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Coordinates: 42°S 147°E

Tasmania
Tasmania (/tæzˈmeɪniə/;[11] abbreviated as TAS, nicknamed
Tassie, Nuenonne and Palawa kani: Lutruwita) is an island Tasmania
state of Australia. It is located 240 km (150 mi) to the south of
the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait. The state
encompasses the main island of Tasmania, the 26th-largest
island in the world, and the surrounding 334 islands.[12] The
state has a population of about 535,500[1] as of September 2019. Flag Coat of arms
Just more than forty percent of the population resides in the
Greater Hobart precinct, which forms the metropolitan area of Slogan or nickname The Apple
Isle;
the state capital and largest city, Hobart.[13]
Holiday Isle
Tasmania's area is 68,401  km2 (26,410  sq  mi), of which the Motto(s) Ubertas et
main island covers 64,519 km2 (24,911 sq mi).[14] It is promoted Fidelitas
(Fertility and
as a natural state, and protected areas of Tasmania cover about
Faithfulness)
42% of its land area, which includes national parks and World
Heritage Sites.[15] Tasmania was the founding place of the first
environmental political party in the world.[16]

The island is believed to have been occupied by indigenous

peoples for 30,000 years before British colonisation.[17] It is
thought Aboriginal Tasmanians were separated from the
mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the
sea rose to form Bass Strait.[18] The Aboriginal population is
estimated to have been between 3,000 and 7,000 at the time of
colonisation, but was almost wiped out within 30 years by a
combination of violent guerrilla conflict with settlers known as
the "Black War", intertribal conflict, and from the late 1820s,
Location relative to other Australian
the spread of infectious diseases to which they had no states and territories
immunity. The conflict, which peaked between 1825 and 1831,
and led to more than three years of martial law, cost the lives of Coordinates 42°S 147°E
almost 1,100 Aboriginals and settlers. Capital city Hobart

The island was permanently settled by Europeans in 1803 as a Demonym Tasmanian

penal settlement of the British Empire to prevent claims to the
Government Constitutional
land by the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. monarchy
The island was initially part of the Colony of New South Wales  • Governor Kate Warner
but became a separate, self-governing colony under the name  • Premier Peter
Van Diemen's Land (named after Anthony van Diemen) in Gutwein (Lib)
1825.[19] Approximately 75,000 convicts were sent to Van
Australian state  
Diemen's Land before transportation ceased in 1853.[20] In
 • Established as Van 1825
1854 the present Constitution of Tasmania was passed, and the Diemen's Land
following year the colony received permission to change its  • Responsible govt. 1856
name to Tasmania. In 1901 it became a state through the    (as Tasmania)
process of the Federation of Australia.  • Federation 1901
 • Australia Act 3 March 1986
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Contents Area
 • Total
 
68,401 km²
Toponymy (7th)
26,410 sq mi
History  • Land 67,031 km²
Physical history 25,881 sq mi
Indigenous people  • Water 1,370.42 km²
(2%)
European arrival and governance 529 sq mi
Black War
Population  
Removal of Aboriginal People (September 2019)[1]
Proclamation as a colony (1825) and change of name  • Population 535,500 (6th)
(1856)  • Density 7.99/km²
Federation (4th)
20.7 /sq mi
Recent history
Elevation  
Geography
 • Highest point Mount Ossa
Insularity 1,617 m
Climate (5,305 ft)[2]
Soils Gross state product  
(2018–19)
Ecology
 • Product ($m) $31,819[3]
Flora
(7th)
Fauna  • Product per capita $59,863 (8th)
Demography Time zone(s) UTC+10
Ancestry and immigration (AEST)
UTC+11
Language (AEDT)
Religion
Federal representation  
Government  • House seats 5/151
Elections  • Senate seats 12/76
Politics Abbreviations  
Local government  • Postal TAS
Economy  • ISO 3166-2 AU-TAS

Culture Emblems  
Cuisine  • Floral Tasmanian
blue gum
Events (Eucalyptus
Literature globulus)[4]
Media  • Animal Tasmanian
devil
Music and performing arts (Sarcophilus
Tasmanian cinema harrisii)[5]
Visual arts  • Bird Yellow
wattlebird
Transport (unofficial)
Air (Anthochaera
paradoxa)[6]
Antarctica base
 • Mineral or gemstone Crocoite[7]
Road
(PbCrO4)[8]
Rail  • Colours Dark green,
Shipping red & gold

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Sport Website www.tas.gov

.au (http://ww
Notable people w.tas.gov.au)
Politicians [9][10]
Footnotes
Actors
Authors
Sports persons
Musicians and composers
Gallery
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Toponymy
Tasmania from space
The island of Tasmania is named lutruwita in the Palawa kani
reconstructed language. This name is taken from the Bruny Island
language word for the Tasmanian mainland, which was recorded by George Augustus Robinson as
Loe.trou.witter. Robinson also recorded the name Trow.wer.nar for Tasmania, likely from the Eastern
or Northeastern Tasmanian languages. However, he also recorded it as a name for Cape Barren Island. In
the 20th century, some writers used it as an Aboriginal name for Tasmania, spelled "Trowenna" or
"Trowunna". It is now believed that the name is more properly applied to Cape Barren Island,[21] which
has had an official dual name of "Truwana" since 2014.[22]

Tasmania is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who made the first reported European sighting of
the island on 24 November 1642. Tasman named the island Anthony van Diemen's Land after his
sponsor Anthony van Diemen, the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. The name was later shortened to
Van Diemen's Land by the British. It was officially renamed Tasmania in honour of its first
European discoverer on 1 January 1856.[23]

Tasmania was sometimes referred to as "Dervon", as mentioned in the Jerilderie Letter written by the
notorious Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in 1879. The colloquial expression for the state is "Tassie".
Tasmania is also colloquially shortened to "Tas", mainly when used in business names and website
addresses. TAS is also the Australia Post abbreviation for the state.

