, etc. How to Check Momentary Duty Since the chort circuit current ia maximum at the first half eyele, the current must he determined st the first half cycle to determine the maximum mementary duty on a circuit breaker. To determine the short-circuit current at the first half eycle, it is necessary to consider all scurces of short-cireuit current. That is the generators, synchro- ‘ous motors, induction motors, ane utility connections. ‘The subtransient reactances of generators, synchronous metort, and induction motore are employed ia. the reactance diagram. Since the d-c component is present at this time, i€ is necessary to account for it by the use a cenenat @ etecrmie tose Basis Short-circui Dee. 21, 1964 INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK of Rating A-c Protective Devices Above 600 Volts of a multiplying factor. This multiplying factor is cither 1.5 or 1.6, as outlined in Table Il. Typical cir cuite where the 1.5 multiplying factor con be usel ere shown in Fig. 2. The procedure is the same, regardless of the type of power circuit breaker involved. How to Check Interrupting Duty To check the application of a power circuit breaker on the basis ofits interrupting rating, the short-circuit, currents should be determined at the time that the circuit-breaker contacts part. The time required for the circuit-breaker contacts to pact will vary over a considerable range, due to variation in relay time and in circuit breaker operating speci. The fewer cycles re quired for the circuit-breaker contacts to part, the rater will be the current to interrupt. Therefore, the maximum interrupting duty is imposed upon the cit= cuit breaker when the trioping relays operate in- stantancously. In all short-circuit caleulations, for the urpese of determining interrupting ratings, the relays are assumed to operate instantanecusly. To account for variation in the cireuit breaker operating speed. power-circuit breakers have been grouped into classes, such a3 eight-cycle circuit breakers, five-cycle circuit breakers, three-cycle circuit brealcers, ote. Tt is. ao sumed that circuit brealeers, of all manufacturers, i TABLE Il Machine Reactances and Multiplying Factors Used in Simplified Calculations of Short-cirevit Duty thom ot Set Oy acne noun | rcaggis tiers Bei | eee = eatin “Ee, | | | el a Ties_| =e See "RBBB Sacer mas some | Rass t @ "REE rors sapien ot an ee ieee ae, mo eed ae = er fae calculated symmetrical vake € which the wultipicr plied shouldbe in sms antpere, EvB oF ma zon {terms in which the rated eapahiity ofthe particlar nu iment i expreseed. + Use specalcone maltpice ONLY if the calculated symmetrical ity exceeds S09 mva AND the circa is principally fed det ‘rom generators of entirely through curest ening seactors (theraine un general-care multiple 1 Use spec sae maltipier ONLY if operating voltage ie 5000 ‘e less AND the Gina e NOT pei eneraters or eatietly throwgh current ‘tie tee ganeral aoe pili ‘1 Use spesalcaue tultpler ONLY if the operating voltage i {30ob'or below, ARID the fuses se NOT of the eurteat lane ‘ype. AND the Yes than 4 otherwioe tie general cate § Gre Type CLP fuses tequice the 10 maltipie: at do LV fses ‘hat meet current NEMA Standards yecnea, 27, malic: INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Basis of Rating A-c a oxwenat @ euecraie "oe Page 5 Short-circuit Protective Devices Above 600 Volts Dee 21, 1964 —== — any one speed grouping, operate substantially the same with Tegard to contact parting time. Instead of specifying a time at which the short-circuit current i to be calculated, it is determined by the simpler approach of specifying the generator and motor Feactanees, and using multiplying factors. These factors fare listed ‘here ia Table TI and in Table 1 Section 14, page 2. In industrial plants, cight-oycle circuit breakers are generally used. Normally, the induction-motor contri- ‘bution has disappeared, and that of the synchronous ‘motors has changed from the aubtransient to the tran- sient condition, before the contacts of these circuit ‘breakers part. Therefore, in calculating the interrupting uty on commonly used power circuit breakers, genera. tor oubtransient reactance and synchronous-motor transient reactance are used and induction motors are neglected. The elapsed time is to long thet nearly all of the dic componeat has disappeared. What -c com: ponent is left is more than offsct by the reduction in 2-¢ component due to the inerease in reactance of the generators. Hence, a multiplying factor of one (1) is sed, In very large power systems, when symmetrical short-circuit interrupting duty i $00 mva or greater, there