UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

B.Sc. PHYSICS
(CORE AND COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES)

SYLLABUS & MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

w.e.f 2019 admission onwards

CBCSSUG Regulations 2019

1
 B.Sc. PHYSICS
CORE & COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES
SYLLABUS

2
 PROGRAMME: B.Sc. PHYSICS

Programme Specific Outcomes

PSO1: Understand the basic concepts of methodology of science and the

fundamentals of mechanics, properties of matter and electrodynamics

PSO2: Understand the theoretical basis of quantum mechanics, relativistic physics,

nuclear physics, optics, spectroscopy, solid state physics, astrophysics, statistical

physics, photonics and thermodynamics

PSO3: Understand and apply the concepts of electronics in the designing of different

analog and digital circuits

PSO4: Understand the basics of computer programming and numerical analysis

PSO5: Apply and verify theoretical concepts through laboratory experiments

Abbreviations used:

CL – Cognitive level; U – understand; Ap – apply; An – analyze; C - create

KC – Knowledge category; C – conceptual; F – factual; P - procedural

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 B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (PHYSICS CORE)
COURSE STRUCTURE
Semester Course Course Title Total Hours/ Credits
Code hours Week
A 01 Common Course I – English 72 4 4
A 02 Common Course II – English 90 5 3
Common Course III – Language other than
A 07 72 4 4
English
Core course I - Methodology of Science and
PHY1 B01 36 2 2
Basic Mechanics
1
Core Course V - Practical I 36 2 *
1st Complementary Course I - Mathematics 72 4 3
2nd Complementary Course I 36 2 2
2nd Complementary Course Practical I 36 2 *
EO1 Environment Studies - - 4**
Total 450 25 18
A 03 Common Course IV – English 72 4 4
A 04 Common Course V – English 90 5 3
Common Course VI – Language other than
A 08 72 4 4
English
PHY2 B02 Core Course II - Mechanics 36 2 2

2 Core Course V - Practical I 36 2 *

1st Complementary Course II - Mathematics 72 4 3
2nd Complementary Course II 36 2 2
2nd Complementary Course Practical II 36 2 *
E02 Disaster Management 4**
Total 450 25 18
A 05 Common Course VI – English 90 5 4
3 Common Course VIII - Language other than
A 09 90 5 4
English

4
 PHY3 B03 Core Course III – Electrodynamics-I 54 3 3
Core Course VI– Practical I 36 2 *
1st Complementary Course III – Mathematics 90 5 3
2nd Complementary Course III 54 3 2
2nd Complementary Course Practical III 36 2 *

E03 Human Rights or Intellectual Property Rights or 4**

Consumer protection
Total 450 25 16
A 06 Common Course IX – English 90 5 4
A 10 Common Course X - Language other than English 90 5 4
PHY4 B04 Core Course IV - Electrodynamics II 54 3 3
PHY4 B05 Core Course Practical V – Practical I 36 2 5
4 1st Complementary Course IV– Mathematics 90 5 3
2nd Complementary Course IV 54 3 2
2nd Complementary Course Practical IV 36 2 4
E04 Gender studies or Gerontology 4**

Total 450 25 25
PHY5 B06 Core Course VI - Computational Physics 54 3 3
PHY5 B07 Core Course VII - Quantum Mechanics 54 3 3
PHY5 B08 Core Course VIII - Optics 54 3 3
PHY5 B09 Core Course IX- Electronics (Analog and Digital) 54 3 3
5
Open Course – (course from other streams) 54 3 3
Core Course Practical XIV - Practical II 72 4 *
Core Course Practical XV- Practical III 72 4 *
Core Course XVII Project/Research methodology 36 2 *

Total 450 25 15
PHY6 B10 Core Course X - Thermodynamics 54 3 3

PHY6 B11 Core Course XI -Statistical Physics, Solid State 54 3 3

6
Physics, Spectroscopy and Photonics
PHY6 B12 Core Course XII - Nuclear Physics and Particle
54 3 3
Physics
5
 PHY6 B13 Core Course XIII - Relativistic Mechanics and 54 3 3
Astrophysics
PHY6 B14 Core Course XIV (Elective:EL1 / EL2 / EL3) 54 3 3
PHY6 B15 Core Course Practical XV – Practical II 72 4 5
PHY6 B16 Core Course Practical XVI – Practical III 72 4 5
PHY6 B17 Core Course XVII Project/Research methodology 2
36 2
(P/R) Tour report 1

Total 450 25 28
Total Credits 120

Tour report shall be evaluated with Practical III

*Credit for practical / project to be awarded only at the end of Semester 4 and Semester 6.
**Mandatory audit courses for the program, but not counted for the calculation of SGPA or CGPA.
Student can attain only pass (Grade P) for these courses.

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 CREDIT AND MARK DISTRIBUTION IN EACH SEMESTERS
Total Credits: 120; Total Marks: 3075

Semester Course Credit Marks

Common course: English 4 100
Common course: English 3 75
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core Course I: Methodology of Science and Basic
1 2 75
Mechanics
Complementary course: Mathematics 3 75
Complementary course: II 2 75
Total 18 500
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: English 3 75
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
2 Core Course II: Mechanics 2 75
Complementary course: Mathematics 3 75
Complementary course: II 2 75
Total 18 500
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core Course III: Electrodynamics-I 3 75
3 Complementary course: Mathematics 3 75
Complementary course: II 2 75
Total 16 425
Common course: English 4 100
Common course: Additional Language 4 100
Core Course IV: Electrodynamics-1I 3 75
Core Course V: Physics Practical 1 5 100
4 Complementary course: Mathematics 3 75
Complementary course: II 2 75
Complementary course: II Practical 4 100
Total 25 625
Core Course VI: Computational Physics 3 75
Core Course VII :Quantum Mechanics 3 75
Core Course VIII: Optics 3 75
5 Core Course IX: Electronics (Analog and Digital) 3 75
Open course 3 75
Total 15 375
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 Core Course X: Thermodynamics 3 75
Core Course XI: Statistical Physics, Solid State Physics,
3 75
Spectroscopy and Photonics
Core Course XII: Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics 3 75
Core Course XIII: Relativistic mechanics and Astrophysics 3 75
Core Course XIV: Elective (EL1 / EL2 / EL3) 3 75
6
Core Course XV: Practical II 5 100
Core Course XVI: Practical III 5 100
Core Course XVII: Project/Research Methodology 2 60
Tour report 1 15
Total 28 650

Grand Total 120 3075

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 COURSE STRUCTURE PHYSICS(CORE)
Credit Distribution
Common course
Core Complementary course
Semester Additional Open
English course Total
Language Mathematics Comple. II course
1 4+3 4 2 3 2 - 18
2 4+3 4 2 3 2 - 18
3 4 4 3 3 2 - 16
4 4 4 3+5* 3 2+4* - 25
5 - - 3+3+3+3 - - 3 15
3+3+3+3+3
6 - - - - - 28
+5*+5*+3**
Total 22 16 55 12 12 3 120
* **
Practical Project
Tour Report to be evaluated with Practical Paper III
Mark Distribution and Indirect Grading System
Indirect grading system is to be followed for examinations of all courses. After external and
internal evaluations marks are entered in the answer scripts. All other calculations, including
grading, will be done by the university using the software. Indirect Grading System in 8 point scale
is followed. Each course is evaluated by assigning marks with a letter grade (O, A+, A, B+,B, C, P
or F to that course by the method of indirect grading.
Mark Distribution
Sl. No. Course Marks
1 English 550
2 Additional Language 400
3 Core course: Physics 1350
4 Complementary course I: Mathematics 300
5 Complementary course II: Chemistry/…. 400
6 Open Course 75
Total Marks 3075

Eight point Indirect Grading System

Grade Point Range of
Grade Interpretation Class
% of Marks Average Grade points
95 and above O Outstanding 10 9.5 - 10
First Class with
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9 8.5 – 9.49
distinction
75 to below 85 A Very good 8 7.5-8.49
65 to below 75 B+ Good 7 6.5 –7.49
First Class
55 to below 65 B Satisfactory 6 5.5 – 6.49
45 to below 55 C Average 5 4.5 – 5.49 Second Class
35 to below 45 P Pass 4 3.5 – 4.49 Third class
Below 35 F Fail 0 0 – 3.49 Fail
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 Core Course Structure
Total Credits: 56 (Internal: 20%; External: 80%)
Hours/ Total
Semester Code No Course Title Credit Marks
Week Hours
PHY1B01 Core Course I: Methodology of Science 2 36 2 75
1 and Basic Mechanics
- Core Course V : Practical-I 2 36 -* -
2 PHY2B02 Core Course II: Mechanics 2 36 2 75
- Core Course V : Practical-I 2 36 -* -
3 PHY3B03 Core Course III: Electrodynamics-I 3 54 3 75
- Core Course V : Practical-I 2 36 -* -
PHY4B04 Core Course IV: Electrodynamics-II 3 54 3 75
4
PHY4B05 Core Course V : Practical-I 2 36 5 100
PHY5B06 Core Course VI: Computational Physics 3 54 3 75
PHY5B07 Core Course VII: Quantum Mechanics 3 54 3 75
PHY5B08 Core Course VIII: Optics 3 54 3 75
Core Course IX: Electronics (Analog and
5 PHY5B09 3 54 3 75
Digital)
Core Course XIV: Practical II 4 72 -** -
Core Course XV: Practical III 4 72 -** -
Core Course XVI: Project Work 2 36 -** -
PHY6B10 Core Course X: Thermodynamics 3 54 3 75
PHY6B11 Core Course XI: Statistical Physics, Solid 3 54 3 75
State Physics, Spectroscopy and Photonics
PHY6B12 Core Course XII: Nuclear Physics and 3 54 3 75
Particle Physics
PHY6B13 Core Course XIII Relativistic mechanics 3 54 3 75
and Astrophysics
PHY6B14 1. Biomedical Physics
(EL1)
6 Core Course XIV: 2. Nanoscience and
PHY6B14 3 54 3 75
(EL2) Elective*** Technology
PHY6B14 3. Materials Science
(EL3)
PHY6B15 Core Course XV: Practical -II 4 72 5** 100
PHY6B16 Core Course XVI: Practical-III 4 72 5** 100
PHY6B17 Core Course XVII: Project Work /Research 2 60
36 3**
(P/R) Methodology and Tour Report 1 15
Total 56 1350
* th
Exam will be held at the end of 4 semester
**
Exam will be held at the end of 6th semester
***
An institution can choose any one among the three courses.
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 CORE COURSE THEORY: EVALUATION SCHEME
The evaluation scheme for each course contains two parts: viz., internal evaluation and
external evaluation. Maximum marks from each unit are prescribed in the syllabus.