A number of Palawa kani names, based on historical records of aboriginal names, have been accepted by
the Tasmanian government. A dozen of these (below) are 'dual-use' (bilingual) names, and another two
are unbounded areas with only Palawa names.[24]

Bilingual names

kanamaluka / Tamar River

kunanyi / Mount Wellington
laraturunawn / Sundown Point
nungu / West Point

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pinmatik / Rocky Cape

takayna / The Tarkine
taypalaka / Green Point
titima / Trefoil Island
truwana / Cape Barren Island
wukalina / Mount William
yingina / Great Lake

Palawa names

larapuna: an unbounded area centered on the Bay of Fires

Narawntapu National Park (formerly Asbestos Range National Park)
putalina: an unbounded area centered on Oyster Cove (including the community of Oyster Cove)

There are also a number of archaeological sites with Palawa names. Some of these names have been
contentious, with names being proposed without consultation with the aboriginal community, or without
having a connection to the place in question.[25]

History

Physical history

The island was adjoined to the mainland of Australia until the end of
the last glacial period about 10,000 years ago. Much of the island is
composed of Jurassic dolerite intrusions (the upwelling of magma)
through other rock types, sometimes forming large columnar joints.
Tasmania has the world's largest areas of dolerite, with many
distinctive mountains and cliffs formed from this rock type. The
central plateau and the southeast portions of the island are mostly
dolerites. Mount Wellington above Hobart is a good example,
Tessellated pavement, a rare rock
showing distinct columns known as the Organ Pipes.
formation on the Tasman Peninsula
In the southern midlands as far south as Hobart, the dolerite is
underlaid by sandstone and similar sedimentary stones. In the
southwest, Precambrian quartzites were formed from very ancient
sea sediments and form strikingly sharp ridges and ranges, such as
Federation Peak or Frenchmans Cap.

In the northeast and east, continental granites can be seen, such as

at Freycinet, similar to coastal granites on mainland Australia. In the
northwest and west, mineral-rich volcanic rock can be seen at Mount
Read near Rosebery, or at Mount Lyell near Queenstown. Also
Autumn on the Derwent River in present in the south and northwest is limestone with caves.
Tasmania
The quartzite and dolerite areas in the higher mountains show
evidence of glaciation, and much of Australia's glaciated landscape is
found on the Central Plateau and the Southwest. Cradle Mountain, another dolerite peak, for example,

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was a nunatak. The combination of these different rock types contributes to scenery which is distinct
from any other region of the world. In the far southwest corner of the state, the geology is almost wholly
quartzite, which gives the mountains the false impression of having snow-capped peaks year round.

Indigenous people

Evidence indicates the presence of Aboriginals in Tasmania about 42,000 years ago. Rising sea levels cut
Tasmania off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago and by the time of European contact, the
Aboriginal people in Tasmania had nine major nations or ethnic groups.[18] At the time of the British
occupation and colonisation in 1803, the indigenous population was estimated at between 3,000 and
10,000.

Historian Lyndall Ryan's analysis of population studies led her to conclude that there were about 7,000
spread throughout the island's nine nations;[26] Nicholas Clements, citing research by N.J.B. Plomley
and Rhys Jones, settled on a figure of 3,000 to 4,000.[27] They engaged in fire-stick farming, hunted
game including kangaroo and wallabies, caught seals, mutton-birds, shellfish and fish and lived as nine
separate "nations" on the island, which they knew as "Trouwunna".

European arrival and governance

The first reported sighting of Tasmania by a European was on 24

November 1642 by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who landed at
today's Blackman Bay. More than a century later, in 1772, a French
expedition led by Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne landed at (nearby
but different) Blackmans Bay, and the following year Tobias
Furneaux became the first Englishman to land in Tasmania when he
arrived at Adventure Bay, which he named after his ship HMS
Adventure. Captain James Cook also landed at Adventure Bay in
1777. Matthew Flinders and George Bass sailed through Bass Strait
in 1798–99, determining for the first time that Tasmania was an Melchisedech Thevenot (1620?–
island.[28] 1692): Map of New Holland from
1644, based on a map by the Dutch
Sealers and whalers based themselves on Tasmania's islands from cartographer Joan Blaeu.
1798,[29] and in August 1803 New South Wales Governor Philip King
sent Lieutenant John Bowen to establish a small military outpost on
the eastern shore of the Derwent River in order to forestall any
claims to the island by French explorers who had been exploring the
southern Australian coastline. Bowen, who led a party of 49,
including 21 male and three female convicts, named the camp
Risdon.[28][30]

Several months later a second settlement was established by Captain Mount Wellington and Hobart from
David Collins, with 308 convicts, 5 kilometres (3.1  mi) to the south Kangaroo Point, c. 1834
in Sullivans Cove on the western side of the Derwent, where fresh
water was more plentiful. The latter settlement became known as
Hobart Town or Hobarton, later shortened to Hobart, after the British Colonial Secretary of the time,
Lord Hobart. The settlement at Risdon was later abandoned. Left on their own without further supplies,
the Sullivans Cove settlement suffered severe food shortages and by 1806 its inhabitants were starving,
with many resorting to scraping seaweed off rocks and scavenging washed-up whale blubber from the
shore to survive.[28]
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A smaller colony was established at Port Dalrymple on the Tamar River in the island's north in October
1804 and several other convict-based settlements were established, including the particularly harsh
penal colonies at Port Arthur in the southeast and Macquarie Harbour on the West Coast. Tasmania was
eventually sent 75,000 convicts—four out of every ten people transported to Australia.[28] By 1819 the
Aboriginal and British population reached parity with about 5000 of each, although among the colonists
men outnumbered women four to one.[31] Free settlers began arriving in large numbers from 1820, lured
by the promise of land grants and free convict labour. Settlement in the island's northwest corner was
monopolised by the Van Diemen's Land Company, which sent its first surveyors to the district in 1826.
By 1830 one-third of Australia's non-Indigenous population lived in Van Diemen's Land and the island
accounted for about half of all land under cultivation and exports.[32]

Black War

Tensions between Tasmania's black and white inhabitants rose, partly driven by increasing competition
for kangaroo and other game.[33][34] Explorer and naval officer John Oxley in 1810 noted the "many
atrocious cruelties" inflicted on Aboriginals by convict bushrangers in the north, which in turn led to
black attacks on solitary white hunters.[35] Hostilities increased further with the arrival of 600 colonists
from Norfolk Island between 1807 and 1813. They established farms along the River Derwent and east
and west of Launceston, occupying 10 percent of Van Diemen's Land. By 1824 the colonial population
had swelled to 12,600, while the island's sheep population had reached 200,000. The rapid colonisation
transformed traditional kangaroo hunting grounds into farms with grazing livestock as well as fences,
hedges and stone walls, while police and military patrols were increased to control the convict farm
labourers.[36]

Violence began to spiral rapidly from the mid-1820s in what became known as the "Black War". While
black inhabitants were driven to desperation by dwindling food supplies as well as anger at the
prevalence of abductions of women and girls, whites carried out attacks as a means of exacting revenge
and suppressing the native threat. Van Diemen's Land had an enormous gender imbalance, with male
colonists outnumbering females six to one in 1822—and 16 to one among the convict population.
Historian Nicholas Clements has suggested the "voracious appetite" for native women was the most
important trigger for the explosion of violence from the late 1820s.[37]

