History of Architecture 1 ● CARYATIDS

- pillars in form of a sculptured female

● MEGARON
figure
- an Ancient Greece domestic type of
architecture with a porch, a vestibule and a DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN
large hall, as contributed by the Aegean
SIZE 8:1 9:1 10:1
● TEMPLES
- the most important structure in Greece in BASE WITHOUT WITHOUT WITH
Hellenic period
FLUTES 20 24 24
● POST AND LINTEL
- the method of construction used in Greece SEASHELL, ACANTHUS
ORNATE SIMPLE
- a cross piece rests on two or more vertical RAMHORN LEAVES
supports ● STONEHENGE
● TEMENOS - a megalithic structure and is the best
- a sacred enclosure, usually built on high example of a stone circle
land - Wiltshire, England (3100 to 1500 BC)
● CIVIC SQUARES ● EGYPT
- places where Greek’s political, social, - also known as Land of the Pharaohs
business and economic life were centered ● MENES
● ACROPOLIS - first king of the ancient kingdom who
- the modern term for Temenos united the upper and the lower Egypt
● THOLOS ● CUNEIFORM
- man-made tomb, in vaulted stone - these are wedge shaped characters placed
construction and shaped like a beehive on clay tablets
● ARCHITRAVE SLIGHTLY CONVEX ● QUEEN HATSHEPSUT
- solution to optical illusion - an Egyptian queen who built her own
● TRIGLYPH funerary temple carved at the foothills of a
- blocks with vertical channels mountain
● DROMOS ● ZIGGURAT
- passageway leading to tomb chamber - in Mesopotamia, these were called also
● LION GATE, MYCENAE Holy Mountains
- best example of an Aegean palace ● RAMESES II
● ENTASIS - he built the popular rock temple at Abu-
- inclination of the vertical line, 2o65’ Simbel with four figures of his likeness
● EXEDRAE ● BATTER WALL
- alcove with raised seats - Egyptian walls which is vertical inside and
● STOA inclined outside
- colonnaded shelters ● HAREM
● TRANSLUCENT MARBLE MATERIALS - a special place for women in an Assyrian
- a way of admitting light to the temple palace
● ENNEASTYLE ● PALM TREE
- nine columns in the temple entrance - locally available tree in Mesopotamia used
● AMPHI-PROSTYLE for making rough beams
- temples have front and rear columns ● STELE
- is an upright stone slab used by the
 Egyptians with the name of the dead ● PROPYLAIA
inscribe in it - monumental hallway or gateway to
● OBELISK Persepolis/Acropolis rock
- is a monolithic structure symbolizing ● HEPHAESTUS
Heliopolis, the sun god - god of fire
● MASTABA ● EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE CHARACTER
- an Egyptian tomb made below the ground - Simplicity, Solidity, Grandeur
● SARCOPHAGUS ● TOMB ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT
- Egyptian coffin - Mastaba, Pyramid, Rock-cut tomb
● MONSTROUS FIGURES ● METHODS OF WALL CONSTUCTION
- ornaments used for decoration by both DURING AEGEAN PERIOD
Persians and Assyrians - Cyclopean wall, Polygonal wall,
● SERDAB Rectangular wall, Inclined
- a statue hall inside a Mastaba ● TYPES OF PYRAMID
● CRETE - Slope, Step, Bent
- a place in Greece where the Aegean ● DIMENSIONS OF:
civilization originated from - Sphinx: 65 ft. high, 105 ft. long
● SCARAB - Obelisk: 105 ft. high
- is a sacred beetle which is a symbol for ● STYLOBATE
resurrection to the Egyptians - temple platform usually consisting of three
● ATHENA steps continuously around
- goddess of wisdom and learning and is the ● CELLA
patroness of the Greeks - this area combines naos and opithodomus
● MENHIR independent of any external colonnade;
- a monolithic religious structure during the internal space
pre-historic period ● NAOS
- single large standing stone - colonnaded front porch
● SAVAGE STAGE ● ERECHTHEION
- men were hunting, fishing, food gathering - built to accommodate the religious rituals
● SUMERIANS that the old temple housed
- discovered the principle of wheels ● AGUA DUCTS
● HIEROGLYPHICS - structures the ancient Roman constructed
- symbols in which the history of Egypt was to supply water to cities and industrial sites
written ● PANTHEON
● NEBUCHADNEZZAR - Roman public baths, containing large halls
- build the Hanging Gardens of Babylon with water at various temperature
● MANETHO ● THREE MAJOR PARTS IN THERMAE
- Egyptian priest - Calsarium, Frigidarium, Tepidarium