1. INTERNAL EVALUATION
20% of the total marks in each course are for internal evaluation. The colleges shall send only
the marks obtained for internal examination to the university.

Table 1: Components of Evaluation (Theory)

Marks for Marks for
Sl. No. Components 4/5 credits 2/3 credits
papers papers
1 Class room participation based on attendance 4 3
2 Test paper: I 8 6
3 Assignment 4 3
4 Seminar/ Viva 4 3
Total Marks 20 15

Table 2: Pattern of Test Papers

Total Number of Marks for
Duration Pattern number of questions to be each Marks
questions answered question
Short answer 12 10-12 2 20
2 Hours Paragraph/problem 7 6-7 5 30
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks* 60
*90% and above = 6, 80 to below 90% = 5.5, 70 to below 80% = 5, 60 to below 70% = 4.5, 50 to
below 60% = 4, 40 to below 50% = 3.5, 35 to below 40% = 3, 25 to below 30% = 2.5,15 to below
20=2, less than 15=0

2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION
External evaluation carries 80% marks. University examinations will be conducted at the end of
each semester.
Table 1: Pattern of Question Paper
Total Number of Marks for
Duration Pattern number of questions to be each Marks
questions answered question
Short answer 12 10-12 2 20
2 Hours Paragraph/problem 7 6-7 5 30
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks 60

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 CORE COURSE PROJECT: EVALUATION SCHEME

Project evaluation will be conducted at the end of sixth semester.

Project:

1. Project work should be done as an extension of topics in the syllabus.

2. Project can be experimental / theoretical or done in collaboration (association) with a
recognized laboratory or organization.
3. Project work may be done individually or as group of maximum of six students.
4. A supervisor has to guide a batch of maximum 24 students. For an additional batch another
supervisor has to be appointed. However the existing work load should be maintained.

Guidelines for doing project:

The project work provides the opportunity to study a topic in depth that has been chosen or which
has been suggested by a staff member. The students first carryout a literature survey which will
provide the background information necessary for the investigations during the research phase of
the project.
The various steps in project works are the following:-
a) Wide review of a topic.
b) Investigation on an area of Physics in systematic way using appropriate techniques.
c) Systematic recording of the work.
d) Reporting the results with interpretation in documented and oral forms.

Use of Log Book

 During the Project the students should make regular and detailed entries in to a personal
laboratory log book through the period of investigation.
 The log book will be a record of progress on project and will be useful in writing the final
report. It contains experimental conditions and results, ideas, mathematical expressions,
rough work and calculation, computer file names etc. All entries should be dated.
 The students are expected to have regular meeting with their supervisor to discuss progress
on the project and the supervisor should regularly write brief comments with dated
signature.
 The log book and the written report must be submitted at the end of the project.

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Table 1: Internal Evaluation
Sl. No Criteria Marks
1 Punctuality &Log book 2
2 Skill in doing project work/data 2
3 Scheme Organization of Project Report 3
4 Viva-Voce 5
Total Marks 12

Table 2: External Evaluation

Individual presentation is compulsory and individual Log book should be submitted
Sl. No Criteria Marks
1 Content and relevance of the project,
8
Methedology, Reference, Bibliography
2 Project Presentation, Quality of
analysis, statistical tools, findings, 10
recommendations
3 Project Report (written copy) and Log
10
Book
4 Viva-voce 20
Total Marks 48

STUDY TOUR Internal 5 marks

Minimum two days visit to National research Institutes, Laboratories and places of scientific
importance are mandatory. Study tour report has to be submitted with photos and analysis along
with Practical Paper III for evaluation
Distribution of marks EXTERNAL
No Items External (15)
1 Documented Report 8
2 Outcome/Analysis 4
3 Photos ( five photos) 3
TOTAL 15

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 CORE COURSE: PRACTICAL EVALUATION SCHEME
Internal External
Items Marks Items Marks Marks for Python
Programming
Record 4 Record with 20 experiments 10 10
Max.one mark for each
experiment
Regularity in 4 Formulae, Theory, Principle/ 22 15
doing the Programme
experiment
Attendance 4 Adjustments& setting / 14 15
Algorithm
Test 1 4 Tabulation, Observation and 20 24
performance/
Execution
Test 2 4 Calculation, result, graph, unit/ 10 12
Result
Viva 4 4

Total 20 Total 80 80

CORE COURSE – XIII (ELECTIVE) :

1 PHY6 B14 (EL1) BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS
2 PHY6 B14 (EL2) NANO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
3 PHY6 B14 (EL3) MATERIALS SCIENCE

OPEN COURSES OFFERED BY PHYSICS DEPARMENT

(For students from other streams)
1 PHY5 D01(1) NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
2 PHY5 D01(2) AMATEUR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
3 PHY5 D01(3) ELEMENTARY MEDICAL PHYSICS

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 PHYSICS COMPLEMENTARY COURSE STRUCTURE
Total Credits: 12 (Internal: 20%; External: 80%)
Hours/ Total
Semester Code No Course Title Credit Marks
Week Hours
Complementary Course I:
PHY1C01 Properties of matter and 2 36 2 75
1 Thermodynamics
Complementary Course V:
- 2 36 -* -
PHYSICS Practical
Complementary Course II:
PHY2C02 2 36 2 75
Optics ,Laser, Electronics
2
Complementary Course V:
- 2 36 -* -
PHYSICS Practical
Complementary Course III:
PHY3C03 Mechanics, Relativity, Waves 3 54 2 75
3 and Oscillations
Complementary Course V:
- 2 36 -* -
PHYSICS Practical
Complementary Course IV:
PHY4C04 Electricity ,Magnetism and 3 54 2 75
4 Nuclear Physics
Complementary Course V:
PHY4C05 2 36 4* 100
PHYSICS Practical
Total 12 400
*
Examination will be held at the end of 4th semester
COMPLEMENTARY COURSE THEORY: EVALUATION SCHEME
The evaluation scheme for each course contains two parts: viz., internal evaluation and
external evaluation. Maximum marks from each unit are prescribed in the syllabus.
1. INTERNAL EVALUATION
20% of the total marks in each course are for internal evaluation. The colleges shall send only
the marks obtained for internal examination to the university.
Table 1: Components of Evaluation
Marks for
Sl. No. Components 2/3 credits
papers
1 Class room participation based on attendance 3
2 Test paper: I 6
3 Assignment 3
4 Seminar/ Viva 3
Total Marks 15
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Table 2: Pattern of Test Papers

Total Number of Marks for

Duration Pattern number of questions to be each Marks
questions answered question
Short answer 12 10-12 2 20
2 Hours Paragraph/problem 7 6-7 5 30
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks* 60
*90% and above = 6, 80 to below 90% = 5.5, 70 to below 80% = 5, 60 to below 70% = 4.5, 50 to
below 60% = 4, 40 to below 50% = 3.5, 35 to below 40% = 3, 25 to below 30% = 2.5,15 to below
20=2, less than 15 = 0

2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION
External evaluation carries 80% marks. University examinations will be conducted at the end of
each semester.

Table 1: Pattern of Question Papers

Total Number of Marks for

Duration Pattern number of questions to be each Marks
questions answered question
Short answer 12 10-12 2 20
2 Hours Paragraph/problem 7 6-7 5 30
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks 60

Practical Evaluation (Complementary)

Internal External
Record 4 Record with 20 10
experimrnts.
Max. ½ mark for one
expt.
Regularity 4 Formulae, Theory, 22
Principle
Attendance 4 Adjustments, setting 14
Test I 4 Tabulation & 20
Observation
Test II 4 Calculation, graph, 10
result, unit
Viva 4
Total 20 Total 80

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 OPEN COURSE STRUCTURE
(FOR STUDENTS OTHER THAN B.Sc. Physics)
Total Credits: 2 (Internal 20%; External 80%)

Hours/ Total
Semester Code No Course Title Marks
Week Hours
Open Course 1:
PHY5D01(1)
Non conventional Energy Sources
Open Course 2:
5 PHY5D01(2) Amateur Astronomy and 3 54 75
Astrophysics
Open Course 3:
PHY5D01(3)
Elements of Medical Physics

OPEN COURSE: EVALUATION SCHEME

The evaluation scheme contains two parts: viz., internal evaluation and external evaluation.
Maximum marks from each unit are prescribed in the syllabus.
Problems are not required
1. INTERNAL EVALUATION
20% of the total marks are for internal evaluation. The colleges shall send only the marks obtained
for internal examination to the university.
Table 1: Components of Evaluation
Marks for
Sl. No. Components 2/3 credits
papers
1 Class room participation based on attendance 3
2 Test paper: I 6
3 Assignment 3
4 Seminar/ Viva 3
Total Marks* 15

Table 2: Pattern of Test Papers (Internal)

Total Number of Marks for
Duration Pattern number of questions to be each Marks
questions answered question
Short answer 12 10-12 2 20
2 Hours Paragraph/problem 7 6-7 5 30
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks* 60

*90% and above = 6, 80 to below 90% = 5.5, 70 to below 80% = 5, 60 to below 70% = 4.5, 50 to
below 60% = 4, 40 to below 50% = 3.5, 35 to below 40% = 3, 25 to below 30% = 2.5,15 to below
20=2, less than 15 = 0
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2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION
External evaluation carries 80% marks. University examination will be conducted at the end of 5th
semester.