is an exception to this rule (see Table II). In such large power systems, the ratio of reactance to resistance ' usually so high that there may be considerable <-c ssomponent loft when the standard eight oyele sireit breaker parts its contacts, To account for this, the multiplying factor of 1.1 is used in determining the total rms short-circuit’ mva that @ circuit breaker may have to interrupt in these large systems. The multiplier for S-cycle circuit. breakers under these conditions is 1.2, The multiplying factor of 1.1 or 1.2 's not applied until the symmetrical short-circuit valle reaches 300 mva, HIGH-VOLTAGE FUSES High-voltage fuses are either of the current-limiting. type, Fig. 3, which open the crcait before the fist current peak, or of the noucurrent limiting type which ‘open the circuit within one or two cycles after the inception of the short circuit. For the sake of stand- ardization, all fuse interrupting ratings are on the basis of maximum rms current that will flow in the first cycle after the short circuit occurs. This is the current that wil flow if the fuse did not open the cir- cuit previously, ie, tuses are rated in terms of “avail able short circuit current.” To determine the available short-circuit current at the first cycle for the application of high-voltage fuses, factor the subiransient reactances of all generctors, induction motors, synchronous motors and wulity sources and allow for the maximum dic offset. The rultiplying factor for allowing for dc offset is 1.6, the same as for allowing for d-c component when detertnin- ing the momentary duty on a power circuit breaker. See Table 11 ‘The interrupting rating of fuses in amperes is exactly ‘paralld, insofar as short-circuit carrent calculations are concerned, to the momentary rating of power circuit breakers. The ampere interrupting rating of high-voltage fuses is the only rating that has any physical significance, For the sake of simplicity of application, some fuses are given interrupting ratings in three-phase eva. The ‘three-phase kva interrupting rating has no physical significance, because fuses are single-phase devices, each fuxe functioning only on the current which passes ‘through it. These three-phase kva ratings have been selected s0 they will line up with power circuit breaker ratings, This line-up permits epplying power circuit breakers and high-valtege fuses on exactly the same basis as far as short-circuit current calculations are concemed. For example, a high-voltage fuse rated 150 mva and a poner circuit breaker rated 150 mva can be applied fon the basis of the same shert circuit carrent calcula: tions. Of course, the application voltage must be factored in each ‘case. Hence, only one set of thort- circuit calculations is necessary for applying breakers fr fuses rated on a three phase, mva esis. wave oF aviiLagie ‘Serr cect es ae ‘CURRENT, ees linc AT, Serna ; tees itaiconte sony Sieur / Game is teacnes th ig. 3. Explanation ot eure High-voltage Fused Interrupter Switches High-voltage fused interrupter switches empioy fuses as the short-circuit detecting and interrupting element, Therefore, short-circuit calculations for their applica tion is the same as for the high-voltage fuses used in the switch, Sometimes the combination will have a lower short-circuit rating than the fuses because of m Page 6 cenenae @ cueernic INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Basis of Rating A-c Short-circuit Protective Devices Dee. 21, 1968 Above 600 Volts ‘tations in the switch. This dees aot alter the method of determining the short-circuit current for application of these devices but merely the limits to which the combination may be applied within its rating. High-voltage Motor Startors High-voltage motor starters generally employ for short-circuit protection, either current limiting fuses or power circuit breakers. The short-circuit current cal ulations for applying these motor starters are the same ag those for high voltage fuses end power ciceait breakers respectively. Application of High-voltage Oil Circuit Breakers to *575-volt Systems ‘Twenty or thirty years ago, 5 ky oil circuit breakers were used extensively on #575 volt eyetema, The pro “AChonoed sce Nov. 157 an. cedure for determining short-circuit currents in systems ff 575 volts and less ie slightly modified for checking duty on oil breakers of the 5 ky class as compared with low-voltage air circuit breakers. Both the momentary duty and interrupting duty must be checked for the cil circuit breaker application, In checking the momentary duty, generators, utility sources, induction motors and synchronous motors (subtransient