● VULTURE WITH OUTSPREAD WINGS ● COLOSSEUM
- symbolizes protection - it is an elliptical amphitheater in the
● POLYCHROME center of the Roman city, used for
- multi-colored bricks gladiatorial contests and public spectacles
● PAPYRUS, LOTUS AND PALM ● THREE AIMS OF ARCHITECTURE
- symbolizes fertility - Beauty, Strength, Function/Utility
● HISTORICAL ● WHITE TEMPLE, URUK
- style that shows the particular phase; the - a predecessor of the ziggurat. The
characteristics manner of design which alternating niches and buttresses were
prevails at a given time and place typically Sumerian
● GEOGRAPHY
History of Architecture 2
- considers the location of the country
which affects the development of ● ROMANESQUE
commerce, industry, immigration and - the medieval style that revived Roman
civilization elements like round arches and basilica.
● GEOLOGICAL ● TRANSEPT
- deals with rock and soil formation of a - horizontal wings, perpendicular to the
locality which dictates building materials nave and choir which gives the church plan
● CLIMATE form of a cross
- shows how climate determines character ● NAVE
and influence of wall, type of roof, size of - long, main section of a church whose walls
windows rise higher than the flanking aisle
● DOLMENS ● AMBULATORY
- a pre-historic tomb of standing stones - passage surrounding the choir of a
usually capped with a large horizontal slab cathedral; circulatory corridor created by
● MONUMENTAL continuation of the side aisles
- the style which express a quality in - originally used for processional purposes
architecture of definite conception as of ● CHEVET
grandeur, solemnity, monumentality or - the French term for the east end of
property church, including side aisles, choir ,
● PALEOLITHIC ambulatory, chapels; chancel
- their mobile lifestyle influenced their ● CHOIR
dwelling site caves, huts, tooth or skin - area beyond the nave in Christian church,
hovels, mostly by rivers and lakes between crossing and altar at east end
● NEOLITHIC ● WEST WORK
- farmsteads during this era allows the - tower-like structure in Carolingian and
formation of cities during the Bronze Age Romanesque churches
● SKARA BRAE ● CLERESTORY
- Neolithic I began in the Levant around - the upper stage of the main walls of a
8500 to 8000. Evidence of which is the church above the aisle roof, pierced by
discovery of this plot windows
● CAVE ● ARCADE
- a hollow or natural passage under or into - a range of arches carried on piers or
the earth, especially one with an opening to columns, either free-standing or blind
the surface. These are the early shelters for ● NORMAN
hunters and fishermen in primeval times - name given to the Romanesque style in
● LAKE HOUSE England
- wooden houses on posts at the shores of ● BUTTRESS
lake - masonry built against the wall to give
● ZIGGURAT, CHOGAN ZANBIL additional support, or to resist the thrust of
- best preserved ziggurat in ancient Elam a vault or arch
● BASILICA ● CHATEAU
- a building consisting of nave and aisles - a castle or imposing country residence of
with windows above the level of the aisle nobility in old France
roofs ● OCULUS
● CLOISTER - round window or opening on the roof
- a square court surrounded by an open ● GARGOYLE
arcade - a waterspout projecting from the gutter of
● NARTHEX a building, often carved grotesquely
- an enclosed porch or vestibule at the ● GROIN VAULT
entrance - vault formed by intersection at right
● TRIFORIUM angles of two barrel vaults
- a shallow passage above the arches of the ● LOMBARD STRIPS
nave and choir and below the clerestory - shallow pilasters on Romanesque
● LANCET exteriors, joined at top by small arches
- a narrow window with a sharp pointed ● DODGE PALACE
arch typical of Early English Gothic arch. - this famous Venetian Gothic structure is
● STAINED GLASS mixed with exotic influences from the East
- glass given a desired color in its molten ● TOWNHALL
state, or by firing a stain into the surface of - Gothic structure in Brunswick
the glass after forming ● BURGUS CATHEDRAL
● FLYING BUTTRESS - Spain’s first Gothic cathedral (begun
- the lateral thrust of roof or vault are taken 1221), on French cruciform plan
up by a straight bar of masonry , usually ● GOTHIC VAULTING
