DOM

Balancing Of Rotating Masses

Q : What Is Balancing ?
Balancing is the process of correcting or eliminating, either partially or
Completely, the effects due to resultant inertia forces and couples acting
on the machine parts or components.
Q : Why balancing is necessary ?
To avoid unpleasant effects (vibrations, noise, hammering action) in
machines/engines, precise balancing is essential.
Q : Balancing of rotating masses.
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect
of the centrifugal force of the first mass, is called balancing of rotating
masses.
Q : What is static balancing ?
The system is said to be statically balanced if the centre of mass of the
system of masses lies on the axis of rotation.
Or
For the system to be statically balanced, the resultant of all the dynamic
forces (centrifugal forces) acting on the system during rotation must be
zero.
Q : What is Dynamic balancing ?
The system is said to be dynamically balanced, if it satisfies following two
conditions :
 The resultant of all the dynamic forces acting on the system during
rotation must be zero.
 The resultant couples due to all the dynamic forces acting on the system
during rotation, about any plane, must be zero.
Q : Internal and External balancing.
Balancing of a disturbing mass by a single balancing mass in the same plane
is known as internal balancing. whereas balancing of disturbing mass by two
masses rotating in different planes is known as external balancing.
Q : What is field balancing ?
Field balancing is a technique used to balance a rotating part in place
without removing the part from the machine.
Q : Define reference plane.
When several masses rotating in different planes are transferred to a single
plane, then this single plane is known as the reference plane.
Q : A mass of 25 kg is attached to the shaft such that its centre of gravity is
5 mm from the axis. find what weight of the balancing mass will achieve
complete balance if the balancing mass has its centre of gravity at a distance
of 7.5 mm from the axis of rotation.

MrMr
 Balancing Of Reciprocating Masses

Q : Define Variation in Tractive force :

The resultant unbalanced force due to the cylinders, along the line of
stroke, is known as tractive force.
Q : Define Swaying Couple :
The couple has swaying effect about a vertical axis, and tends to sway the
engine alternately in clock wise and anticlockwise directions. Hence the
couple is known as swaying couple. It is also define as couple due to
variation in tractive forces.
Q : Define Hammer blow :
The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force along the perpendicular
to the line of stroke is known as Hammer blow.
Q : What is inline engine ?
The multicylinder engines having the axes of all the cylinders in the same
plane and on the same side of the axis of crank shaft, are known as inline
engine.
Q : Partial balancing of locomotives.
In locomotives only primary unbalance force is required to be balanced,
and such balancing is called partial balancing of locomotives. This is
achieved by adding mass in the wheel.
Q : Define V engine.
A V-engine is a two cylinder radial, engine in which the connecting rods are
fixed to the common crank. In such engines, the center lines of the
cylinders form a letter ‘V’, therefore these engines are called as V engines.
Q : Which method is used for balancing of V engine ?
Direct and reverse crank method.
Q : Define balancing machines.
The machines which determine whether a rotating part is completely
balanced or not are known as balancing machines.
Q : Types of balancing machines.
 Static balancing machine.
 Dynamic balancing machine.

VIBRATIONS
Q : Define Vibration.
Cyclic motion of a body or a system, due to elastic deformation under the
action of external forces, is known as vibration.
Q : Define simple harmonic motion (SHM).
The to and fro motion of a body about a fixed point is known as SHM.
Q : Define time period.
Time period is the time taken by the motion to repeat itself or it is the time
required to complete one cycle.
Q : Define frequency.
The number of cycles per unit time is known as frequency.
Q : Define Amplitude.
It is the maximum displacement of a vibrating body from its mean position.
Q : Define stiffness of spring (K)
It is the force required to produce unit displacement in the direction of
applied force.
Q : Define degree of freedom.
The minimum number of independent co-ordinates required to specify the
motion or configuration of a system at any instance is known as degree of
freedom.
Q : Define discrete system.
System having finite number of DOD are called as discrete or lumped
parameter system.
Q : Define distributed system.
System which are having infinite number of DOF are known as continuous
or distributed system.
Q : What is damper ?
A damper is basically a device which is so designed to absorbed vibration
energy and prevent vibration
Q : Define Damping.
Damping is the resistance to the motion of the vibrating body, which causes
a vibrating body to come to rest or equilibrium position.
Q : What is damping coefficient.
Damping coefficient is the damping force or resisting force developed per
unit velocity.
Q : Define Resonance.
When the frequency of external excitation force acting on a body is equal
to the natural frequency of a vibrating body, the body starts vibrating with
excessively large amplitude. Such state is known as resonance.

Q : Springs in series and springs in parallel.