reactance) are considered to determine the first half cycle symmetrical current. For cil circuit breakers, in low-voltage circuits, the multiplying factor of 1.5 is used to convert symmetrical first half cycle amperes to asymmetrical current on which the breaker election is made To determine the interrupting duty, use the genera. tor subtransient reactance and utility circuit reactance and the synchronous motor transient reactance with ‘9 multiplying factor of 1.0 INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty General ocwenat @ euecrnie 120 Dee. 21,196 Tn the preceding sections of this book, thefundamertals of a-cshort-cireut cur ents have been presented. JC has been explained thet the sotating machines i the system are the sources of fault cut ent, The magnitade of fault earrent from ‘machine s fot related tos normal ioad foment exzept that i 2 typically many times greater in magnitude. It has also been pointed out that this fault cusrent it not interrupted or contained may resut damage to eaipment, or in both, iflerent system end equipment linita- tions will require diferent kinds of pro- seduce in artiving at calculated stort ‘ireat duty in the most useful terms. The limitation being checked may be a me chanical strength limit of acurrent-carry~ ing member, the interrupting satag Kenit fs fore or circuit breaker, the thermal ‘eating limit in a carrent-carying part, correct operation of protective overcur- ‘ent relaygor the potental gradieat ln the cnipment grounding aystem. Since it Impractical to determine these feult- current magnitudes by test, there must be a means of analytically” determining ties needed. The following sections will prevent the methods and procedures ased ‘ caleulsting fault-current values or duten, PREPARATION ‘Several steps precede actual calculating ‘work, and this preparstory work some- times commands large pert of the time devoted toa study. “The first step ie to obtain or create an sceurate one-line diagram of the system Showing the typos atl satings ofall per ‘nent components and the sannet ie ‘which they are interconnected. The dis fram will also indicate all devices or Heatiors in the system where the short: drcait duty ito be determined ‘Another step isto identify the kinds of short-circuit cuties to be derived because ‘these must coafoan with Uhe rating bates of the kinds of equipment heing checked ‘The kinds of short-circuit dutice also determine which of alternative values of ‘erttin machine reactarces wil be ted, ‘A further step in to establish which switching units aze to be considered open and which cbsed. Equivalent network manipulations provide the meant of ‘veatigating maxinnim or sinimam duties, differences in duties with reversed power in abranct, and 10 on. ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT AS A. FUNCTION OF TIME [An accurate mscurcent expresticn at a function af time can be written in s form, ‘basedon an envelope concept ofan actual cedllgrephis current, This expreeion includes three fundamental frequency 2-¢ terms and « single d-e term. Each ac ‘current term is itself an integralcyele zm value. The three a-c terme are con sidered to be in phase end their arth- ‘tical sam is the value of the a-c com- ponent of the total current. All but the steady state ac term are of transient nature and deeay to zero exponentially The shortcireuit current (le) then has the feliowing composition of ac and é-e If restance ean de negleced, we hie ae oe vdiy event ner (EE) rE -B om nn (B-E) + (E-E)e z + wees (E)o In edition to the symbol definitions in Section 124, certain aymbolsin the shore cexpresions have the fellowing meanings: ‘t=dapsed time to the midpoint ofthe desired integral cycle ‘qTresubtransient time consant in veconde 17’ transient time constant in seconds ‘Ty=de time constant in seconds ‘The inchuded magnitude of dizect cur- rent represents a wave with full initial, fff. Lesser amounts of the <-c com- ‘ponent (Goat litle as rero value) can be present depending on the point in the voltage wave at which the short circuit ‘aks place. Figura | hatches enleaty pert ow fully offset sustained short-circuit cur rent, Also shown are the usual four com- Donets (three ac parts and a single de part) with realistic proportions indicated by the following numeral expressiens of integral-eycle rms currents: Pye AMUN VV == ee ate nn veri its emponerts with prea tlae tive mognitodes leet “#Suistransient me 0.601008 Transient rms =0,6.