From 1825 to 1828 the number of native attacks more than doubled each
year, raising panic among settlers. Over the summer of 1826–7 clans from
the Big River, Oyster Bay and North Midlands nations speared stock-
keepers on farms and made it clear that they wanted the settlers and their
sheep and cattle to move from their kangaroo hunting grounds. Settlers
responded vigorously, resulting in many mass-killings. In November 1826
Governor George Arthur issued a government notice declaring that
colonists were free to kill Aborigines when they attacked settlers or their
property and in the following eight months more than 200 Aborigines were
killed in the Settled Districts in reprisal for the deaths of 15 colonists. After
Four elderly full-blood
another eight months the death toll had risen to 43 colonists and probably
Tasmanian Aborigines c.
350 Aboriginals.[38] Almost 300 British troops were sent into the Settled 1860s. Truganini, for many
Districts, and in November 1828 Arthur declared martial law, giving years claimed to be the last
soldiers the right to shoot on sight any Aboriginal in the Settled Districts. full-blood Aboriginal to
Martial law would remain in force for more than three years, the longest survive, is seated at far
period of martial law in Australian history.[39][40] right.

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In November 1830 Arthur organised the so-called "Black Line", ordering every able-bodied male colonist
to assemble at one of seven designated places in the Settled Districts to join a massive drive to sweep
Aboriginals out of the region and on to the Tasman Peninsula. The campaign failed and was abandoned
seven weeks later, but by then Tasmania's Aboriginal population had fallen to about 300.

Removal of Aboriginal People

After hostilities between settlers and Aboriginals ceased in 1832, almost all of the remnants of the
indigenous population were persuaded or forced by government agent George Augustus Robinson to
move to Flinders Island. Many quickly succumbed to infectious diseases to which they had no immunity,
reducing the population further.[41][42] Of those removed from Tasmania, the last to die was Truganini,
in 1876. The near-destruction of Tasmania's Aboriginal population has been described as an act of
genocide by historians including Robert Hughes, James Boyce, Lyndall Ryan and Tom
Lawson.[28][43][44] Boyce has claimed that the April 1828 "Proclamation Separating the Aborigines from
the White Inhabitants" sanctioned force against Aboriginals "for no other reason than that they were
Aboriginal" and described the decision to remove all Tasmanian Aborigines after 1832—by which time
they had given up their fight against white colonists—as an extreme policy position. He concluded: "The
colonial government from 1832 to 1838 ethnically cleansed the western half of Van Diemen's Land and
then callously left the exiled people to their fate."[45]

Proclamation as a colony (1825) and change of name (1856)

Van Diemen's Land—which thus far had existed as a territory within the colony of New South Wales—
was proclaimed a separate colony, with its own judicial establishment and Legislative Council, on 3
December 1825. Transportation to the island ceased in 1853 and the colony was renamed Tasmania in
1856, partly to differentiate the burgeoning society of free settlers from the island's convict past.[46]

The Legislative Council of Van Diemen's Land drafted a new

constitution which it passed in 1854. The following year the Privy
Council approved the colony changing its name from "Van Diemen's
Land" to "Tasmania", and in 1856 the newly elected bicameral
parliament sat for the first time, establishing Tasmania as a self-
governing colony of the British Empire.

The colony suffered from economic fluctuations, but for the most
part was prosperous, experiencing steady growth. With few external A convict ploughing team breaking
threats and strong trade links with the Empire, Tasmania enjoyed up new ground at the farm at Port
many fruitful periods in the late 19th century, becoming a world- Arthur.
centre of shipbuilding. It raised a local defence force that eventually
played a significant role in the Second Boer War in South Africa, and
Tasmanian soldiers in that conflict won the first two Victoria Crosses awarded to Australians.

Federation

In 1901 the Colony of Tasmania united with the five other Australian colonies to form the
Commonwealth of Australia. Tasmanians voted in favour of federation with the largest majority of all the
Australian colonies.

Recent history
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The state was badly affected by the 1967 Tasmanian fires, in which there was major loss of life and
property. In the 1970s the state government announced plans to flood environmentally significant Lake
Pedder. As a result of the eventual flooding of Lake Pedder, the world's first green party was established;
the United Tasmania Group.

In 1975 the Tasman Bridge collapsed when the bridge was struck by the bulk ore carrier MV Lake
Illawarra. It was the only bridge in Hobart, and made crossing the Derwent River by road at the city
impossible. The nearest bridge was approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the north, at Bridgewater.

National and international attention surrounded the campaign against the Franklin Dam in the early
1980s.

On 28 April 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre, lone gunman Martin Bryant shot and killed 35 people
(including tourists and residents) and injured 21 others. The use of firearms was immediately reviewed,
and new gun ownership laws were adopted nationwide, with Tasmania's law one of the strictest in
Australia.

In April 2006 the Beaconsfield Mine collapse was triggered by a small earthquake. One person was killed
and two others were trapped underground for 14 days.

The Tasmanian community has for some time been divided over the issue of the proposed Bell Bay Pulp
Mill to be built in the Tamar Valley. Proponents argue that jobs will be created, while opponents argue
that pollution will damage both the Bass Strait fishing industry and local tourism. The company behind
the proposal collapsed in 2012 and the pulp mill project officially ended in 2017 when the building
permits lapsed.

In January 2011 philanthropist David Walsh opened the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) in Hobart
to international acclaim. Within 12 months, MONA became Tasmania's top tourism attraction.[47]

Port Arthur

Geography
Tasmania's landmass of 68,401  km2 (26,410  sq  mi) is located directly in the pathway of the notorious
"Roaring Forties" wind that encircles the globe. To its north, it is separated from mainland Australia by
Bass Strait. Tasmania is the only Australian state that is not located on the Australian mainland. About
2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) south of Tasmania island lies the George V Coast of Antarctica. Depending
on which borders of the oceans are used, the island can be said to be either surrounded by the Southern
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Ocean, or to have the Pacific on its east and the Indian to its west.
Still other definitions of the ocean boundaries would have Tasmania
with the Great Australian Bight to the west, and the Tasman Sea to
the east. It lies at similar latitudes to the South Island of New
Zealand, and parts of Patagonia in South America.