In case of springs in series, the reciprocal of the equivalent spring stiffness
is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of individual spring stiffnes.
In case of springs in parallel, the equivalent stiffness is equal to the sum of
the individual spring stiffnesses.
Q : Dampers in series and Dampers in parallel.
In case of dampers in series the reciprocal of the equivalent damping
coefficient is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of individual damping
coefficient.
In case of dampers in parallel the equivalent damping coefficient is equal
to the sum of the individual damping coefficients.
Q : Define free vibration.
If the external force is removed after giving an initial displacement to the
system, then the system vibrates on its own due to internal elastic forces.
Such type of vibrations are known as free vibration.
Frequency of free vibrations is known as natural frequency.
Q : Define forced vibration.
If a system or a body is subjected to a periodic external excitation force,
then the resulting vibrations are known as forced vibration.
Q : Define Undamped vibrations.
If there is no external resistance to the vibration of a system, then such
vibrations are known as undamped vibrations.
Q : Define Damped vibration.
If an external resistance is provided to the vibrating system, then such
vibrations are known as damped vibrations.
Q : Define longitudinal vibrations.
If the disc moves up and down along the axis of the shaft, then the vibrations
are known as longitudinal vibrations.
Q : Define transverse vibrations.
If the disc moves approximately perpendicular to the axis of shaft, then the
vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
Q : Define torsional vibrations.
If the disc rotate about the axis of shaft such that the shaft gets twisted and
untwisted alternately, then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
Q : Define linear vibrations.
In a vibrating system, if basic components (spring, mass and damper)
behave linearly then the resulting vibrations are known as linear vibrations.
Q : Define non-linear vibrations.
In a vibrating system, if any one of the basic components (spring, mass and
damper) behave non - linearly then the resulting vibrations are known as
non - linear vibrations.
Q : Define deterministic vibrations.
If the magnitude of the external excitation force acting on a vibrating system
is known at any given time, then the excitation is known as deterministic
and the resulting vibrations are know as deterministic vibrations.
Q : Define Random vibrations.
If the magnitude of the external excitation force acting on a vibrating system
can not be predict at any given time, then the excitation is known as non-
deterministic and the resulting vibrations are know as random vibrations.
Q : Vibration measuring instruments ?
Accelerometer, vibrometer, seismometer.
Q : State D’Alembert’s principle.
In a vibratory system the algebraic sum of the inertia forces and all external
forces acting on the system must be equal to zero.
Q : Rayleigh’s statement.
The maximum kinetic energy which is at the mean position is equal to
maximum potential energy which is at the extreme position.
Q : Define torsional stiffness (Kt).
Torsional stiffness of a shaft is defined as the torque required to produce
unit angular deflection in the direction of applied torque.
Q : What is critical damping coefficient ?
The critical damping coefficient is that value of damping coefficient at
which the frequency of free damped vibrations is zero and the motion is
periodic.
Q : What is damping factor or damping ratio ?
Damping factor or damping ratio is defined as the ratio of the damping
coefficient to the critical damping coefficient.
Q : Types of damped system.
Damping factor >1 -- over damped system
Damping factor =1 -- critically damped system
Damping factor <1 -- under damped system

Q : Define logarithmic decrement.

It is defined as the natural logarithm of, the ratio of any two successive
amplitudes on the same side of the mean position.
Q : Magnification factor or Dynamic magnifier.
It is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of steady state vibration to the
zero frequency deflection.
Q : Define steady state vibrations.
Sinusoidal vibrations with a constant amplitude are known as steady state
vibrations.
Q : What is frequency response curves ?
The plot of magnification factor versus frequency ratio is known as
frequency response curves.
Q : What is whirling of shaft ?
Due to unbalanced centrifugal force, a shaft starts vibrating violently in the
direction perpendicular to the axis of the shaft. This phenomenon is known
as whirling of shaft.
Q : What is critical speed or whirling speed ?
The speed at which the shaft starts to vibrate violently in the direction
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft is known as critical speed or whirling
speed of shaft.
Or
The speed at which the deflection of the shaft tends to be infinity is
known as critical speed or whirling speed.
Q : Ranges of shaft speed.
Shaft speed < critical speed (deflection of shaft is positive)
Shaft speed = critical speed (this may lead to failure of shaft)
Shaft speed > critical speed (deflection of shaft is negative)
Q : What is vibration isolation ?
To isolate the machines from foundation so that the adjoining structure is
not set into heavy vibrations, is known as vibration isolation
Q : Types of isolating material.
 Rubber.
 Cork.
 Felt.
 Metallic springs.
Q : What is force transmissibility ?
Force transmissibility is defined as the ratio of the force transmitted to the
supporting structure or foundation to that force impressed upon the system.
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒑𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎

𝑭𝒓
𝑻𝒓 =
𝑭𝟎
Q : What is node point or nodal section ?
The point or a section on the shaft where amplitude of vibration is zero is
known as node point or nodal section.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE
𝟐𝝅
 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑻𝒑 = (sec)
𝝎
𝝎𝒏
 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝒇𝒏 = (Hz)
𝟐𝝅
𝑭
 Stiffness 𝑲= (N/m)
𝜹
𝑲
 𝝎𝒏 = √
𝒎
 𝑭
 Damping coefficient 𝑪= (N-S/m)
𝒗

 Critical damping coefficient 𝑪𝒄 =𝟐√𝑲𝒎 (N-S/m)

𝑪
 Damping factor 𝜻= ( unitless )
𝑪𝒄

𝟐𝝅𝜻 𝟏 𝑿𝟎
 Logarithmic decrement 𝜹 = or 𝜹 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
√𝟏−𝜻𝟐 𝒏 𝑿𝒏

 Relation between 𝜹 & 𝜻.

𝜹
𝜻=
√𝟒𝝅𝟐 +𝜹𝟐
𝟏
 Magnification factor (Ω)=
√(𝟏−𝒓𝟐 )𝟐 +(𝟐𝜻𝒓)𝟐

𝝎
 Frequency ratio 𝒓 =
𝝎𝒏

𝑭𝑻
 Force transmissibility 𝑻𝒓 = = 𝛀 ∗ √𝟏 + (𝟐𝜻𝒓)𝟐
𝑭𝟎