-¥20 Steady-state rms =1.0 De mateo ‘Daring aay particular integral cycle of the short dreuit current, the effective value of current can he approximated by tulking the square roct of the sum of the squares of the valies of the a-e and @-e ‘omponents at the id-eyele time ‘The ac end d-c components might be determined graphically in the cise of ‘analyzing an ovcillogram, a indiceted in Fig. for the ath cycle of current. When values of the ac and d-c components are ‘stablshed from enledation or measure iment, the expression for total mmsshert- lac V1 ae Tae)? SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURES Were it necessary to se the previous ‘expressions for determining short-circuit -120 ew rnat @ ruecrare ~ INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Des. 21,1964 General Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty rating or Hinitetion of a particular com- ponent is expressed, Checking short- the transformer eva bese owing‘ variations provided by ending methods Conversion of %iXy to a persunit value om the study kva base is accomplished 35 olows: ‘The teanaformer nameplate reactance represents X7, X', and Xj. (as well as XE), Transformer Zy if needed, becomes fap independent evaluation. Lines and Cables ‘The impedance (reactance) of fines and cables will most frequently be avail able in terms of ohims per phase per unit Tength (see. Appendix). With reactance ‘now in ohms per phase (2/4), the de sired persanit value on the study base vais obtained a follows: (219) (Obssty bor bra) Ko roo ey ‘Resistance values in ohm per phate are converted to per uit on the base va in exactly the same manner) ‘Again, a single value of reactance applies for X", X', ane Xy (and also X,) Values ‘of Xs (or 2.) will sivally be substantially ereiter, Rotating Machines is the sifect of the spinning rotor imparts the many peculiarities to the machine reactance, ‘The physical faction within the machine creating these [fests n described cleewhere ix this boole ‘A terminal short ciewit emses the fom iributel carrent frem the rotating ma thine to be initially high (contalles by 1X). The current wil thereafter decay ta a muuch lower value or t> zero. Ta synchronous machines the presence of fnduced currents in the main excitation Winding ouly would account for aa inter- mediate current (contralled by X') ‘The various machine reactances will usually be available in terms of per cent fr per-unlt reactance on the normal rated lkva ofthe machine ae bate. To convert ‘hee values to per unit on the study base -kva, use the same rule that applies for Wg machine rated ke fellow: cade) tee Machine Rated Kva Ei a EV crest TodusoeMetom | tnd 8 pf Syn, | 1.0 Rated HP (ep: Moor | pox) LOpfSye Motor 08 Rated HP (op on) Synchronous Machines Because the rotor winding of a syn- ‘chronous machine is not urifommly di tributed ut is concentrated in one axis, ‘the machine reactance viewed from the ‘echine terinals wil be differeat In the direct and quadrature axes. This effect is felt in al the pasitivesequence Feactaness. A subscript “ad” 18 used tO fdentify the direct axis values which are the ones governing short-circuit current ‘magnitudes. Turbine generator designers also distinguish between "ratea-voltage” Sod tratedisurrent” vahiee of esrtsia, ftractaneee hy sing cimmbel saherinte "0" and “i” Rated-voltage values are ‘generally applicable in short-circuit cal culations as is Indicated in the following Fat stich ioclotes oll the gestation oe actances ordinarily needed. in system shortsircut studies: Positive Sequence Eubeecect at ‘Transient ae Synchronous. X, ‘Negative Sequence eas Zero Sequence % Indudtion Machines ‘An induction machine, having no main excitation winding on the rotor, displays fo intermediate reactance value cor responding 10 X', of the synchronous machine. Furthermore, since the rowr wwindiege are uniformly distributed, the machine displays the same reactance to the stator irrespective of rotor axis. AS ‘resi, the induetion machine rexctances Important t short-circuit analysis ia lute: Positive Sequence 2° (oubtransient—used extensively nck) [Negative Seanence % (ase the same value a the pos ‘sequence X°) XG (aimest never will induction ‘machine nestle be erownded snd ‘the need for X is thus practically ciminated) When specife reactance data are not availble, typical resctance valier may be obtained from the Appendix. Moter Group: [Motors Rated Above 609 Vol "Motors rated 2200 vols and above are eenerally large in horcpower rating sd will 4ave a significant bearing on short Sreuit cursent mageitudes. Very large froters of several thousand. horsepower should. be contidered individually and their reactances should be accurately Aetermined before starting the short- eat stucy. However, in large plants uch ae sted mille and paper mall where there are