The most mountainous region is the Central Highlands area, which

covers most of the central western parts of the state. The Midlands
located in the central east, is fairly flat, and is predominantly used
for agriculture, although farming activity is scattered throughout the
state. Tasmania's tallest mountain is Mount Ossa at 1,617  m
(5,305 ft).[2][48] Much of Tasmania is still densely forested, with the
Southwest National Park and neighbouring areas holding some of
the last temperate rain forests in the Southern Hemisphere. The
Tarkine, containing Savage River National Park located in the
island's far north west, is the largest temperate rainforest area in Topography of Tasmania
Australia covering about 3,800 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi).[49]
With its rugged topography, Tasmania has a great number of rivers.
Several of Tasmania's largest rivers have been dammed at some
point to provide hydroelectricity. Many rivers begin in the Central
Highlands and flow out to the coast. Tasmania's major population
centres are mainly situated around estuaries (some of which are
named rivers).

North Coast of Tasmania

Wineglass Bay seen from Mount Amos at Freycinet National Park

Insularity

Tasmania's insularity was likely detected by Captain Abel Tasman when he charted Tasmania's coast in
1642. On 5 December, Tasman was following the east coast northward to see how far it went. When the
land veered to the north-west at Eddystone Point,[50] he tried to keep in with it but his ships were
suddenly hit by the Roaring Forties howling through Banks Strait.[51] Tasman was on a mission to find
the Southern Continent, not more islands, so he abruptly turned away to the east and continued his
continent-hunting.[52]

The next European to enter the strait was Captain James Cook on HMS Endeavour in April 1770. A
talented and diligent hydrographer, Cook quickly identified the strait, but knew he had to conceal it. The
Admiralty had issued its usual instructions to hide strategically important discoveries that could become
security risks, such as off-shore islands from which operations could be mounted by a hostile power, at a
time of intense Anglo-French rivalry.

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Consequently, in his journal Cook seemingly disguised his discovery with a riddle;[53] and on his chart he
drew a curtain across the truncated channel by sketching a false coastline down to an invented Point
Hicks.[54] Cook's ploy worked and Tasmania's insularity was suppressed for three more decades, as
Europe's mapmakers increasingly depicted it as a peninsula joined to the mainland.

The age-old question about Tasmania's insularity – 'Is Van Diemen's Land a peninsula or an island?' –
was officially resolved in 1798–99 when George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigated the island.
When news of their discovery of Bass Strait reached Europe, the French government despatched a
reconnaissance expedition commanded by Nicolas Baudin. This prompted Governor King to send two
vessels from Sydney to the island to establish a garrison at Hobart.[55]

Climate

Tasmania has a relatively cool temperate climate compared to the

rest of Australia with four distinct seasons.[56] Summer is from
December to February when the average maximum sea temperature
is 21  °C (70  °F) and inland areas around Launceston reach 24  °C
(75 °F). Other inland areas are much cooler, with Liawenee, located
on the Central Plateau, one of the coldest places in Australia, ranging
between 4 °C (39 °F) and 17 °C (63 °F) in February. Autumn is from
March to May, with mostly settled weather, as summer patterns
gradually take on the shape of winter patterns.[57] The winter Knyvet Falls near Cradle Mountain,
months are from June to August, and are generally the wettest and Tasmania
coldest months in the state, with most high lying areas receiving
considerable snowfall. Winter maximums are 12  °C (54  °F) on
average along coastal areas and 3 °C (37 °F) on the central plateau,
as a result of a series of cold fronts from the Southern Ocean. Inland
areas receive regular freezes throughout the winter months.[58]
Spring is from September to November, and is an unsettled season of
transition, where winter weather patterns begin to take the shape of
summer patterns, although snowfall is still common up until Moulting Lagoon and Great Oyster
October. Spring is generally the windiest time of the year with Bay with the Freycinet Peninsula in
afternoon sea breezes starting to take effect on the coast. the distance

Mean Min. Mean Max. No. Clear Rainfall

City
Temp °C Temp °C days (mm)

Hobart 8.3 16.9 41 616[59]

Launceston 7.2 18.4 50 666[60]

Devonport 8.1 16.8 61 778[61]

Strahan 7.9 16.5 41 1,458[62]

Soils

Despite the presence of some Quaternary glaciation, Tasmania's soils are not more fertile than those of
mainland Australia, largely because most are severely leached and the areas with driest climates (least
leaching) were unaffected by glaciation or alluvia derived therefrom. Most soils on the Bass Strait
Islands, the east coast and western Tasmania are very infertile spodosols or psamments, with some even

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less fertile "lateritic podzolic soils" in the latter region. Most of these
lands are thus not used for agriculture, but there is much productive
forestry in Tasmania—which remains one of the state's major
industries.

On the north coast, apart from some relatively fertile alluvial soils
used for fruit-growing, there are also deep red, easily workable soils
known as "krasnozems" ("red land"). These soils are highly acidic
and fix phosphate very effectively, but their extremely favourable
An apple orchard in the "Apple Isle".
physical properties make them extensively used for dairying, beef
cattle and fodder crops.

The Midlands and the Lower Derwent present a different story from the rest of the state. Owing to a
relatively dry climate and alkaline (mostly dolerite) parent material, these soils are relatively unleached
and contain lime in the deeper subsoil. They are mostly classified as "prairie soils" or "brown earths" and
bear some resemblance to the chernozems of Russia and North America, although they are much lower
in available phosphorus and somewhat acidic in the surface levels. Their higher nutrient levels, however,
allow them to support productive pasture, and large numbers of sheep are grazed in these regions. Some
grain crops are also grown in the driest areas. In the alluvial areas of southeastern Tasmania, rich alluvial
soils permit apples to be grown.

Tasmania became known as the "Apple Isle" because for many years it was one of the world's major apple
producers. Apples are still grown in large numbers, particularly in southern Tasmania, and have the
distinction of being the first approved by the Japanese government for import, due to their verifiable
pest-free status.[63]

Ecology
Geographically and genetically isolated, Tasmania is known for its
unique flora and fauna.