Table 1: Pattern of Question Paper

Total Number of Marks for

Duration Pattern number of questions to be each Marks
questions answered question
Short answer 12 10-12 2 20
2 Hours Paragraph/problem 7 6-7 5 30
Essay 2 1 10 10
Total Marks 60

18
 B.Sc. PHYSICS
CORE PROGRAMMES SYLLABUS

19
 Semester 1 Core Course I
PHY1B01: METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND BASIC MECHANICS
36 hours (Credit - 2)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the features, methods and
CO1 PSO1 U C 6
limitations of science
Understand and apply the basic concepts
CO2 of Newtonian Mechanics to physical PSO1 Ap C, P 10
systems
Understand and apply the basic idea of
CO3 PSO1 Ap C,P 8
work-energy theorem to physical systems
Understand and apply the rotational
CO4 PSO1 Ap C,P 8
dynamics of rigid bodies
CO5 Understand the basic ideas of elasticity PSO1 U C 4

Unit 1 – Methodology of Science 6 Hours

Science as facts, science as generalization, Some distinctions when describing science, Science as a
social activity, scientific revolutions and paradigms, Science and pseudo-science, Science and
democratic development, The limitations of science-presuppositions, fundamental questions on
reality: Rationality, Description, Causality - Prediction and Explanation in science - Mathematics
and science, Hypothesis, Theories and laws, Verification, Falsification, Acceptance - Peer Review
in Science - Scientific method.
[Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.5, 2.3.1, 2.4.1, 2.5.1 to 2.5.4, 2.6.1 to 2.6.4, 2.8.1 to 2.8.4, 3.1 to 3.3, 4.1 to
4.4 & 7.1 of Research Methodology : The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science by Peter Pruzan]

Unit 2 – Newton’s Laws 10 Hours

Newton‟s First Law, Second Law and Third Law – Astronauts in space : Inertial systems and
fictitious forces – Standards and units – Some applications of Newton‟s laws – The astronauts‟ tug
of war, Freight train, Constraints, Block on string, The whirling block, The conical pendulum – The
everyday forces of physics – Gravity and Weight; Gravitational force of a sphere; Turtle in an
elevator; Gravitational field – Electrostatic force – Contact forces; Block and string; Dangling rope;
Whirling rope; Pulleys; Tension and Atomic forces; Normal force; Friction; Block and wedge with
friction; Viscosity – Linear restoring force; Spring and block : The equation for simple harmonic
motion; Spring and gun : Illustration of initial conditions – Dynamics of a system of particles – The

20
Bola – Centre of mass – Drum major‟s baton – Centre of mass motion – Conservation of
momentum – Spring Gun recoil
[Sections 2.1 to 2.5, 3.1 to 3.3 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by Daniel Kleppner and
Robert J. Kolenkow]

Unit 3 – Work and Energy 8 Hours

Integrating the equation of motion in one dimension – Mass thrown upward in a uniform
gravitational field; Solving the equation of simple harmonic motion – Work-energy theorem in one
dimension – Vertical motion in an inverse square field – Integrating the equation of motion in
several dimensions – Work-energy theorem – Conical pendulum; Escape velocity – Applying the
work-energy theorem – Work done by a uniform force; Work done by a central force; Potential
energy – Potential energy of a uniform force field; Potential energy of an inverse square force –
What potential energy tells us about force – Stability – Energy diagrams – Small oscillations in a
bound system – Molecular vibrations – Nonconservative forces – General law of conservation of
energy – Power
[Sections 4.1 to 4.13 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by Daniel Kleppner and Robert J.
Kolenkow. The problems in chapter 5 should be discussed with this.]

Unit 4 – Angular Momentum 8 Hours

Angular momentum of a particle – Angular momentum of a sliding block; Angular momentum of
the conical pendulum – Torque – Central force motion and the law of equal areas – Torque on a
sliding block; Torque on the conical pendulum; Torque due to gravity – Angular momentum and
fixed axis rotation – Moments of inertia of some simple objects – The parallel axis theorem –
Dynamics of pure rotation about an axis – Atwood‟s machine with a massive pulley – The simple
pendulum – The physical pendulum – Motion involving both translation and rotation – Angular
momentum of a rolling wheel – Drum rolling down a plane – Work-energy theorem for a rigid
body – Drum rolling down a plane : energy method – The vector nature of angular velocity and
angular momentum – Rotation through finite angles – Rotation in the xy-plane – Vector nature of
angular velocity – Conservation of angular momentum
[Sections 6.1 to 6.7, 7.1, 7.2 and 7.5 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by Daniel Kleppner
and Robert J. Kolenkow]

Unit 5 – Properties of matter 4 Hours

Elasticity, Different types of elasticity, Poisson‟s ratio, Twisting couple on a cylinder, Torsion
pendulum, Determination of rigidity modulus, Bending of beams, Bending moment, Cantilever
21
loaded at free end, Depression of a beam supported at the ends and loaded at the centre (weight of
the beam neglected), Determination of Y by bending of a beam.
[Relevant portions from Chapter 8: Elements of properties of matter by D.S Mathur]

Books of Study:
1. Research Methodology: The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science – Peter Pruzan –
Springer International Publishing Ltd., 2016.
2. An Introduction to Mechanics, 1stEdn. – Daniel Kleppner and Robert J. Kolenkow –
McGraw-Hill
3. Elements of properties of matter by D.S Mathur

Reference Books:
1. An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science – R. V. G. Menon – Dorling
Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
2. Science Rules: A Historical Introduction to Scientific Methods – Peter Achinstein – Johns
Hopkins University Press.
3. Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.1: Mechanics, 2ndEdn. – Kittel et al. – McGraw-Hill
4. Mechanics : D S Mathur
5. NPTEL video lectures available online

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Methodology of Science 12
2 Newton‟s Laws 22
3 Work and Energy 18
4 Angular Momentum 18
5 Properties of matter 9
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

22
Semester 2 | Core Course II
PHY2B02: MECHANICS
36 hours (Credit - 2)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the features of non-inertial
CO1 PSO1 U C 8
systems and fictitious forces
Understand and analyze the features of
CO2 central forces with respect to planetary PSO1 An C, P 10
motion
Understand the basics ideas of harmonic
CO3 PSO1 U C 8
oscillations
Understand and analyze the basics
CO4 PSO1 An C,P 10
concepts of wave motion

Unit 1 – Noninertial Systems and Fictitious Forces 8 Hours

Galilean transformations – Uniformly accelerating systems – The apparent force of gravity –
Pendulum in an accelerating car – The principle of equivalence – The driving force of the tides –
Physics in a rotating coordinate system – Time derivatives and rotating coordinates – Acceleration
relative to rotating coordinates – The apparent force in a rotating coordinate system – The Coriolis
force – Deflection of a falling mass – Motion on the rotating earth – Weather systems – Foucault‟s
pendulum
[Sections 8.1 to 8.5 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by Daniel Kleppner and Robert J.
Kolenkow]

Unit 2 – Central Force Motion 10 Hours

Central force motion as a one-body problem – General properties of central force motion – Motion
confined to a plane – Energy and angular momentum as constants of the motion – The law of equal
areas – Finding the motion in real problems – The energy equation and energy diagrams –
Noninteracting particles – Planetary motion – Hyperbolic orbits – Satellite orbit – Kepler‟s laws –
The law of periods – Properties of the ellipse
[Sections 9.1 to 9.7 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by Daniel Kleppner and Robert J.
Kolenkow]
Unit 3 – Harmonic Oscillator 8 Hours
Introduction and review – Standard form of the solution – Nomenclature – Initial conditions and
the frictionless harmonic oscillator – Energy considerations – Time average values – Average
23
energy – Damped harmonic oscillator – Energy and Q-factor – Q factor of two simple oscillators –
Graphical analysis of a damped oscillator – Solution of the equation of motion for the damped
oscillator – Forced harmonic oscillator – Undamped forced oscillator – Resonance
[Sections 10.1 to 10.3 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by Daniel Kleppner and Robert J.
Kolenkow]

Unit 4 – Waves 10 Hours

Harmonic traveling waves in one dimension and phase velocity – Index of refraction and dispersion
– Impedance and energy flux – Group velocity – Pulses – Fourier analysis of pulses – Fourier
analysis of a traveling wave packet
[Sections 4.1 to 4.4, 6.1 to 6.5 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.3: Waves (2nd Edn.) by Frank S.
Crawford Jr.]