sloping, carried on an arch, and a solid pier - a structure based on the principle of the
or buttress sufficient to receive the thrust arch, often constructed of masonry;
● ROSE WINDOW typically consists of an arrangement of
- a large, circular medieval window, arches that cover the space below
containing tracery disposal in a radial
History of Architecture 3
manner
● LIERNE VAULT ● TALAR
- any small subordinate rib which is inserted - an open hall of columns found in many
between the main ribs Iranian palaces
● HAMMER BEAM ● MADRASA
- one of a pair of short horizontal members - an institute for higher education, in which
attached to the foot of a principal rafter in a religious sciences were taught
roof, in place of a tie beam ● BURI
● CUSPINGS - a tower of a fortress or of city walls
- the intersection of two arcs or foliations in ● MIHRAB
a tracery - a prayer niche found in religious buildings
● TYPANIUM indicating the direction of Ka’ba in Mecca
- the triangular or segmental space ● BAB SIR
enclosed by a pediment or arch - a small door, usually hidden, found in
● DONJON most medieval Cairene architecture, and
- castle keep inner stronghold acted as an escape route
● HARAMLIK ● MINRAB
- the space in a house or palace allocated - pulpit from which the imam of the mosque
for the women gives his sermon on Friday
● KA’BA ● PISHTAQ
- the house of God which is located in - Persian term for portal projecting
Mecca vertically or horizontally perpendicular to
● LUSTRE the façade
- a technique for decorating glass that ● ZULLA
developed in Egypt and Iraq through the 7th - Arabic term meaning shaded area, which
and 8th centuries, later adopted for the usually refers to the covered part of the
decoration of the pottery mosque
● HAYR ● TARIMA
- walled enclosure, sometimes used to - open loggia
contain game for hunting, and usually ● SIRDAB
associated with early Islamic palaces - an underground corridor or tunnel
● IWAN ● MAQSURA
- a vaulted open hall with a rectangular or - prayer area reserved for the ruler or the
arched façade, worked well as an entrance governor, separated from the rest by means
of a mosque of a wooden screen
● HAYAT ● TIM
- ground floor hall in Anatolian Ottoman - covered market
houses used to receive male guests ● SHI-HWANG-TI
● MADHHAB - he (246-210 BC) abolished the feudal
- a fortress system; divided the country into provinces,
- school of Islamic law built roads, canal, public buildings, and a
● KIOSK royal palace
- Turkish term referring to a small pavilion ● HAKKA
used for temporary residence - typically designed for defensive purposes
● HISN and consists of one entrance and no
- a wind-catcher on the roof of a building windows in ground level
● MAHWAR ● INDUS VALLEY
- a tribunal or public reception hall - where the first civilization of India
● ARABESQUE emerged
- it is basically a scroll of leaf and stems ● HANGTU
where the intertwining elements created an - the pounding of layers of earth to make
interfacing geometric system walls, alters, and foundations remained
● MASHRABIYYA elements of Chinese construction for the
- the wooden screens that covers windows next several millennia
of medieval houses ● NIRVANA
● MUQAMAS - the basic concepts of Hinduism is salvation
- composed of small arches carved of the ● TEMPLE OF THE SLEEPING BUDDHA
building material and arranged on top of - two story buildings made of bricks,
each other forming honeycombs; stalactites unusual circular headed windows of the
ground floor and clerestory
● HINDUISM AND BUDDHISM ● NINE BAYS
- where the proliferation of beautiful - number of bay for emperor
shrines in India was due to ● PAGODA
● SACRED TRINITY OF HINDUISM - the most typical Chinese building is
- Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva octagonal in plan, of numerous stories,
● CHAITYA repeated floor with up turned corner eave,
- small stupas placed at the apse end of highly colored
prayer halls ● CHHAJJA
● BELL STUPA - it is the term for projecting eaves or cover
- a domical sacred mound usually supported on large carved brackets
- conical-hatted royal tombs and shrines in ● JALI
Ayutthaya - term for a perforated stone or latticed
● SHI KU MEN screen, usually with an ornamental pattern