aumercus motors of several hundred horsepower each, it is often found desirable to group sich large mo- tere and represent them ae a single equivalent motor with one reactance in the impedance diagram. Whether on sidering motors individually or in group tere it i neceonary to obtain en equiva lent base kra of the individual or group of motors, In low-voltage systems, complete mo- tor date may ot be available, Lacking such data, the motor kva comested to ach bus may be assumed equal to the generator and transormer rating sup piping that bus; or the connected motor ‘eva may be sssumed larger then the supply capecity if there is a low demand, foetor. With s low demand fector itis possible to have lightly loaded motors Connected and running with an aggreente dkva larger than the rated ea of the suppiy. Motors Ratog 580 Vote or tas ‘tn tae portion of the power system operating at 600 volts or Tess, there are generally numerous small motors; Le, ‘under about 50 horsepower. It becomes {nmpractical to represent each stl motor ‘the impedance diagram. These motors are feequently turned off and on, 40 it is practically impossible to predict which ‘ones will be cn the line when a short Where more accurate data are aot available, the fllowing procedure may be ‘used with satisfactory results im repre. INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK cenenar @ eurcraic 122 Page 3 Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty Preparation of Impedance Diagram ee eee troop of mineallsens motors operting ‘ating of the supply Uamalomers and 35600 voles or les esis Howrey diored fs Grae (a) In systems rated 240, 480, or 600 ity, probably the total combined horse- volt, amine tnt the maximom horse Dower Fating cf all motors runing at over of mobroruining any on none tine would not exceed the vale tt at every generator and/or transformer forth above, bus is equal to the combined kva rating In systems of €00 volts or less, the Of the Nepsdown seaafoenerani/ee lege tootors (hey mots of aererl fonraior suplpin tint une usr Sex unred Horsepower) ore sally fw fn Reo ber od erent oly «al po (>) In systems rated 208Y/120 yolts He. soning icapsinnesininsy sche a substantial portion of the lad ually "TCO thee ager metre are gener ce ee ee ee ee eee cont of gts cad Sales potin OT ees c systems. Hence, in 208¥/120-volt sys- one equivalent motor in the impedance tems, where more accurate data are not ‘taerem. frailie, smo tet el eceeel) Shutk-coniecied impedances Ler aseeutgeayee | 7 eeel oie erence: Sine st every cenerator andlor tanh alcady mentioned cary ye fuse former bus is equal to 50 per cent of the other components or loads that would be combined rating ofall step-down rant fepreted in a cageam oy alunt-cas formers and/or generatare supplying pected impedances without tema! a Dower t that cue bun, See Fi, 3 tee see esa se ‘Althoush 2 portion of the load cor- waders. vent. furnace nd apace aeceed toa bus ated ot 40 0 690 vols Techical accuracy requres thet thoc Tag be etary, Mg ae vellery,Sopedecres pe kakadel i ouhedent ees ie oe ee ea ee ee ele eee oe ee ele Current, the total installed honepower the general practice of omiting then of motors connected to sucha bus Such impedances are selctively high ynury [Tiere settle. ee x,+ 00050] ig wa x r0.8054 rp ae Coe file Impepanee uacean Wrsb Ria BASE) Iter 107 489). sw inter Valuss, and thelr omission will not sg: igcanty effect the caleulated duty. DRIVING VOLTAGE ‘An equivalent for the normal (posi- tivesequence) network allows the use of a single overall drwing voltage as ihuoteated in Fig. 2, sather than the sctay cf individual unequal generated volteges acting within individual rotating ‘machine. Th single driving vokage ‘equal to the prefaalt vokags at the point of fault consection. This equivalent Greuit & a valid transformation accom: plished by Thevenin’s “Theorem (Gee Section .99) and permits an accurate determination of short-cienit enrrent for the assigned vahies of system im: pedance. The prefault voltage referred {9 i ordinarily taken as system nominal voltage at the point of fault as this calculation leads to. the full value of short-circuit current that may Be pro: cel by the probable maximum operat: fag vellnge Moreover, of he eyetecs Der-unit impedances are established on voltage base equal to system nominal Yortage, te perune airing vomage then has uit Value (B—1.0) which yell be found convenient in making caleula- tions 0.0874 E60 oro a (750 tva gaser lie tr thre-phats secondary INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK senna auscra | 124 Page 1 Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty Calculation Details 1k is by now evidcnt that « good por or of the effort expended en a short tireait current. caleulation goes into reparation, If this preparatory work i Sone well, the actual current computer Son procetre ie almort esif-vident. OF the several steps tabulated below, the first three pertsin to the preparation ffferts apt the remainder to current ‘A. Prepare system oneline diagram. 