Books of Study:
1. An Introduction to Mechanics, 1stEdn. – Daniel Kleppner and Robert J. Kolenkow –
McGraw-Hill
2. Berkeley Physics Course : Vol.3 : Waves, 2nd Edn. – Frank S. Crawford Jr. – McGraw-Hill

Reference Books:
nd
1. Berkeley Physics Course : Vol.1 : Mechanics, 2 Edn. – Kittel et al. – McGraw-Hill
2. NPTEL video lectures available online

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Noninertial Systems and Fictitious 18
Forces
2 Central Force Motion 22
3 Harmonic Oscillator 18
4 Waves 21
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

24
 Semester 3 | Core Course III
PHY3B03: ELECTRODYNAMICS I
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand and apply the fundamentals of
CO1 PSO1 Ap C 10
vector calculus
Understand and analyze the electrostatic
CO2 PSO1 An C, P 16
properties of physical systems
Understand the mechanism of electric field
CO3 PSO1 U C,P 8
in matter.
Understand and analyze the magnetic
CO4 PSO1 An C,P 12
properties of physical systems
Understand the mechanism of magnetic
CO5 PSO1 U C,P 8
field in matter.

Unit 1 – Vector Calculus 10 Hours

Vector Algebra: Vector operations - Vector algebra: Component form – Triple products – Position,
Displacement and Separation vectors – How vectors transform. Differential Calculus: “Ordinary”
derivatives – Gradient – The Del operator – Divergence – Curl – Product rules – Second
derivatives. Integral Calculus: Line integral, surface integral and volume integral – Fundamental
theorem of calculus – Fundamental theorem for Gradients – Fundamental theorem for divergences:
Gauss‟s Divergence Theorem (no proof needed) – Fundamental theorem for curls: Stoke‟s theorem
(no proof needed). Spherical polar coordinates – Cylindrical coordinates – Their relationship to
Cartesian coordinates – Expressing differential displacement vector, differential area vectors,
differential volume element, gradient operator, divergence operator and curl operator in spherical
polar and cylindrical coordinates. Dirac delta function: Divergence of 𝑟 𝑟 2 – One-dimensional
delta function – Three-dimensional delta function. Helmholtz theorem (no proof needed) –
Divergence-less vector fields – Curl-less vector fields – Potentials.
[Sections 1.1 to 1.6 of Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th Edn.) by David J Griffiths.]
Unit 2 – Electrostatics 16 Hours
Electrostatic field – Coulomb‟s law, Electric field, Continuous charge distributions - Divergence
and curl of electrostatic field, Field lines and Gauss‟s law, The divergence of E, Applications of
Gauss law, Curl of E – Electric potential – Comments on potential, Poisson‟s equation and
Laplace's equation, The potential of a localized charge distribution, Electrostatic boundary

25
conditions – Work and energy in electrostatics, The work done in moving a charge, The energy of
point charge distribution, The Energy of a continuous charge distribution, Comments on
Electrostatic energy – Conductors, Basic properties of conductors, Induced charges, The Surface
charge on a conductor, The force on surface charge, Capacitors.
[Sections 2.1 to 2.5 of Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J Griffiths. Additional problems
should be done from chapters 1, 2 and 3 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and
Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by Edward M Purcell.]
Unit 3 – Electric fields in matter 8 Hours
Polarization – Dielectrics, Induced dipoles, Alignment of polar molecules, Polarization – The field
of a polarized object , Bound charges, Physical interpretation of bound charges, The field inside a
dielectric – The electric displacement – Gauss‟s law in presence of dielectrics, Boundary conditions
for D – Linear dielectrics, Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric constant, Boundary value
problems with linear dielectrics, Energy in dielectric systems, Forces on dielectrics.
[Sections 4.1 to 4.4 of Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th Edn.) by David J Griffiths. Additional
problems should be done from chapter 10 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and
Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by Edward M Purcell.]
Unit 4 – Magnetostatics 12 Hours
The Lorentz force law – Magnetic fields, Magnetic forces, cyclotron motion, cycloid motion,
Currents, Linear, Surface and Volume current density – Biot -Savart law, The magnetic field of
steady current – Divergence and curl of B, Straight line currents, Applications of Ampere's law,
Magnetic field of a toroidal coil, Comparison of magnetostatics and electrostatics – Magnetic
vector potential , Vector potential, Magnetostatic boundary conditions.
[Sections 5.1 to 5.4.2 of Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th Edn.) by David J Griffiths. Additional
problems should be done from chapter 6 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and
Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by Edward M Purcell.]

Unit 5 – Magnetostatic fields in matter 8 Hours

Magnetization – Diamagnets, Paramagnets and Ferromagnets, Torques and forces on magnetic
dipoles, Effect of a magnetic field on atomic orbits, Magnetization – Field of a magnetised object,
Bound Currents, Physical interpretation of bound currents, Magnetic field inside matter – Auxiliary
field H, Ampere‟s law in magnetized materials, Boundary conditions – Linear and nonlinear media,
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Ferromagnetism.

26
[Sections 6.1 to 6.4 of Introduction to Electrodynamics (4th Edn.) by David J Griffiths. Additional
problems should be done from chapter 11 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and
Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by Edward M Purcell.]

Books of Study:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, 4th Edn. – David J Griffiths – Prentice Hall India Learning
Pvt. Ltd
2. Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd Edn. – Edward M. Purcell
– McGraw-Hill

Reference Books:
1. Electricity and magnetism by Arthur F Kip
2. Physics Vol. II by Resnick and Halliday
3. Electricity and Magnetism-Hugh D Young and Roger A Freedman
4. Vector Analysis M R Spiegel,S Lipschutz,D Spellman -Schaum‟s outline-McGraw Hill
5. Div, Grad, Curl and all that ; An informal text on vector calculus H M Schey (Norton)
6. Electromagnetics by Edminister – Schaum‟s Outline – Tata McGraw Hill
7. NPTEL video lectures available online

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Vector Calculus 15
2 Electrostatics 22
3 Electric fields in matter 12

4 Magnetostatics 18
5 Magnetostatic fields in matter 12
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

27
 Semester 4 | Core Course IV
PHY4B04: ELECTRODYNAMICS II
54 hours (Credit - 3)

Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic concepts of
CO1 PSO1 U C 15
electrodynamics
Understand and analyze the properties of
CO2 PSO1 An C, P 15
electromagnetic waves
Understand the behavior of transient
CO3 PSO1 U C 8
currents

CO4 Understand the basic aspects of ac circuits PSO1 An C,P 12

Understand and apply electrical network
CO5 PSO1 Ap C,P 8
theorems
Unit 1 – Electrodynamics 15 Hours
Electromotive force – Ohm‟s law, electromotive force, motional emf – Electromagnetic induction -
Faraday‟s law, induced electric field, inductance, energy inmagnetic fields – Maxwell's equations –
Electrodynamics before Maxwell, Maxwell‟s modification of Ampere‟s law, Maxwell‟s equations,
Magnetic charge, Maxwell‟sequations inside matter, Boundary conditions – Continuity equation –
Poynting‟s theorem
[Sections 7.1 to 7.3 and 8.1 of Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J Griffiths. Additional
problems should be done from chapter 7 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and
Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by Edward M Purcell.]

Unit 2 – Electromagnetic waves 15 Hours

Waves in one dimension, The wave equation, sinusoidal waves, boundary conditions :reflection
and transmission, Polarization – Electromagnetic waves in vacuum , Waveequation for E and B,
monochromatic plane waves in vacuum, energy and momentum ofE.M. waves, Poynting vector -
Electromagnetic waves in matter, Propagation throughlinear media, reflection and transmission at
normal incidence.Potential formulation – Scalar and vector potentials, Gauge transformations,
Coulomb gauge and Lorentz gauge.
[Sections 9.1 to 9.3.2 and 10.1of Introduction to Electrodynamics by David J Griffiths. Additional
problems should be done from chapter 9 of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and
Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by Edward M Purcell.]

28
Unit 3 – Transient currents 8 Hours
Types of transients – DC transient currents in R-L circuits – Short circuit current – Time constant –
DC transient currents in R-C circuits – Double energy transients – Theory ofBG
[Sections 22.1, 22.2, 22.4, 22.5, 22.6, 22.8, 22.10 and 10.52 of Electrical Technology Vol. 1 by B.
L. Theraja and A. K. Theraja]

Unit 4 – AC circuits 8 Hours

A resonant circuit – Alternating current – Alternating current networks – Admittance and
impedance – Power and energy in AC circuits
[Sections 8.1 to 8.5of Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and Magnetism (2nd Edn.) by
Edward M Purcell.Additional problems should be done from the relevant sections from chapters 13
and 14 of the book of Electrical Technology Vol. 1 by B. L. Theraja and A. K. Theraja]
Unit 5 – Network theorems 8 Hours
Kirchhoff‟s laws, Voltage sign and current direction, Solution of simultaneous equationsusing
determinants, Source conversion, Superposition theorem, Ideal equivalent circuits,Thevenin's
theorem, Reciprocity theorem, Delta / Star transformation – Star / Delta transformation – Norton‟s
theorem, Maximum powertransfer theorem.
[Sections 2.2 to 2.6, 2.14 to2.23, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27 and 2.30 from ElectricalTechnology Vol. 1 by B.
L. Theraja and A. K. Theraja]

Books of Study :
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, 4thEdn. – David J Griffiths – Prentice Hall India Learning
Pvt. Ltd
2. Berkeley Physics Course: Vol.2: Electricity and Magnetism, 2nd Edn. – Edward M. Purcell
– McGraw-Hill
3. A Text Book of Electrical Technology Vol. 1 – B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja – S. Chand
Publishers, 1997