- it literally means “stone gate” is a style of constructed through the use of calligraphy
housing in Shanghai, China and geometry
● STAMBHAS ● VIHARA
-monumental Indian structures of pillars - these consisted of a central hall with small
consisting of a circular column or shaft cells all around in which the monks lived
slightly tapering towards the summit ● TODA
● JHAROKHA - tribal hut in India
- it is a type of overhanging balcony used in ● CONFUCIANISM
Indian architecture - basis of ethical code of moral doctrine and
● KACHCHA golden rule of conduct
- it is a building made of natural materials ● CHAMUKHS
such a mud, grass, bamboo, thatch or sticks - these ford maker would face four sides, or
and is therefore a short-lived structure four Tirthankars would be placed back to
● FENG SHUI back to face four cardinal points
- ancient Chinese practice believed to utilize ● GARBHA GRIHA
the Laws of both heaven and earth to help - inner sanctum of a basic Hindu temple;
one improve life by receiving positive Qi womb-chamber
● PAI-LOU ● FORBIDDEN CITY
- resembles the Indian toran and Japanese - built from 1406 to 1420, the palace
torri complex consists of 980 surviving buildings
- a monumental gateway in Chinese arch. with 8,707 bays of rooms and covers
● THE TEMPLE OF THE GREAT DRAGON 720,000 square meters
- circular plan; triple roofed; erected in a ● NAGARA
square mile compound which also contains - a beehive shaped tower
the dwellings of the priests ● DRAVIDA
● SILK ROAD - the tower consists of progressively smaller
- the special term which describes the trade storey of pavilions in Hindu temple
route between the Central Asia and China ● MAHA MANDAPAM
● CHHATRIS - a big hall in temples for holding religious
- elevated, dome-shaped pavilions used as discourses
an element in Indian arch. or funerary sites
● AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS ● HAIDEN
- immense distinct regional variation in the - a hall of worship of a Shinto shrine usually
7th century Northern India in front of the Honden
● KEN ● TORRI
- the modular unit (about 10 feet by 15 - a monumental, freestanding gateway on
feet) was defined as the basic measurement the approach to a Shinto shrine
in construction ● KODO
● THE GREAT WALL - an assembly hall for monks in a Japanese
- intended to keep the nomadic Mongols Buddhist temple where sacred texts are
from the hilly country north out of China’s read
agricultural lands ● TO
● KOREA - a Japanese pagoda enshrining Buddhist
- country provided the link between China holy relics
and Japan ● NANADAIMON
● BUDDHISM - principal gateway to a Japanese temple
- state religion in the 8th century and ● SORIN
Emperor Honshu commissioned a temple in - crowning spire on a Japanese pagoda
each province ● SHORO
● EDO - a structure from which the temple bell is
- an age of architectural opulence in hung one of a pair of small, identical,
Japanese architecture symmetrical placed pavilions in a Japanese
● SHIMMEI Buddhist temples
- simple gateway of two pillars driven ● CHUMON
straight to earth two horizontal beams one - the inner gateway to the precinct of a
bracing the structure the other acts as a Japanese temple
lintel ● BUTSU
● KATSUOGI - a representation of Buddha
- a short wooden billets placed at right ● DAIBUTSU
angles to the ridge of a Shinto shrine billet - a large representation of Buddha
● CHIGI ● SHINTO
- crossed finial formed by the projecting - the indigenous religion of Japan, marked
barge boards at each end of the ridge of a by cultic devotion to deities of natural
Shinto shrine forces, ancestor worship, veneration to the
● HASHIRA emperor and descendant of the Sun-
- sacred post in Shinto architecture Goddess, Amaterasu
● NAGARE-ZUKURI ● SHIMMEI-ZUKURI
- style of Shinto shrine based on Ise - small unpainted rectangular structure,
prototype; the front slope of roof extends raised above ground level on posts inserted
to form a canopy over entrance stair which to the earth, railed veranda surrounds the
eventually developed into a prayer room structure at floor level, freestanding post at
● KASUGA-ZUKURI each gable-end supports the ridge,
- shrine characterized by a hipped roof bargeboards extend outward from thatched