Flora

Tasmania has extremely diverse vegetation, from the heavily grazed

grassland of the dry Midlands to the tall evergreen eucalypt forest,
alpine heathlands and large areas of cool temperate rainforests and
moorlands in the rest of the state. Many flora species are unique to Ferns in Hellyer Gorge, to the
Tasmania, and some are related to species in South America and northeast of Savage River National
New Zealand through ancestors which grew on the super continent Park
of Gondwana, 50  million years ago. Beech species Nothofagus
gunnii, commonly known as Fagus, is Australia's only temperate
native deciduous tree that is found exclusively in Tasmania.[64]

Fauna

The island of Tasmania was home to the thylacine, a marsupial which resembled a fossa or some say a
wild dog. Known colloquially as the Tasmanian tiger for the distinctive striping across its back, it became
extinct in mainland Australia much earlier because of competition by the dingo, introduced in prehistoric
times. Owing to persecution by farmers, government-funded bounty hunters and, in the final years,
collectors for overseas museums, it appears to have been exterminated in Tasmania. The Tasmanian
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devil became the largest carnivorous marsupial in the world

following the extinction of the thylacine in 1936, and is now found in
the wild only in Tasmania. Tasmania was one of the last regions of
Australia to be introduced to domesticated dogs. Dogs were brought
from Britain in 1803 for hunting kangaroos and emus. This
introduction completely transformed Aboriginal society, as it helped
them to successfully compete with European hunters, and was more
important than the introduction of guns for the Aboriginals.[65]
Although Tasmanian devils are
Demography nocturnal, they like to rest in the
sun. Scarring from fighting is visible
next to this devil's left eye.
Tasmania's population is more homogeneous than that of other
states of Australia, with many of Irish and British descent.[66]
Approximately 65% of its residents are descendants of an estimated
10,000 "founding families" from the mid-19th century.

Until 2012, Tasmania was the only state in Australia with an above-
replacement total fertility rate; Tasmanian women had an average of
2.24 children each.[67] By 2012 the birth rate had slipped to 2.1
children per woman, bringing the state to the replacement threshold,
but it continues to have the second-highest birth rate of any state or
territory (behind the Northern Territory).[68]
The city of Hobart, seen here from
Major population centres include Hobart, Launceston, Devonport, Mount Wellington, is Tasmania's
most populous city and comprises a
Burnie, and Ulverstone. Kingston is often defined as a separate city
large portion of the state's
but is generally regarded as part of the Greater Hobart Area.[69]
population.

Name Population

Greater Hobart 226,884[13]

Launceston 86,404[70]

Devonport 30,044[70]

Burnie 26,978[70]

Ulverstone 14,424[70]

Estimated resident population since

Ancestry and immigration 1981

At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries

were:[N 2][71][72] Country of Birth (2016)[71][72]
Birthplace[N 1] Population
English (47.7%) Indigenous (4.6%)[N 4]
Australian (46.3%)[N 3] German (3.9%) Australia 411,490

Irish (11.7%) Dutch (2.2%) England 18,776

Scottish (10%) Italian (1.5%) New Zealand 4,997
Chinese (1.5%) Mainland China 3,036
Scotland 2,283

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19.3% of the population was born overseas at the 2016 census. The Netherlands 2,193
five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (3.7%), New Germany 2,108
Zealand (1%), Mainland China (0.6%), Scotland (0.4%) and the
Netherlands (0.4%).[71][72] India 1,980
United States 1,630
4.6% of the population, or 23,572 people, identified as Indigenous
Philippines 1,616
Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in
2016.[N 5][71][72] South Africa 1,524
Malaysia 1,409

Language

At the 2016 census, 88.3% of the population spoke only English at home. The other languages most
commonly spoken at home were Standard Mandarin (0.8%), Nepali (0.3%), Greek (0.2%) and Italian
(0.2%).[71][72]

Religion

At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated religions were 'No Religion' (37.8%), Anglicanism
(20.4%) and Catholicism (15.6%).[71][72]

Government
The form of the government of Tasmania is prescribed in its
constitution, which dates from 1856, although it has been amended
many times since then. Since 1901, Tasmania has been a state of the
Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution
regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth and prescribes Parliament House, Hobart
which powers each level of government is allowed.

Tasmania is a State in the Australian federation. Its relationship with the Federal Government and
Parliament are regulated by the Australian Constitution. Tasmania is represented in the Senate by 12
senators, on an equal basis with all other states. In the House of Representatives, Tasmania is entitled to
five seats, which is the minimum allocation for a state guaranteed by the Constitution—the number of
House of Representatives seats for each state is otherwise decided on the basis of their relative
populations, and Tasmania has never qualified for five seats on that basis alone. Tasmania's House of
Assembly use a system of multi-seat proportional representation known as Hare-Clark.

Elections

At the 2002 state election, the Labor Party won 14 of the 25 House seats. The people decreased their vote
for the Liberal Party; representation in the Parliament fell to seven seats. The Greens won four seats,
with over 18% of the popular vote, the highest proportion of any Green party in any parliament in the
world at that time.

On 23 February 2004 the Premier Jim Bacon announced his Composition of the Parliament of Tasmania
retirement, after being diagnosed with lung cancer. In his Political House of Legislative
last months he opened a vigorous anti-smoking campaign Party Assembly Council
which included many restrictions on where individuals could ALP 10 4
Liberal 13 1
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smoke, such as pubs. He died four months later. Bacon was Greens 2 0
succeeded by Paul Lennon, who, after leading the state for Independent 0 10
Source: Tasmanian Electoral Commission
two years, went on to win the 2006 state election in his own
right. Lennon resigned in 2008 and was succeeded by David Bartlett, who formed a coalition
government with the Greens after the 2010 state election resulted in a hung parliament. Bartlett resigned
as Premier in January 2011 and was replaced by Lara Giddings, who became Tasmania's first female
Premier. In March 2014 Will Hodgman's Liberal Party won government, ending sixteen years of Labor
governance, and ending an eight-year period for Hodgman himself as Leader of the Opposition.[74]
Hodgman then won a second term of government in the 2018 state election, but resigned mid-term in
January 2020 and was replaced by Peter Gutwein.[75]

Politics

Tasmania has a number of undeveloped regions. Proposals for local economic development have been
faced with requirements for environmental sensitivity, or opposition. In particular, proposals for
hydroelectric power generation were debated in the late 20th century. In the 1970s, opposition to the
construction of the Lake Pedder reservoir impoundment led to the formation of the world's first green
party, the United Tasmania Group.[76][76]

In the early 1980s the state debated the proposed Franklin River Dam. The anti-dam sentiment was
shared by many Australians outside Tasmania and proved a factor in the election of the Hawke Labor
government in 1983, which halted construction of the dam. Since the 1980s the environmental focus has
shifted to old growth logging and mining in the Tarkine region, which have both proved divisive. The
Tasmania Together process recommended an end to clear felling in high conservation old growth forests
by January 2003, but was unsuccessful.

Local government

Tasmania has 29 local government areas. Local councils are responsible for functions delegated by the
Tasmanian parliament, such as urban planning, road infrastructure and waste management. Council
revenue comes mostly from property taxes and government grants.

As with the House of Assembly, Tasmania's local government elections use a system of multi-seat
proportional representation known as Hare–Clark. Local government elections take place every four
years and are conducted by the Tasmanian Electoral Commission by full postal ballot. The next local
government elections will be held during September and October 2018.