Reference Books :
1. Electricity and magnetism by Arthur F Kip
2. Physics Vol. II by Resnick and Halliday
3. Electricity and Magnetism by D.N Vasudeva (12threvised edition)
4. Introductory AC Circuit theory – K Mann & G J Russell- Universities Press
5. NPTEL video lectures available online
29
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Electrodynamics 22
2 Electromagnetic waves 22
3 Transient currents 12
4 AC circuits 12
5 Network theorems 11
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

30
 Semester 5Core Course –VI
PHY5B06: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
54 hours (Credit – 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the Basics of Python
CO1 PSO4 U C 14
programming
Understand the applications of Python
CO2 PSO4 U C 8
modules
Understand the basic techniques of
CO3 PSO4 U C 18
numerical analysis
Understand and apply computational
CO4 PSO4 Ap C,P 14
techniques to physical problems

Unit 1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Python Programming 16 Hours

Introduction to algorithm, flowchart and high level Computer programming languages Compilers-
Interpreters - Introduction to Python language- Advantages and unique features of Python language
- Interactive mode and script mode- Writing and execution of programs -various data types in
Python- Reading keyboard input: The raw_input function and input function - print command,
formatted printing- open and write function - Variables, operators, expressions and statements-
String operations, Lists, list operations ( len, append, insert, del, remove, reverse, sort, +, *, max,
min, count, in, not in, sum), sets, set operations (set, add, remove, in, not in, union, intersection,
symmetric difference)-Tuples and Dictionaries, various control and looping statements: (if, if..else,
if..ellif, while, for, break, continue) - user defined functions- Modules - File input and file output-
Pickling.
Books for study:

1.Introduction to Python for Engineers and Scientists by Dr.Sandeep Nagar, Apress publications.
2.Python for Education by Dr. B P Ajithkumar, IUAC, New Delhi; e-book freely downloadable
from www.expeyes.in/documents/mapy.pdf
3. Python Tutorial Release 3.0.1 by Guido van Rossum, Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor.
(http://www.altaway.com/resources/python/tutorial.pdf)

31
Chapter 2: Numpy and Matplotlib modules 6 Hours
Numpy module: Introduction, creation of arrays and matrices, various array operations, matrix
multiplication, inversion. Matplotlib module: Introduction, plot( ), show( ) functions, syntax for
plotting graphs , multiple plots, polar plots, labeling, scaling of axes and coloring plots - Plotting of
functions – sin(x), cos(x), exp(x), sin2(x), sin(x2)
Books for study:

Python for Education by Dr. B P Ajithkumar, IUAC, New Delhi; e-book freely downloadable from
www.expeyes.in/documents/mapy.pdf
Unit 2
Chapter 3: Numerical Methods in Physics 18 Hours
Introduction to numerical methods, Comparison between analytical and numerical methods - Curve
Fitting: Principle of least squares, Least square fitting of a straight line -Interpolation: Finite
difference operator, Newton's forward difference interpolation formula, difference table, First and
second derivative by Numerical differentiation- Solution of algebraic equations: Bisection method,
Newton-Raphson method - Newton Cote's quadrature formula- Numerical integration by
Trapezoidal and Simpson's (1/3) method- Solution of differential equations: Euler's method, Runge-
Kutta method (Second order) -Taylor's Series expansion of Sin(x) and Cos(x).
Books for study:

1. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall of India,1983)

2. Python for Education by Dr. B P Ajithkumar, IUAC, New Delhi; e-book freely downloadable
from www.expeyes.in/documents/mapy.pdf
Unit 3
Chapter 4: Computational Physics 14 Hours
Formulation: From analytical to numerical methods -Significance of Computer in numerical
methods- Applications of Euler's method: Theory, and graphical simulation by programming:
motions of a freely falling body, a body dropped into a highly viscous medium, two dimensional
projectile motion and radioactive decay - Accuracy considerations (elementary ideas)
( All programs should be written using Python language Version 3.0)
Books for study:
1. Computational Physics, V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma & S.C.Gupta-Published by Ane Books
2. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall of India,1983)

32
3. Introduction to Python for Engineers and Scientists by Dr.Sandeep Nagar, Apress publications.
References:
1. Python for Education by Dr. B P Ajithkumar, IUAC, New Delhi; e-book freely
downloadable from www.expeyes.in/documents/mapy.pdf
2. Programming in Python 3: A Complete Introduction to the Python Language by Mark
Summerfield-2nd edition-Developer's library
3. Introduction to Python for Engineers and Scientists by Dr.Sandeep Nagar, Apress
publications.
4. www.python.org
5. Python Essential Reference, David M. Beazley, Pearson Education
6. Core Python Programming, Wesley J Chun, Pearson Education
7. Python Tutorial Release 3.0.1 by Guido van Rossum, Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor.
(http://www.altaway.com/resources/python/tutorial.pdf)
8. How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, Allen Downey , Jeffrey
Elkner , Chris Meyers, http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.pdf
9. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Dr. B S Grewal, Khanna Publishers,
Newdelhi
10. Numerical methods for scientists and engineers, K. Sankara Rao, PHI
11. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall of India,1983)
12. Computational Physics, V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma & S.C.Gupta-Published by Ane
Books
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Introduction to Python 23
Programming
2 Numpy and Matplotlib modules 10
3 Numerical Methods in Physics 26
4 Computational Physics 20
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

33
 Semester 5Core Course –VII
PHY5B07: QUANTUM MECHANICS

54 hours (Credit – 3)

Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the particle properties of
CO1 PSO2 U C 8
electromagnetic radiation
Describe Rutherford – Bohr model of the
CO2 PSO2 U C 10
atom
Understand the wavelike properties of
CO3 PSO2 U C 10
particles
Understand and apply the Schrödinger
CO4 PSO2 Ap C,P 16
equation to simple physical systems
Apply the principles of wave mechanics to
CO5 PSO2 Ap C,P 10
the Hydrogen atom

Unit 1

1. Particle like Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 8 Hours

Review of electromagnetic waves – Photoelectric effect – Blackbody radiation – Compton effect –
Other photon processes – What is a photon?
[Sections 3.1 to 3.6 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
2. Rutherford-Bohr Model of the Atom 10 Hours
Basic properties of atoms – Thomson model – Rutherford nuclear atom – Line spectra – Bohr
model – Frank-Hertz experiment – Correspondence principle – Deficiencies of Bohr model
[Sections 6.1 to 6.8 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
Unit 2
3. Wavelike Properties of Particles 10 Hours
De Broglie hypothesis - Uncertainty relationships for classical waves – Heisenberg uncertainty
relationships – Wave packets - Probability and randomness – Probability amplitude
[Sections 4.1 to 4.6 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
Unit 3
4. The Schrodinger Equation 16 Hours
Justification of the Schrodinger equation – The Schrodinger recipe – Probabilities and
normalization – Applications – Free particle, Particle in a box (one dimension), Particle in a box
34
(two dimensions), Simple harmonic oscillator – Time dependence – Potential energy steps and
potential energy barriers
[Sections 5.1 to 5.7 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
5. Hydrogen Atom in Wave Mechanics 10 Hours
Schrodinger equation in spherical coordinates – Hydrogen atom wave functions – Radial
probability densities – Angular momentum and probability densities – Intrinsic spin – Energy
levels and spectroscopic notation – Zeeman effect – Fine structure
[Sections 7.1 to 7.8 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
Book of study:
1. Modern Physics, 2nd Edn. – Kenneth S. Krane – John Wiley & sons
Reference Books :
1. Concepts of Modern Physics, 7th Edn. – Arthur Beiser – Tata McGraw-Hill
2. Modern Physics, 3rd Edn. – Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer – Cengage
3. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei & Particles By R.Eisberg & R. Resnick -
John Wiley
4. Modern Physics, 2ndEdn – Randy Harris – Pearson
5. Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 2ndEdn. – John R. Taylor, Chris D. Zafiratos,
Michael A. Dubson – Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
6. Berkeley Physics Course: Quantum Physics by Wichmann
7. Theory and Problems in Modern Physics by Gautreau & Savin – Schaum‟s Outlines Series –
TMH
8. Quantum mechanics: Concepts & Applications by Zettilli N, Second Edition, Wiley
9. NPTEL video lectures available online
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Particle like Properties of 11
Electromagnetic Radiation
2 Rutherford-Bohr Model of the 15
Atom
3 Wavelike Properties of Particles 15
4 The Schrodinger Equation 23
5 Hydrogen Atom in Wave 15
Total Marks *
Mechanics 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.
35
 Semester 5 | Core Course VIII
PH5B08: OPTICS
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the fundamentals of Fermat‟s
CO1 PSO2 U C 5
principles and geometrical optics
Understand and apply the basic ideas of
CO2 PSO2 Ap C, P 14
interference of light
Understand and apply the basic ideas of
CO3 PSO2 Ap C, P 13
diffraction of light
Understand the basics ideas of polarization
CO4 PSO2 U C 8
of light
Describe the basic principles of
CO5 PSO2 U C 14
holography and fibre optics
Unit 1
Fermat’s Principle, verification of laws of reflection and refraction 2 Hours
[Sections 2.1 to 2.6 of Brijlal, Subramaniyam, & Avadhanuluand Sections 3.1 to 3.2
ofAjoyGhatak]
Refraction and reflection by spherical surfaces : 3 Hours
Refraction and reflection at a single spherical surfaces. The thin lens, The Principal Foci, and Focal
length of a lens, The Newton formula, Lateral magnification.
[Sections 4.1 to 4.7 of Ajoy Ghatak]

Unit 2
2. Interference by division of wave front 6 Hours
Superposition of two sinusoidal waves, Interference, coherence ,conditions for interference, the
interference patterns, intensity distribution .Fresnel‟s two mirror arrangement, Fresnel's Biprism,
Determination of λ and dλ of Sodium Light
[Sections 14.1 to 14.4, 14.6 to 14.9 of Brijlal, Subramaniyam, & Avadhanulu, and Sections 14.1 to
14.8 of Ajoy Ghatak. Additional problems should be done from chapter 7 of Introduction to Optics
by Frank.L,Pedrotti,Leno M Pedrotti and Leno S Pedrotti.]