extending from the main roof over a roof
centrally-placed entrance stair at one gable
end
● HORYU-JI (NARA) ● VIHARN
- 7th century structure world’s oldest - assembly hall that contains the principal
surviving wooden buildings Buddha images
● TODAI-JI ● CHEDI
- the temple was founded in 745 and built - bell-shaped relic chambers, which contains
to rival Chinese Tang temples the relics of pious or distinguished people
● NANDAIMON ● JAPANESE
- built in the 12th century with the “great - often inseparable from the highly design
double gate” and misleadingly called and manicured landscape or garden
“Indian style” in Chinese idiom ● FORKED FINIALS
● BULGUKSA TEMPLE - this simple structures made of logs or
- oldest existing temple in Korea built on a branches elaborately carved boards rising
stone platform at the foothill of Mt. Toham through the ends of a thatched roof
near Gyeongju ● TEA CEREMONY PAVILION
● SHRINE OF SEOKGURAM - ancient Zen ritual encouraging a sense of
- the shrine located on the crest of Mt. quiet and contemplativeness in the simplest
Toham, construction began in 742 and of days, artifacts and rituals done in this
grotto was completed by the Silla court in structure
774 ● SHIMMEI TORRI GATEWAY
- built by Sailendra Dynasty - simple gateway of two pillars driven
● HIMEJI CASTLE straight to the earth; two horizontal beams
- a main 5 storey castle keep connected to 3 – one bracing the structure and the other
smaller keeps by fortified covered corridors acts as a lintel
located at the Hyogo prefecture ● MYOJIN TORRI GATEWAY
● MARUOKA CASTLE - a style refinement of “Shimmei Torri”
- the oldest standing castle located in usually features double lintels
Marouka, Fukui, also known as Kasumi ga JA ● HONDEN
(Mist Castle) - main sanctuary of a Shinto shrine
● NIJO CASTLE ● RUMAN ADAT
- a castle consists of two concentric rings of - is a distinctive style of traditional housing
fortifications located in Kyoto, Japan unique to each ethnic group in Indonesia
● KUTI ● ISTANA (PALACE)
- a small structure, built on stilts, design to - architecture in Indonesia based on the
house a monk vernacular adat domestic styles of the area
● BENCHAMABOPHIT ● KHMER KINGDOM OF ANGKOR
- a style in Thailand that shows high - named for its capital, drew its religious
influence in of the Khmer and political inspiration from India
● WAT ● ANGKOR WAT
- a typical Thai temple that has two - a spectacular temple in southwest
enclosing walls that divide it from the Cambodia built during the reign of King
secular world Suryavarman II
● HOR RAKANG ● ANGKOR THOM
- bell tower (Thailand) - means “Great City”; quadrangle of
defensive walls totaling 12 km
● BANTEAY SREI TEMPLE over 100 brightly colored buildings, golden
- referring to cremation ritual thought to spires and glittering mosaics; 1782
have taken place at the temple base ● LOTUS TEMPLE
● PRE RUP TEMPLE - is a Baha’i House of Worship completed in
- three-tiered stepped pyramid crowned 1986 located in New Delhi, India; flowerlike
with five towers ● NAGA TOWERS
● MING TOMBS - Guardians of the City; a 54-story tower
- final resting place of 13 of the 16 designed as a cultural symbol of the snake;
emperors, located 42 km northwest of Gujarat international Finance Tec-City
Beijing, in a mountain valley just below the ● CHANDIGARH CITY
Great Wall - city full of gardens and parks, wide roads,
● PASUPATI NATH TEMPLE modern architecture; urban project in India
- original pagoda style of Nepal before the by Le Corbusier from 1951 to 1965
6th century, dedicated to Lord Shiva ● GRAND NATIONAL THEATRE
● BHADGAON - The Egg; an opera house in Beijing, China
- known as Bhaktpur “City of Devotee”, has opened in June 2007; Paul Andreu
an altitude of 4600 feet above the sea ● CENTRAL CHINA TELEVISION (CCTV)
● IMPORTANT INNOVATION IN THE HEADQUARTERS
ARCHITECTURE OF CLASSICAL KHMER - designed by Rem Koolhaas and OMA/Ole
PERIOD Scheeren; completed in 2008
- God-king, Temple mountain, surrounded ● LINKED HYBRID
by moats and featured artificial lakes - an area of 220,000 square meters housing
● ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS IN complex consisting of eight towers linked by
CAMBODIA eight bridges; designed by Steven Holl Arch.
- Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom ● MODE GAKUEN COCOON TOWER
● BOROBUDUR - an innovative educational facility located
- this complex in Indonesia is considered as in Ninshi-Shinjuku high-rise district; the
one of the seven wonders of the world building’s elliptical shape, wrapped in a
located in South of Magelang, in Central crisscross web of diagonal lines, embodies
Java Spirals the “cocoon” concept
● BUDDHA ● TAIPEI 101
- means “Awakened One” - located in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan;
● CATEGORIES IN THAI ARCHITECTURE tallest and largest green building in the
- Wat, Palace, House world; designed by C.Y. Lee & partners and
● MONK’S QUARTER constructed primarily by KTRT Joint
- Kuti, Refectory, Pantry Venture/Samsung C&T Corporation
● GROUPS IN THAI WAT ● BURJ KHALIFA
- Temple, Kamporian - tallest skyscraper in the world (829.8
● WAT PHRA SRI SARAPET m/2,722 ft.) located at Dubai, UAE;
- built in the reign of King Boromtrilokanath, September 21, 2004 to October 1, 2009;
with cluster of bell-like stupas capped with Adrian Smith as chief architect and Bill
conical spires Baker as chief structural engineer
● WAT PHRA KAEW ● INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE EXCHANGE
- the Temple of Emerald Buddha, consists of - a 118-storey, 484 m (1,588 ft.) skyscraper
completed in 2010 in West Kowloon, HK
● PETRONAS TOWER ● JW MARRIOT MARQUIS DUBAI HOTEL
- twin skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - is a 72-storey, 355 m (1,165 ft.) twin-tower
● GREENLAND CENTER- ZIFENG TOWER skyscraper complex in Dubai, UAE
- a 450 m (1,480 ft.) skyscraper completed ● MARINA BAY SANDS
in 2009 in Nanjing, China; 89-storey building - the resort id designed by Moshe Safdie,
● JIN MAO TOWER who says it was initially inspired by card
- this building literally “Golden Prosperity decks
Building” is an 88-story landmark skyscraper ● ESPLANADE TOWER
in the Lujiazui area of the Pudong District of - Theatres on the Bay is a waterside building
Shanghai, PRC; 128-storey building located on six hectares of waterfront land
● AL HAMRA TOWER alongside Marina Bay near the mouth of the
- designed by architectural firm Skidmore, Singapore River; DP Architects of Singapore
Owings and Merrill; tallest building in and the London-based Michael Wilford &
Kuwait on completion in 2011 at 412.6 m Partners
(1,354 ft.); world’s tallest sculptured tower
● MAYBANK TOWER
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the construction
of Maybank Tower commenced in 1984 on
Court Hill, over the site of a colonial era
Sessions Court Building, and was completed
in 1988; 244 m (801 ft.)
● NORTHEAST ASIA TRADE TOWER
- this skyscraper in Songdo International
City, the world’s most expensive private
real estate project in Incheon Free
Economic Zone, South Korea; 305 m (1001
ft.); 68 floors
● RYUGYONG HOTEL
- is at height of 330 m (1,080 ft.), making it
the most prominent feature of Pyongyang’s
skyline and by far the largest structure in
North Korea; consists of three wings
● KEANGNAM HANOI LANDMARK TOWER
- Pham Hung Boulevard, Cau Gaiy District,
Hanoi, Vietnam; consists of one 72-storey
office tower and two 48-storey residence
towers
● BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER
- this skyscraper in Ho Chi Minh city,
Vietnam, with 68 floors above ground and
three basements, the building has a height
of 262.5 m (861 ft.); American architect
Carlos Zapata drew inspiration for this
skyscraper’s unique shape from Vietnam’s
national flower, the Lotus