'B. Create the impedance diagram (or dagrams) needed to answer the problew requirements . Bstablish the variations of system operating contitions required to splay the most sitieal duties, D. For the deignated fault locations {and system conditions), resolve the Impedance network and caleulate the needed symmetrical (E/Z) E. Apply the apnroptinte multiplying factors wo that calculated dusies wil be in terms of component apa bide F. Make any cequired supplementary computations for unusual current qusstites, such as inssansancous (rest, extendedtime mavalues ete. SYMMETRICAL CURRENT CAL- CULATION With impedance disgrams at hand, motified a8 dictated by the operating conditions determined iter © above, 1 apecile electrical network witha eigle driving veltage and a short- components of short= pedence network ‘Occarlcunly i bevimnes socemary bo cies currents will sometimes be very 1 the ayn rom walue Obtained by determine rather specal properties of important in industrial system problems. replacing the 2° veluca with firsvcyele currents, uch ae the ine A knowledge of the d< current com: puenceedontnd stancancous creat value or the maximum PUUETE decay wil be essential imesimat- yy tye opus anw value obtained by rate-ofrise. {ng whether cusrent trenaformer will replacing the X? values with ‘he sherereitcuments are inital Surat oF not, The caret appeal typical by resctonce rether than re Of overcurrent relay operatien will tke ay, ever time constant (he 2 tines depend on an accurate knowledge me esege eat sistance, A close Spprokimetion torte aay ofthe aoe canoe pressed in seconds) have the following Tint forprandoct leah sence eaves These cent ratnations ocr noha Sagnicane: Sop neugeauel tthe ital tear Brincally at tina beyond the‘elatively T’ isthe subtransiat time constant Tite of I, Ge spmmetical rms current SBOE operating times ef circuitinter- sssocated with the spurious in eady-state reactance valucs pendix. fi the de componeat time con- 2 stant oe controlled by the X/R . satio viewed from the feult point. Line-totine Volts Linetoneuteal Volts gies fuptlgg devices The maximum duties duced currents in a rotating-ma- A a icincl for checting te aplication of intr chine rotor edly and amortinaes ae (ay Lane rupting-duty equipment are stated in Vinéings, Tt will commonly be wa72Vi Y mmp/ece forms of no phmmryaoerss dectonet Yabout 1/30 second and san be 0 eye wos es een kee aes rauch lower for smaltaize na Crest and rms values of Bnttcycle decrement of the se componcit tay oF chines. The uso of a #003 second smaximamasymnetica shortcireiteur- may aot actualy secar et lmges tmce, Yale for general industria ays rents are very frequently useful quanti- In many industrial systems fnally tems would be of the right order. fies These are diplayed fa Table + supplied from ‘elativey lange intercon- T” i the transient time constant fe fonctions of eatin (3€/R) ration thet nected uty systema, lll clectscally sososiated with the decay off aresometines used as reference points. remote genertars and shall lea! motor duced current in the main. ex TABLE 3—Conversion Relations to Conform with Type of Reference Base seein tia was ane ‘machine. The value will range Selected. from perhaps Jess than one second ae Tireeshase Seaophen to several econds depending on oust neat || ees eames arent ; — af external reatance(2C) between Bose ev (L-) ken | ay palsies gral ipatar | detired ftom the machine open. Base amp (Live) he | ty iret time constant (T's) by Base iva Vi eve) In (eve) I Soe (iw)? (1000) evs! (1000) Base ohms jes Gena eval (1000) re) Base eve, 7 Base eva) ‘Typical open-circuit time con- . (are) te foun tabulated Rer-anit ome ‘ave Oh) with machine dita in the Ap- INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty Caleulation Detai oxnenar @ tuscrme 24 For representative 6eyele X/R values’ the corresponding *T, CXR T= X/eR $0 0.183 see. (@ este) 150.04 se. (2)4 eyes) 5 O16 sec, (Level) ‘A-c Current Components During the fist quarter second, the jeurvent Yarlatin is largely controlled by the fist tem. A quick apprainal of curent during this short interval can be ‘made on the basis that only the sub- TOTAL CHANGE IN © COMPONENT ee transient quantity is cheneing. The ir- cuit current is maleing an