3. Interference by division of amplitude 8 Hours

Interference by a plane film illuminated by a plane wave, cosine law, non reflecting films (the
subsections excluded), interference by a film with two nonparallel reflecting surfaces, colours of
thin films, Newton‟s rings, The Michelson interferometer, white light fringes-
36
[Sections 15.1 to 15.4,15.7, 15.9, 15.11 of Ajoy Ghatak, and Sections 2.1 to 2.6 of Brijlal,
Subramaniyam, &Avadhanulu. Additional problems should be done from chapter 7 of Introduction
to Optics by Frank.L,Pedrotti, Leno M Pedrotti and Leno S Pedrotti.]

Unit 3
4. Fraunhofer Diffraction 10 Hours
Preliminaries, single slit diffraction pattern, diffraction by circular aperture, limit of resolution, two
slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern, N slit diffraction pattern, plane diffraction grating, resolving
power.
[Sections 18.1 to 18.3, 18.5 to 18.8 of Ajoy Ghatak. Additional problems should be done from
chapters 11 and 12 of Introduction to Optics by Frank.L,Pedrotti, Leno M Pedrotti and Leno S
Pedrotti.]
5. Fresnel Diffraction 3 Hours
Preliminaries, Fresnel half period zones, explanation of rectilinear propagation of light, zone plate
[Sections 20.1 to 20.3 of Ajoy Ghatak]
Unit 4 8 Hours
6. Polarization
Huygene‟s explanation of double refraction, positive and negative uniaxial crystals, quarter and
half wave plates, types of polarized light, production and analysis of plane, circularly and
elliptically polarized light, optical activity, Laurentz half shade polarimeter
[Sections 20.9,20.17 to 20.20,20.24 of Brijlal, Subramaniyam, & Avadhanulu and corresponding
sections of Ajoy Ghatak]
Unit 5 6 Hours
7. Holography
Principles of holography, theory of construction and reconstruction of Hologram, Applications of
Holography. [Sections 23.1 to 23.6 of Brijlal, Subramaniyam, &Avadhanulu and Sections 21.1 to
21.4 of Ajoy Ghatak]
Unit 6 8 Hours
8. Fibre Optics
Optical fibre, Numerical aperture, step index fibre, pulse dispersion, graded index fibre, fibre optic
sensors.

37
[Sections 27.4, 27.7, 27.10, 27.12 of Ajoy Ghatak and corresponding sections from Brijlal,
Subramaniyam, & Avadhanulu]
Books of study:
1. Optics by Ajoy Ghatak – 4th edition
2. Optics by Subramaniam, Brijlal&Avadhanulu – 2018(Reprint)
3. Introduction to Optics by Frank.L,Pedrotti,Leno M Pedrotti and Leno S Pedrotti

Reference Books :
1. Optics – EugineHetch and A RGanesan
2. Optics by D S Mathur– New edition
3. Wave Optics and its Applications – Rajpal S Sirohi – Orient Longman
4. Optical Communications – M MukundaRao – Universities Press
5. NPTEL video lectures available online

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks

chapter
1 Fermat‟s Principle, verification of 7
laws of reflection and refraction
Refraction and reflection by
spherical surfaces
2 Interference by division of wave 9
front
3 Interference by division of 12
amplitude
4 Fraunhofer Diffraction 15

5 Fresnel Diffraction 4
6 Polarization 12
7 Holography 9
8 Fibre Optics 11
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

38
 Semester 5Core Course –IX
PHY5B09: ELECTRONICS (ANALOG & DIGITAL)
54 hours (Credit – 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic principles of
CO1 PSO3 U C 6
rectifiers and dc power supplies

CO2 Understand the principles of transistor PSO3 U C 14

Understand the working and designing of

CO3 PSO3 Ap C, P 12
transistor amplifiers and oscillators
Understand the basic operation of Op –
CO4 PSO3 U C 6
Amp and its applications
CO5 Understand the basics of digital electronics PSO3 U C 16
Unit 1
1. Semiconductor rectifiers and DC Power supplies 6 Hours
Preliminaries of rectification- Bridge rectifier- Efficiency- Nature of rectified output- Ripple
factor- different types of filter circuits- voltage multipliers- Zener diode- voltage stabilization
[Sections 6.13-6.15, 6.17 - 6.27 of V.K Mehta]
2. Transistors 14 Hours
Different transistor amplifier configurations:- CB, CE, CC and their characteristics- amplification
factors- their relationships- Load line Analysis- Expressions for voltage gain- current gain and
power gain of C.E amplifier- cut-off and saturation points- Transistor biasing- Different types of
biasing - Base resistor, voltage divider bias method- single stage transistor amplifier circuit- load
line analysis- DC and AC equivalent circuits
[Section 8.7 - 8.10, 8.12-8.22, 9.2-9.8, 9.11-9.12, 10.4-10.5, 10.7-10.9 of V K Mehta]
Unit 2
3. Multistage Transistor amplifiers 4 Hours
R.C coupled amplifier- frequency response and gain in decibels- Transformer coupled Amplifiers -
Direct Coupled Amplifier-Comparison [Section 11.1-11.8 of VK Mehta]
4. Feedback Circuits and Oscillators 8 Hours
Basic principles of feedback- negative feedback and its advantages- positive feedback circuits-
Oscillatory Circuits-LC, RC oscillators- tuned collector oscillator- Hartley, Colpitt‟s, phase shift
oscillators - their expressions for frequency [Sections 13.1-13.5, 14.1 - 14.13 of VK Mehta]

39
5. Operational amplifier and its applications 6 Hours
Differential amplifier (basic ideas only), OP-amp: basic operation, application, inverting, Non-
inverting, summing amplifiers, Differentiator integrator [Sections 25.1 – 25.5, 25.16, 25.15-
25.17,25.23-25.26, 25.32, 25.34-25.35, 25.37 of VK Mehta]
Unit 3
6. Number systems 6 Hours
Binary number system, conversions from one system to another (Binary, octal, Hexa decimal),
Binary arithmetic, Compliments and its algebra.
(Sections - 2.2 to 2.8 of Aditya P Mathur).
7. Logic gates and circuits 10 Hours
Fundamental gates, Universal gates, De Morgan‟s theorem, Exclusive OR gate, Boolean relations,
Half adder, Full adder, RS Flip Flop, JK Flip flop
[Sections - 2.2 to 2.4, 3.1 to 3.5, 5.1 to 5.6, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6, 8.2 Malvino & Leach)
Text books for study :
1. Principles of electronics - VK Mehta - 2008 edition (S. Chand)
2. Introduction to Micro Processors - Aditya P Mathur (Tata McGarw Hill)
3. Digital principles and applications - Leach and Malvino (Tata McGraw Hill)
References
1. Electronic Principles by Malvino - (Tata McGraw Hill)
2. Digital Computer Fundamentals (Thomas. C. Bartee)
3. Physics of Semiconductor Devices- Second Edition – Dilip K Roy – Universities Press
4. Digital Fundamentals –Thomas L Floyd – Pearson Education
5. The Art of Electronics-Paul Herowitz & Winfield Hill
6. Digital Technology – Principles and practice by Virendrakumar
7. Electronic Principles and Applications – A B Bhattacharya
8. NPTEL video lectures available online

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Semiconductor rectifiers and DC 9
Power supplies
2 Transistors 20
3 Multistage Transistor amplifiers 6
4 Feedback Circuits and Oscillators 12
5 Operational amplifier and its 9
applications
6 Number systems 9
7 Logic gates and circuits 14
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

40
 Semester 6 | Core Course X
PHY6B10: THERMODYNAMICS
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the zero and first laws of
CO1 PSO2 U C 14
thermodynamics
Understand the thermodynamics
CO2 PSO2 U C 8
description of the ideal gas
Understand the second law of
CO3 PSO2 U C, P 12
thermodynamics and its applications

CO4 Understand the basic ideas of entropy PSO2 U C 8

Understand the concepts of
CO5 thermodynamic potentials and phase PSO2 U C 12
transitions

Unit 1 – Zeroth Law and First Law of Thermodynamics 14 Hours

Macroscopic point of view – Microscopic point of view – Macroscopic versus Microscopic points
of view – Scope of Thermodynamics – Thermal equilibrium and Zeroth Law – Concept of
temperature – Ideal-Gas temperature – Thermodynamic equilibrium – Equation of state –
Hydrostatic systems – Intensive and extensive coordinates – Work – Quasi-static process – Work in
changing the volume of a hydrostatic system – PV diagram – Hydrostatic work depends on the path
– Calculation of work for quasi-static processes – Work and Heat – Adiabatic work – Internal
energy function – Mathematical formulation of First Law – Concept of Heat – Differential form of
the First Law – Heat capacity – Specific heat of water; the Calorie – Quasi-static flow of heat; Heat
reservoir
[Sections 1.1 to 1.6, 1.10, 2.1 to 2.3, 2.10, 3.1 to 3.6 and 4.1 to 4.8, 4.10 of Heat and
Thermodynamics by Zemansky and Dittman]