Economy
Traditionally, Tasmania's main industries have been mining (including copper, zinc, tin, and iron),
agriculture, forestry, and tourism. In the 1940s and 1950s, a hydro-industrialisation initiative was
embodied in the state by Hydro Tasmania. These all have had varying fortunes over the last century and
more, involved in ebbs and flows of population moving in and away dependent upon the specific
requirements of the dominant industries of the time.[77] The state also has a large number of food
exporting sectors, including but not limited to seafood (such as Atlantic salmon, abalone and crayfish).

In the 1960s and 1970s there was a decline in traditional crops such as apples and pears,[78] with other
crops and industries eventually rising in their place. During the 15 years until 2010, new agricultural
products such as wine, saffron, pyrethrum and cherries have been fostered by the Tasmanian Institute of
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Agricultural Research.

Favourable economic conditions throughout Australia, cheaper air

fares, and two new Spirit of Tasmania ferries have all contributed to
what is now a rising tourism industry.

About 1.7% of the Tasmanian population are employed by local

government.[79] Other major employers include Nyrstar, Norske
Skog, Grange Resources, Rio Tinto,[80] the Roman Catholic
Archdiocese of Hobart, and Federal Group. Small business is a large
part of the community life, including Incat, Moorilla Estate and
Tassal. In the late 1990s, a number of national companies based
their call centres in the state after obtaining cheap access to broad-
band fibre optic connections.[81][77]

34% of Tasmanians are reliant on welfare payments as their primary Western Tasmania and South West
source of income.[82] This number is in part due to the large number Tasmania with natural resources on
of older residents and retirees in Tasmania receiving Age Pensions. 1865 map
Due to its natural environment and clean air, Tasmania is a common
retirement selection for Australians.[83]

Culture

Cuisine

During colonial times the cuisines of the British Isles were the
standard in most areas of Tasmania. Tasmania now has a wide range
Smoked Tasmanian salmon.
of restaurants, in part due to the arrival of immigrants and changing
Tasmania is a large exporter of
cultural patterns. Scattered across Tasmania are many vineyards,[84] seafood, particularly salmon.
and Tasmanian beer brands such as Boags and Cascade are known
and sold in Mainland Australia. King Island off the northwestern
coast of Tasmania has a reputation for boutique cheeses[84] and dairy products. Tasmanians are also
consumers of seafood,[84] such as crayfish, orange roughy, salmon[84] and oysters,[84] both farmed and
wild.

Events

To foster tourism, the state government encourages or supports several annual events in and around the
island. The best known of these is the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, starting on Boxing Day in Sydney
and usually arriving at Constitution Dock in Hobart around three to four days later, during the Taste of
Tasmania, an annual food and wine festival. Other events include the road rally Targa Tasmania which
attracts rally drivers from around the world and is staged all over the state, over five days. Rural or
regional events include Agfest, a three-day agricultural show held at Carrick (just west of Launceston) in
early May and NASA supported TastroFest - Tasmania's Astronomy Festival, held early August in
Ulverstone (North West Tasmania). The Royal Hobart Show and Royal Launceston Show are both held
in October annually. Music events held in Tasmania include the Falls Festival at Marion Bay (a Victorian
event now held in both Victoria and Tasmania on New Year's Eve), the Festival of Voices, a national
celebration of song held each year in Hobart attracting international and national teachers and choirs in
the heart of Winter, MS Fest is a charity music event held in Launceston, to raise money for those with
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multiple sclerosis. The Cygnet Folk Festival is one Australia's most iconic folk music festivals and is held
every year in January, the Tasmanian Lute Festival is an early music event held in different locations in
Tasmania every two years. Recent additions to the state arts events calendar include the 10 Days on the
Island arts festival, MONA FOMA, run by David Walsh and curated by Brian Ritchie and Dark MOFO
also run by David Walsh and curated by Leigh Carmichael.

Literature

Notable titles by Tasmanian authors include For the Term of his Natural Life by Marcus Clarke, The
Museum of Modern Love[85][86] by Heather Rose, The Narrow Road to the Deep North by Richard
Flanagan, The Alphabet of Light and Dark by Danielle Wood, The Roving Party by Rohan Wilson and
The Year of Living Dangerously by Christopher Koch, The Rain Queen[87] by Katherine Scholes, Bridget
Crack[88] by Rachel Leary, and The Blue Day Book by Bradley Trevor Greive. Part of Helen Garner's
Monkey Grip is set in Hobart. Children's books include They Found a Cave by Nan Chauncy, The
Museum of Thieves by Lian Tanner, Finding Serendipity, A Week Without Tuesday and Blueberry
Pancakes Forever[89] by Angelica Banks, Tiger Tale by Marion and Steve Isham. Tasmania is home to
the eminent literary magazine that was formed in 1979, Island magazine, and the biennial Tasmanian
Writers and Readers Festival.

Media

Tasmania has five broadcast television stations which produce local content including ABC Tasmania,
Seven Tasmania – an affiliate of Seven Network, WIN Television Tasmania – an affiliate of Ten Network,
Nine Tasmania – an affiliate of the Nine Network (joint owned by WIN and Southern Cross), and SBS.

Music and performing arts

Tasmania has a varied musical scene, ranging from the Tasmanian

Symphony Orchestra whose home is the Federation Concert Hall, to
a substantial number of small bands, orchestras, string quintets,
saxophone ensembles and individual artists who perform at a variety
of venues around the state. Tasmania is also home to a vibrant
community of composers including Constantine Koukias, Maria
Grenfell and Don Kay, who is the patron of the Tasmanian
Composers Collective,[90] the representative body for composers in
Tasmania. Tasmania is also home to one of Australia's leading new
The Princess Theatre and Earl Arts
music institutions, IHOS Music Theatre and Opera and gospel
Centre, Launceston
choirs, the Southern Gospel Choir. Prominent Australian metal
bands Psycroptic and Striborg hail from Tasmania.[91] Noir-rock
band The Paradise Motel and 1980s power-pop band The Innocents[92] are also citizens. The first season
of the television series The Mole was filmed and based mainly in Tasmania, with the final elimination
taking place in Port Arthur jail.

Tasmanian cinema

Films set in Tasmania include Young Einstein, The Tale of Ruby Rose, The Hunter, The Last Confession
of Alexander Pearce, Arctic Blast, Manganinnie, Van Diemen's Land, Lion, and The Nightingale.
Common within Australian cinema, the Tasmanian landscape is a focal point in most of their feature film
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productions. The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce and Van Diemen's Land are both set during an
episode of Tasmania's convict history. Tasmanian film production goes as far back as the silent era, with
the epic For The Term of his Natural Life in 1927 being the most expensive feature film made on
Australian shores. The Kettering Incident, filmed in and around Kettering, Tasmania, won the 2016
AACTA Award for Best Telefeature or Mini Series.