exponential ‘transition from the inital value I” to the value Yat a tie constant T°, ‘The construction of the tims-curreat ‘curve is acconiplithed in the following ‘manner: Locate the current levels 1” and, Locate one time constant (T°) fon the time scale, The initial decay: of caurent from the I" value is along the straight line leading to the value Tat & ime of TY. Te veers off as Indicated sn Fig 2, completing only about two thinde (actually 63%) of the total travel in a time interval equal to T'. It then cone Ulnues along a course which appreaches the I level asymptotically. Thin current transition cen be sketched cireetly with good accuracy, If desired, succesive values of e”" ould be taken from reference tables ‘The a component continues to decay under control of the much longer time constant T’, The construction of this Dart of the current curve ean be sinde fon the basis thatthe transient component lene is varying exponentially from the Circuit initial value of 1 to-s final value ‘rentient component can be considered to have already disappeared. The time-current curve, is constructed fm the same manner as before. With this raph constructed, it an be. noted Whether any sensible change in I’ tales ploce during the subtrarsient decay. IF $0, an adyustmeat ean be made in the I” transition referring it to the dowoward slope of the I’ curve instead of the ine changing base used in its development, D-c Curront Component The single-term d-c component will be Secaying exponentially fom i initial ue to zero at-a time constant T, The corstruction of this current transition, can be accompllthed in the same manner used previously. Analysie usa ally assumes the maximum possi itil magnitude of /2T’, although the actual initial magnitude may have any alte ‘between the possible maximum snd zero, Composite Current With the values of both a-c and de compenents known at a particular value of time, the integral-cyele rms. total current at that tae oan bo computed on You = Va To establish the accumulated ttegra! of Tt, or the effective ms current fom theincention of the short circuit, reference (10) of the bitdiography will behetpful IMPEDANCE NETWORK RESO- LUTION Longhand Procedure The major operations pertain te methods of combining impedances in series and in parallel (see Section -922). ‘Those steps ave greatly simpllfed wen Srenit reitance an be ignored ‘The presence of closed loops in the network may suggest that the solution of several simultaneous equations a ecenity. Unvally the application of valid network conversions (see Section 23) can eliminate the closed loops, though some imporcant junction buses ‘way lose their identity fa the proces ‘Closed cops may sometimes be elimi- nated by network symmetry axioms (Gee Section .935) Important concepts applicable to impedance networe recht thn are: 1, Network junctions that wil as- ssume equal potentials ean he con sidered to ‘be solidly” interean- nected. 2, Network branches that wil transfer no current ean be considered to be open oF absent. 3. Th two branches served through a common scurce impedance wll equally divide the total source cn: tribution, each branch can be con: sidered to be supplied by an tnde- ‘pendent source impedance of tice the value of the actual common impedance. Applicition of these principles will be found in the examples of Section 125. Network Analyzer & Computer Application “Machine solutions efferted through the ‘wie of enalog or digital computers are treatal in Sertion 920, For complex studice and repeated anslyies of concn tilly the seme network, the we of ma- chine solutions willbe economical For simpler studies, the set-up time for ma- chine solition may exceed that necessary fora longhand sotutin, Tn the use of the he and a-e network analyzer (analog computers) miniature cletie tystons ae ct up with driving 1128 ozwenaL@ cuserme Page 6 INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty Calculation Details Dee. 21,1964 voltages and interconnected impedances to simulate the branches in the actual systems. Actual short circuits are con- retworle and the magnitudes of short-czeuit currents are read on en ammeter, If all impedences can be censidered to’ exhibit a common impedance angle (with practical ac- curacy) the d-c analyzer will suffice. If both resistance and reactance must be simultaneously recognized, the more complen e-c nctwork analyzer ie. re guied. ‘The basic procedure in digital eom- puter application is quite diferent. All (of the factual data pertaining to the im= pedance diagram are arranged to be fed into the computer in digital lenguage ach impedance beanch will have an Rand X and a