Unit 2 – Ideal Gas 8 Hours

Equation of state of a gas – Internal energy of a real gas – Ideal gas – Experimental determination
of heat capacities – Quasi-static adiabatic process – The microscopic point of view – Kinetic theory
of the ideal gas
[Sections 5.1 to 5.5, 5.8 and 5.9 of Heat and Thermodynamics by Zemansky and Dittman]

41
Unit 3 – Second Law of Thermodynamics 12 Hours
Conversion of work into heat and vice versa – Heat engine; Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second
Law – Refrigerator; Clausius‟ statement of the Second Law – Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and
Clausius statements – Reversibility and Irreversibility – Conditions for reversibility – Carnot
engine and Carnot cycle – Carnot refrigerator – Carnot‟s Theorem and corollary – Thermodynamic
temperature scale – Absolute zero and Carnot efficiency – Equality of ideal-gas and
thermodynamic temperatures
[Sections 6.1, 6.6 to 6.9, 6.14, 7.1 and 7.3 to 7.7 of Heat and Thermodynamics by Zemansky and
Dittman]

Unit 4 – Entropy 8 Hours

Reversible part of the Second Law – Entropy – Entropy of the ideal gas – TS diagram – Entropy
and reversibility – Entropy and irreversibility – Irreversible part of the Second Law – Heat and
entropy in irreversible processes – Principle of increase of entropy – Applications of the Entropy
Principle – Entropy and disorder – Exact differentials
[Sections 8.1, 8.2, 8.4 to 8.9, 8.11 to 8.14 of Heat and Thermodynamics by Zemansky and Dittman]

Unit 5 – Thermodynamic Potentials and Phase Transitions 12 Hours

Characteristic functions – Enthalpy – Joule-Thomson expansion – Helmholtz and Gibbs functions –
Condition for an exact differential – Maxwell‟s relations – TdS equations – PV diagram for a pure
substance – PT diagram for a pure substance; Phase diagram – First-order phase transitions and
Clausius-Clapeyron equation – Clausius-Clapeyron equation and phase diagrams

[Sections 10.1 to 10.6, 9.1, 9.2, 11.3 and 11.4 of Heat and Thermodynamics by Zemansky and
Dittman]
Book of Study :
1. Heat and Thermodynamics, 7thEdn. – Mark W. Zemansky and Richard H. Dittman –
McGraw-Hill
Reference Books :
1. Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics – Ashley H. Carter – Pearson, 2012
2. Basic Thermodynamics – Evelyn Guha – Narosa, 2002
3. Heat and Thermodynamics – D. S. Mathur – S. Chand Publishers, 2008
4. NPTEL video lectures available online

42
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Zeroth Law and First Law of 20
Thermodynamics
2 Ideal Gas 12
3 Second Law of Thermodynamic 18
4 Entropy 12
5 Thermodynamic Potentials and 17
Phase Transitions
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

43
 Semester 6Core Course XI
PHY6B11: STATISTICAL PHYSICS, SOLID STATE PHYSICS, SPECTROSCOPY &
PHOTONICS
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic principles of
CO1 PSO2 U C 16
statistical physics and its applications
Understand the basic aspects of
CO2 PSO2 U C 14
crystallography in solid state physics
Understand the basic elements of
CO3 PSO2 U C 4
spectroscopy
Understand the basics ideas of microwave
CO4 PSO2 U C 10
and infra red spectroscopy
Understand the fundamental ideas of
CO5 PSO2 U C 10
photonics
Unit 1 Statistical Physics 16 Hours
Statistical Analysis – Classical versus quantum statistics – Distribution of molecular speeds –
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution – Quantum Statistics – Applications of Bose-Einstein statistics –
Blackbody radiation – Applications of Fermi-Dirac statistics
[Sections 10.1 to 10.7 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
Unit 2 Solid State Physics 14 Hours
Lattice Points and Space Lattice-Basis and crystal structure, unit cells and lattice Parameters, Unit
cells versus primitive cells, Crystal systems, Crystal symmetry, Bravais space lattices – Metallic
crystal structures – simple cubic, body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic and hexagonal closed
packed structure – Other crystal structures – Diamond, Zinc sulphide, Sodium chloride, Caesium
chloride – Directions, Planes and Miller indices – Important features of Miller indices – Important
planes and directions, distribution of atoms and separation between lattice planes in a cubic crystal
– X-Ray diffraction – Bragg‟s law – Bragg‟s X-ray spectrometer – Powder crystal method
[Sections 4.1 to 4.7, 4.14 to 4.22 and 5.7 to 5.10 of Solid State Physics by S.O. Pillai]
Unit 3 Basic Elements of Spectroscopy 4 Hours
Quantization of Energy-Regions of Spectrum-Representation of Spectra-Basic Elements of
Practical Spectroscopy-Signal to Noise Ratio-Resolving Power-Width and Intensity of Spectral
Transitions
[Sections 1.2 to 1.7 of Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy by Banwell and McCash]
44
Unit 4
Microwave Spectroscopy 5 Hours
Rotation of molecules – Rotational spectra – Rigid diatomic molecules – Bond length of CO
molecule – Intensities of spectral lines
[Sections 2.1 to 2.3.2 of Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy by Banwell and McCash]
Infra Red Spectroscopy 5 Hours
Energy of a diatomic molecule – Simple harmonic oscillator – Anharmonic oscillator – Morse
curve – Selection rules and spectra – The spectrum of HCl – Hot bands – Diatomic vibrating rotator
– Born-Oppenheimer approximation
[Sections3.1 to 3.2 of Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy by Banwell and McCash]

Unit 5 Photonics 10 Hours

Interaction of light with matter – Absorption, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission, Einstein
coefficients – Einstein relations – Light amplification – condition for stimulated emission to
dominate spontaneous emission – condition for stimulated emission to dominate absorption –
population inversion – metastable states – components of laser – lasing action – types of laser –
Ruby laser, NdYAG laser, He-Ne laser, semiconductor laser – Applications – Raman effect –
Classical explanation – quantum theory
[Sections 22.4 to 22.9, 22.14, 22.15, 22.19 and 22.20 of Textbook of optics by Brijlal,
Subramanium & Avadhanulu]

Books of Study:
1. Solid State Physics, 3rd Edn. – S. O. Pillai – New Age International Pvt. Ltd.
2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th Edn. – Colin N. Banwell and Elaine M. McCash –
McGraw-Hill
3. A Text Book of Optics, 25thEdn. – Subrahmanyam and Brijlal, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2016

ReferenceBooks :
1. Solid State Physics by M A Wahab

2. Molecular Structure & Spectroscopy by G Aruldhas

3. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy by G M Barrow

4. Raman Spectroscopy by Long D A

5. NPTEL video lectures available online

45
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Statistical Physics 23
2 Solid State Physics 21
3 Basic Elements of Spectroscopy 6
4 Microwave Spectroscopy 7
5 Infra Red Spectroscopy 7
6 Photonics 15
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

46
 Semester 6 Core Course XII
PHY6B12: NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic aspects of nuclear
CO1 PSO2 U C 14
structure and fundamentals of radioactivity
Describe the different types of nuclear
CO2 PSO2 U C, P 12
reactions and their applications
Understand the principle and working of
CO3 PSO2 U C, P 8
particle detectors
Describe the principle and working of
CO4 PSO2 U C, P 8
particle accelerators
Understand the basic principles of
CO5 PSO2 U C 12
elementary particle physics

Unit 1
1. Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity 14 hours
Nuclear Constituents – Nuclear sizes and shapes – Nuclear masses and binding energies – Liquid
drop model – Shell model - Nuclear force – Radioactive decay – Conservation laws in radioactive
decay – Alpha decay – Beta decay – Gamma decay – Natural radioactivity – Mossbauer effect
[Sections 12.1 to 12.11 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane; Sections 11.5, 11.6 of Beiser]
2. Nuclear Reactions and Applications 12 hours
Types of nuclear reactions – Radioisotope production in nuclear reactions – Low-energy reaction
kinematics – Fission – Fission reactors – Fusion – Fusion processes in stars – Fusion reactors –
Applications of nuclear physics – Neutron activation analysis, Medical radiation physics, Alpha
decay applications, Synthetic elements
[Sections 13.1 to 13.6 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
Unit 2
3. Particle Detectors 8 hours
Particle Detectors – Wilson Cloud Chamber – Bubble Chamber – Ionization Chambers –
Proportional Counter – Geiger-Muller Counter – Scintillation Counters and Semiconductor
Counters – Spark Chamber – Cerenkov Counter – Neutron Counting – The Photographic Plate.
[Sections 17.1 to 17.11of Atomic and Nuclear Physics – An Introduction by Littlefield and
Thorley]

47
4. Particle Accelerators 8 hours
Particle Accelerators – Cockcroft-Walton Proton Accelerator – Van de Graaff Electrostatic
Generator – Linear Accelerator – Lawrence Cyclotron – Synchrocyclotron – Electron Accelerating
Machines : Betatron– Electron Synchrotron – Proton Synchrotron – Alternating-Gradient
Synchrotron – Intersecting Beam Accelerators – The Growth and Future of Large Accelerating
Machines
[Sections 18.1 to 18.12 of Atomic and Nuclear Physics – An Introduction by Littlefield and
Thorley]