Visual arts

The biennial Tasmanian Living Artists' Week is a ten-day statewide festival for Tasmania's visual artists.
The fourth festival in 2007 involved more than 1000 artists. Tasmania is home to two winners of the
prestigious Archibald Prize—Jack Carington Smith in 1963 for a portrait of Professor James McAuley,
and Geoffrey Dyer in 2003 for his portrait of Richard Flanagan. Photographers Olegas Truchanas and
Peter Dombrovskis are known for works that became iconic in the Lake Pedder and Franklin Dam
conservation movements. English-born painter John Glover (1767–1849) is known for his paintings of
Tasmanian landscapes. The Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) opened in January 2011 at the
Moorilla Estate in Berriedale,[93] and is the largest privately owned museum complex in Australia.[94]

Transport

Air

Tasmania's main air carriers are Jetstar Airways and Virgin

Australia; Qantas, QantasLink and Regional Express Airlines. These
airlines fly direct routes to Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Melbourne and
Sydney. Major airports include Hobart International Airport (which
has not had a regular scheduled international passenger service since
the 1990s) and Launceston Airport; the smaller airports, Burnie Hobart International Airport.
(Wynyard) and King Island, serviced by Regional Express; and
Devonport, serviced by QantasLink; have services to Melbourne.
Intra-Tasmanian air services are offered by Airlines of Tasmania. Until 2001 Ansett Australia operated
majorly out of Tasmania to 12 destinations nationwide.

Antarctica base

Tasmania – Hobart in particular – serves as Australia's chief sea link to Antarctica, with the Australian
Antarctic Division located in Kingston. Hobart is also the home port of the French ship l'Astrolabe,
which makes regular supply runs to the French Southern Territories near and in Antarctica.

Road

Within the state, the primary form of transport is by road. Since the 1980s, many of the state's highways
have undergone regular upgrades. These include the Hobart Southern Outlet, Launceston Southern
Outlet, Bass Highway reconstruction, and the Huon Highway. Public transport is provided by Metro
Tasmania bus services, regular taxis and Hobart only[95] UBER ride-share services within urban areas,
with Redline Coaches, Tassielink Transit and Callows Coaches providing bus service between population
centres.

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Rail

Rail transport in Tasmania consists of narrow-gauge lines to all four

major population centres and to mining and forestry operations on
the west coast and in the northwest. Services are operated by
TasRail. Regular passenger train services in the state ceased in 1977;
the only scheduled trains are for freight, but there are tourist trains
in specific areas, for example the West Coast Wilderness Railway.
There is an ongoing proposal to reinstate commuter trains to Hobart. Bridgewater Bridge
This idea however lacks political motivation.

Shipping

The port of Hobart is the second deepest natural port in the world,
second to only Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. There is a substantial
amount of commercial and recreational shipping within the harbour,
and the port hosts approximately 120 cruise ships during the warmer
half of the year, and there are occasional visits from military
vessels.[96]
The Spirit of Tasmania links the
Burnie and Devonport on the northwest coast host ports and several
island with mainland Australia.
other coastal towns host either small fishing ports or substantial
marinas. The domestic sea route between Tasmanian and the
mainland is serviced by Bass Strait passenger/vehicle ferries operated by the Tasmanian government-
owned TT-Line (Tasmania). The state is also home to Incat, a manufacturer of very high-speed
aluminium catamarans that regularly broke records when they were first launched. The state government
tried using them on the Bass Strait run but eventually decided to discontinue the run because of concerns
over viability and the suitability of the vessels for the extreme weather conditions sometimes experienced
in the strait.

Sport
Sport is an important pastime in Tasmania, and the state has
produced several famous sportsmen and women and also hosted
several major sporting events. The Tasmanian Tigers cricket team
represents the state successfully (for example the Sheffield Shield in
2007, 2011 and 2013) and plays its home games at the Bellerive Oval
in Hobart; which is also the home ground for the Hobart Hurricanes
in the Big Bash League. In addition, Bellerive Oval regularly hosts
international cricket matches. Famous Tasmanian cricketers include
David Boon and former Australian captain Ricky Ponting. Bellerive Oval at night, during the
one-day cricket Australia vs
Australian Rules Football is also popularly followed, with frequent England.
discussion of a proposed Tasmanian team in the Australian Football
League (AFL). Several AFL games have been played at Aurora
Stadium, Launceston, including the Hawthorn Football Club and as of 2012, at the Bellerive Oval with
the North Melbourne Football Club playing 3 home games there. The stadium was the site of an
infamous match between St Kilda and Fremantle which was controversially drawn after the umpires
failed to hear the final siren. Local leagues include the North West Football League and Tasmanian State
League.
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Rugby League Football is also played in the area, with the highest level of football played is in the
Tasmanian Rugby League competition. The most successful team is the Hobart Tigers, who have won the
title three times.

Rugby Union is also played in Tasmania and is governed by the Tasmanian Rugby Union. Ten clubs take
part in the statewide Tasmanian Rugby Competition.

Association Football (soccer) is played throughout the state, including a proposed Tasmanian A-League
Club and an existing statewide league called the NPL Tasmania.

Tasmania hosts the professional Moorilla International tennis tournament as part of the lead up to the
Australian Open and is played at the Hobart International Tennis Centre, Hobart.

The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race is an annual event starting in Sydney, NSW, on Boxing Day and
finishing in Hobart, Tasmania. It is widely considered to be one of the most difficult yacht races in the
world.[97]

While some of the other sports played and barracked for have grown in popularity, others have declined.
For example, in basketball Tasmania has not been represented in the National Basketball League since
the demise of the Hobart Devils in 1996.