digital code signal ‘dentfy it connection inte the network, Each source needs a designated driving voltage with a rdative phase angle ‘Ths information is commonly compiled fm punched cards or on punched tape Which the computer then accents and stores in its memory. The computer ‘must then be supplied with a program What quantity to get from ite memory, what to do with it, and where to put the fesult. The final operation in « short- ‘cule calculation program might all for conversion of the computed current results to decimal numbers and_ print out the answers. It will be evident thet much of the analysis technique that has been described in this section will be embodied in the computer peoeram. IF well done, the computer routine will be short and simple. If not so well dane, snore computer time will Be needed! for 1 given bls of remlte. ‘SYMBOLS. pu =per unit fo =percent Hy =Dase volts line-to-ine ey, —base volts/1000, ky Hae-o-tne Tx base amp, tine amp ievay bese ra Zy"=base ohms, in obms/phate EB) circuit driving voltage E, Smachineratedine-to-i voltage machine rated line current machine rated leva Tahert-drcait curcent symmetrical subtransient resetance effec. tiveat ©=0) X! transient reactance (effective with twansleat current in tain Bald only) 1X. astesdy-atete reactance (afterall ‘tamients have subsided) X(Zi) =postive-sequence reactance (im- dance), the balanced 3 peor aint Xu(Z.) mnepntivesequence reactance (magedance) Xz) =zerosequence reactance (im- pedance) x ct-axh machine reactance XX, —guodreture-asie machine react: 8 ohms 8/% ohms per phese IMPORTANT FORMULAS Conversion of percent to per anit and “100 % (w) =pu (ow) (100) Conversion of per unit to abnolute values (pe Be) fy) Le in amperes (pu E) (By) =F in line-te-line volts (pu Z) (Zq)=Z in ohns per phase commen Relations (Thireephasesye- tee) Permit X or 2= 9 oS ‘To convert machine reactance (% Xn) in pereent on its own rated-kva base (vag) 20 a per-anit value (pu 38) 08 the ttudy bate (vag) (We Xp) (leva) 4100 (vay) To convert the reactance of sn electric utility conection toa pot-unit reactance parla If the utlity short-circuit contribution js expressed as the shortckeuit hve (eva,) which it would deliver at an operating voltage corresponding to hase voltage, then: pox evan) pax mos ‘(kva.) Tete utbity system reactance (pu X, ‘at the customer connection poist, ex rested in per unit on some utlity rfer- face base (kva,) and corresponding to the selected base voltage, then: ‘ae pee ae Chee “Linetoline wots INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS DATA BOOK Calculation of A-c Short-circuit Duty | Calculation Examp! oewenai Gp evzermie Dee. 2, 1964 ‘The examples in this ection have been selected to uetrate tae application of thort-creuit calculating techniques pre sented in Sections .120 to 124 EXAMPLE 1—A COMPOSITE SYSTEM ‘The fist example hes been chosen to inchide a variety ofthe most asual types of short-cut calewations all the duties are the maximum or bolted-fal ‘quantities that would he needed in checking or seketing interrupting or protective equipment. (See Tible 2) System Diagrams Figue 1 i the onetine diagram for Example 1. Te contalns the Dasle ine formation that identifies the various dlectric components of the system and how they are istercornected, There is merit in notiag on the one-ine diagram ‘ating and other data in the form most ily available. Conversion to working iues is ordinarily done in assigning imnpedancetype values to coresponding slements in the impedance diagrame that ust be prepared. atin: se re ‘The one or more impedance diagrams should be pattemed alter the oneline ‘Garam se that the eircutry can be teen to be the some. The arrangement of elements should assist easy identification Gf any given component inthe two €yPet of Giagrams, altiough identiication of components and significant yrints fn the circuits may bicome imposible as the network #6 resalved into a single-alue Impedance 1 single impedance diagram (a postive: sequence network) is sufficient for many short-cireuit investigators, but a deter~ ination of the several duties desld fn Example 1 wil involve all the sequence networks, Figure? isa postive sequence network. with suberassieut reastances for tae in termining fistayele duties at all fault points. Figure 3 i a slightly altered ostive-squence network with react- foes suitable for determining the posver- ireuitbreskor interrupting uty st fault location Fy A negitive-sequence network is in- volved in several of the desired dati, Dut is not separately illustrated. Example 1 fellows the general short

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