Notable people
Notable people from Tasmania include:

Truganini, full-blooded Tasmanian Aborigine

Elizabeth Blackburn, first woman from Australia to win a Nobel Prize
Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister of Australia
F. Matthias Alexander (1869–1955), originator of the Alexander Technique
John Gellibrand, founder of Legacy
Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark (née Mary Donaldson)
David Walsh, owner and founder of MONA
Alannah Hill, fashion designer
Margaret Scott, author, academic
Graeme Murphy, dancer and choreographer
Marcus Clarke, author
Pat Brassington, artist
David Stephenson, artist
Bob Clifford, owner and founder of Incat
Deny King, naturalist, ornithologist and environmentalist
Sir Hudson Fysh, aviator and a founder of Qantas
Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane and Primate of Australia Phillip Aspinall
Oliver Heyward, 6th Bishop of Bendigo
Hannah Gadsby, comedian, speaker, cultural critic

Politicians
Joseph Lyons, former Prime Minister of Australia

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Enid Lyons, wife of Joseph Lyons and first woman member of House of Representatives
Bob Brown, former leader of the Greens political party

Actors
Actor Norman Coburn, actor in Home and away
Actor Simon Baker, star of The Mentalist
Actor Errol Flynn
Actress Rachael Taylor
Australian actress Kris McQuade lives in Tasmania.
Actress Essie Davis, star of Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries

Authors
Richard Flanagan, Australian author and recipient of the Man Booker Prize 2014
Heather Rose, Australian author and recipient of The Stella Prize 2017, the Christina Stead Prize
2017, the Margaret Scott Prize 2017
Danielle Wood, Australian author and recipient of the Vogel Prize 2002
Rohan Wilson, Australian author and recipient of the Vogel Prize 2011, the Vance Palmer Prize for
Fiction 2016, The Margaret Scott Prize 2013
Louisa Ann Meredith (1812–1895), author and illustrator
Katherine Scholes, Australian author
Rachael Treasure, Australian author
Katherine Johnson, Australian author
Christopher Koch, Australian author
Nan Chauncy, author
Bob Brown, Australian author
James Boyce, Australian author
Bill Mollison, Author and permaculturalist. Right Livelihood Award, 1981
Kate Gordon, author
Simon Hanselmann, cartoonist, best known for his Megg, Mogg, and Owl series of comics

Sports persons
Australian cricketer Ricky Ponting
Australian cricketer David Boon
Australian cricketer Tim Paine
Australian cricketer George Bailey
Australian cricketer Xavier Doherty
Australian Test cricket match umpire Steve Randell
Eddie Jones, current head coach of England
Woodchopping world champion David Foster
Robert Fahey, real tennis player; reigning World Champion since 1994.
Former ATP Tennis player David Macpherson
Paul Williams (Australian rules footballer) AFL
Alex Cisak, Association football player
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Royce Hart, Australian rules footballer

Matthew Richardson, Australian rules footballer
Former V8 Supercar and current NASCAR driver Marcos Ambrose (2003–2004 champion of V8
Supercar)
Retired V8 Supercar, driver John Bowe (1995 champion)
Cyclist Richie Porte
Cyclist Luke Ockerby

Musicians and composers

Drummer Dave Haley from technical death metal band Psycroptic and black metal band Ruins (metal
band)
Musician Courtney Barnett (born in Sydney; however, she moved to Hobart with her family at age
sixteen, attending St Michael's Collegiate School and later, the Tasmanian School of Art)
Composer Don Kay
Country music singer Jean Stafford
Composer Peter Sculthorpe
Band Luca Brasi (band)[98]
Bassist Brian Ritchie, founding member of Violent Femmes
Musician Russell Menzies (Sin Nanna) of one-man black metal band Striborg
Nu-metalcore band Alpha Wolf (band)

Gallery

Cataract Gorge, Cradle Mountain Sub-Antarctic Mount Roland

Tasmania from the shore of Garden, Royal
Dove Lake Tasmanian
Botanical Garden,
Hobart

See also
Index of Australia-related articles
List of amphibians of Tasmania
List of schools in Tasmania
Omission of Tasmania from maps of Australia
Outline of Australia
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Regions of Tasmania

Notes
1. In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China
and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
2. As a percentage of 475,884 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
3. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry
are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[73]
4. Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders.
Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons
identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
5. Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders.
Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons
identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

References
1. "Australian Demographic Statistics, Sep 2019" (https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Details
Page/3101.0Mar%202019?OpenDocument). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020. Estimated
Resident Population – 30 September 2019
2. "LISTmap (Mount Ossa)" (http://www.thelist.tas.gov.au/listmap/listmap.jsp?llx=419200&lly=5363700&
urx=420100&ury=5364300&layers=17). Tasmanian Government Department of Primary Industries
and Water. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
3. "5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2018–19" (https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTA
TS/[email protected]/Lookup/5220.0Main+Features12018-19?OpenDocument). Australian Bureau of
Statistics. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
4. "Proclamation of Tasmanian floral emblem" (http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/FloraPro
clamation.htm). Tasmanian Government Gazette. www.parliament.tas.gov.au. 27 November 1962.
Retrieved 23 January 2013.
5. "Proclamation of Tasmanian Devil as Tasmania's Animal Emblem" (http://www.gazette.tas.gov.au/edit
ions/2015/21518_-_Special_25_May.pdf) (PDF). www.parliament.tas.gov.au. 25 May 2015. Retrieved
2 June 2015.
6. "Tasmanian State Emblems" (http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/StateEmblems.htm).
parliament.tas.gov.au. Parliament of Tasmania. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
7. Proclamation of Tasmanian mineral emblem (http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/Mineral
Proclamation.htm), Tasmanian Government Gazette, 4 December 2000.
8. "Proclamation of Tasmanian mineral emblem" (http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/Miner
alProclamation.htm). Tasmanian Government Gazette. www.parliament.tas.gov.au. 4 December
2000. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
9. Australia Government Geoscience (15 May 2014). "Area of Australia – States and Territories" (http://
www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and
-territories). www.ga.gov.au. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
10. Tasmanian Planning Commission (1 March 2010). "Extent and Condition of Lakes and Waterbodies"
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Further reading
Alexander, Alison, ed. (2005). The Companion to Tasmanian History (http://www.utas.edu.au/library/c
ompanion_to_tasmanian_history/). Hobart, Tasmania: Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies,
University of Tasmania. ISBN 978-1-86295-223-2. OCLC 61888464 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61
888464).
Robson, L. L. (1983). A History of Tasmania. Volume I. Van Diemen's Land from the Earliest Times to
1855. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554364-5.
Robson, L. L. (1991). A History of Tasmania. Volume II. Colony and State from 1856 to the 1980s.
Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553031-4.
Cameron-Ash M. (2018). "Lying for the Admiralty". Captain Cook's first voyage & secret of Port
Jackson. ISBN 978-0-648-04396-6

External links
Tasmania Online—the main State Government website (http://tas.gov.au/)
Discover Tasmania (http://www.discovertasmania.com/) – official tourism website
Geographic data related to Tasmania (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2369652) at
OpenStreetMap
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania 27/28
6/12/2020 Tasmania - Wikipedia

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