Unit 3
5. Elementary Particles 12 hours
The four basic forces – Particles and antiparticles – Families of particles – Conservation laws –
Particle interactions and decays – Resonance particles – Energetics of particle decays – Energetics
of particle reactions – The Quark Model – The Standard Model
[Sections 14.1 to 14.9 of Modern Physics by Kenneth Krane]
Books of study:
1. Modern Physics, 2ndEdn. – Kenneth S. Krane – John Wiley & sons
2. Atomic and Nuclear Physics – An Introduction, 3rdEdn. – T.A. Littlefield and N. Thorley –
Springer
3. Concepts of Modern Physics, 7thEdn. – Arthur Beiser – Tata McGraw-Hill
Reference Books:
1. Modern Physics, 3rdEdn. – Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer –
Cengage
2. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei & Particles By R.Eisberg & R.
Resnick – John Wiley
3. Theory and Problems in Modern Physics by Gautreau & Savin – Schaum‟s Outlines Series
– TMH
4. Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 2ndEdn. – John R. Taylor, Chris D. Zafiratos,
Michael A. Dubson – Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd
5. Modern Physics, 2ndEdn – Randy Harris – Pearson
6. A practical approach to Nuclear Physics, 1st Edition, K. Muraleedhara Varier- Narosa
Publishing House
7. NPTEL video lectures available online
48
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Nuclear Structure and Radioactivity 20
2 Nuclear Reactions and Applications 18
3 Particle Detectors 12
4 Particle Accelerators 12
5 Elementary Particles 17
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

49
 Semester 6 | Core Course XIII
PHY6B13: RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome PSO CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the fundamental ideas of
CO1 PSO2 U C 18
special relativity
Understand the basic concepts of general
CO2 PSO2 U C 8
relativity and cosmology
Understand the basic techniques used in
CO3 PSO2 U C 10
astronomy

CO4 Describe the evolution and death of stars PSO2 U C 12

Describe the structure and classification of
CO5 PSO2 U C 12
galaxies

Unit 1
1. Special Relativity 18 Hours
The need for a new mode of thought – Michelson-Morley experiment – Postulates of Special
Relativity – Galilean transformations – Lorentz transformations – Simultaneity – The order of
events : Timelike and spacelike intervals – Lorentz length contraction – The orientation of a
moving rod – Time dilation – Muon decay – Role of time dilation in an atomic clock - Relativistic
transformation of velocity – Speed of light in a moving medium - Doppler effect – Doppler shift in
sound – Relativistic Doppler effect – Doppler effect for an observer off the line of motion –
Doppler navigation – Twin paradox – Relativistic Momentum and Energy – Momentum – Velocity
dependence of the electron‟s mass – Energy – Relativistic energy and momentum in an inelastic
collision – The equivalence of mass and energy – Massless particles – Photoelectric effect –
Radiation pressure of light – Photon picture of the Doppler effect – Does light travel at the velocity
of light ? – The rest mass of the photon – Light from a pulsar
[Sections 11.1 to 11.5, 12.1 to 12.6, 13.1 to 13.4 of An Introduction to Mechanics (1stEdn.) by
Daniel Kleppner and Robert J. Kolenkow]
Unit 2
2. General Relativity and Cosmology 8 Hours
The principle of equivalence – General theory of relativity – Tests of general relativity – Stellar
evolution – Nucleosynthesis – White dwarf stars – Neutron stars – Black holes – The expansion of

50
the universe – Cosmic microwave background radiation – Dark matter – Cosmology and general
relativity – The big bang cosmology – Formation of nuclei and atoms – Echoes of the big bang –
The future of the universe
[Sections 15.1 to 15.8 and 16.1 to 16.8 of Modern Physics (2ndEdn.) by Kenneth Krane]
Unit 3
3. Basic Tools of Astronomy 10 Hours
Stellar distance – Relationship between stellar parallax and distance – Brightness and luminosity –
Relationship between Luminosity, brightness and distance – Magnitudes – Apparent magnitude and
brightness ratio – Relationship between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude – Color and
temperature of stars – Size and mass of stars – Relationship between flux, luminosity and radius –
Star constituents – Stellar spectra – Stellar classification – Hertzsprung-Russell diagram – H-R
diagram and stellar radius – H-R diagram and stellar luminosity – H-R diagram and stellar mass
[Sections 1.1 to 1.12 of Astrophysics is Easy : An Introduction for the Amateur Astronomer by
Mike Inglis]

4. Stellar Evolution 12 Hours

Birth of a Star – Pre-Main-Sequence evolution and the effect of mass – Galactic star clusters – Star
formation triggers – The Sun – Internal structure of the sun – Proton-proton chain – Energy
transport from the core to the surface – Binary stars – Masses of orbiting stars – Life times of main-
sequence stars – Red giant stars - Helium burning – Helium flash – Star clusters, Red giants and
the H-R diagram – Post-Main-Sequence star clusters : Globular clusters – Pulsating stars – Why do
stars pulsate – Cepheid variables and the period-luminosity relationship – Temperature and mass of
Cepheids – Death of stars – Asymptotic giant branch – The end of an AGB star‟s life – Planetary
nebulae – White dwarf stars – Electron degeneracy – Chandrasekhar limit – White dwarf evolution
– White dwarf origins – High mass stars and nuclear burning – Formation of heavier elements –
Supernova remnants – Supernova types – Pulsars and neutron stars – Black holes
[3.1, 3.2, 3.4 to to 3.15, 3.19 to 3.24 of Astrophysics is Easy : An Introduction for the Amateur
Astronomer by Mike Inglis]
5. Galaxies 6 Hours
Galaxy types – Galaxy structure – Stellar populations – Hubble classification of galaxies –
Observing galaxies – spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, lenticular galaxies – Active galaxies and active
galactic Nuclei (AGN) – Gravitational lensing – Hubble‟s law – Clusters of galaxies
[Sections 4.1 to 4.11 of Astrophysics is Easy : An Introduction for the Amateur Astronomer by
Mike Inglis]
51
Books of Study:
1. An Introduction to Mechanics, 1st Edn. – Daniel Kleppner and Robert J. Kolenkow –
McGraw-Hill
2. Modern Physics, 2nd Edn. – Kenneth S. Krane – John Wiley & sons
3. Astrophysics is Easy : An Introduction for the Amateur Astronomer – Mike Inglis –
Springer

ReferenceBooks :
1. Introduction to Special Relativity – Robert Resnick – Wiley & Sons
2. Special Relativity – A P French – Viva Books India
3. An introduction to Astrophysics – BaidyanathBasu, PHI
4. Introduction to Cosmology -3rd Edn.–J.V.Narlikar, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
5. Principles of Cosmology and Gravitation – Michael Berry, Overseas Press, 2005.
6. Concepts of Modern Physics – Arthur Beiser, Tata McGraw-Hill
7. The Big and the Small (Vol II) by G. Venkataraman, Universities Press (India)
8. Chandrasekhar and His Limit by G. Venkataramn. Universities Press (India)
9. A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking, Bantam Books
10. NPTEL video lectures available online

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Special Relativity 27
2 General Relativity and Cosmology 12
3 Basic Tools of Astronomy 15
4 Stellar Evolution 17
5 Galaxies 8
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

52
 Semester 6 | Core Course XIV (Elective)
PHY6B14 (EL1): BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS
54 hours (Credit - 3)

Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic principles of
CO1 U C 14
biophysics
Understand the fundamentals of medical
CO2 U C 11
instrumentation
Understand the principles of ultrasound
CO3 U C 10
and x-ray imaging

CO4 Understand the basic principles of NMR U C 10

Describe the applications of lasers in
CO5 U C 9
medicine

Unit 1 Physical foundations of biophysics 14 Hours

Free energy, Internal energy, Thermodynamics and Statistical mechanics, Reaction kinetics.
(Sections 4.1 to 4.4 from “Biophysics: An Introduction “ by Rodney Cotterlie ,Wiley.) Transport
Processes: Diffusion, Osmosis, Surface tension, Viscosity, thermal conduction. (Sections 5.1 to
5.3 from “Biophysics: An Introduction “ by Rodney Cotterlie ,Wiley .
Oxidation and reduction, redox potential, examples of redox potential in biological systems.
Sections 4.5 and 9.3 from “Biophysics: An Introduction“ by Rodney Cotterlie ,Wiley .
Membrane Physics: Diffusion through cell membrane, factors affecting diffusion
Membrane potentials: Resting potentials, action potentials, Hodgkin-Huxley model for
membrane transport . Donnan equilibrium, Goldman equation.
(Sections 11.1, 11.2, 12.1, 12.2 from “Biophysics: An Introduction“ by Rodney Cotterlie
,Wiley . Also refer: Principles of Biomedical engineering by Sundararajan V Madihally , Artech
house.

Unit 2 Fundamentals of medical instrumentation 11 Hours

Physiological systems of the body, sources of biomedical signals, basic medical instrumentation
systems, performance, constraints and regulations, intelligent medical instrumentation systems.
Origin of bioelectric signals, ECG, EEG, EMG. Recording electrodes and microelectrodes.
Transducers and biosensors.

53
(Sections 1.1 to 1.8, 2.1 to 2.8 & 3.1 to 3.10 from “ Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”,
R S Khandpur, Tata Mcgraw Hill)

Unit 3 Ultrasound and X ray medical imaging systems 10 Hours

Ultrasonic Imaging-properties of ultrasound, modes of ultrasound transmission-pulsed,
continuous, pulsed Doppler, ultrasound imaging, ultrasonic diagnosis, ultrasonic transducers.
(Sections 9.2, 9.3 from Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and measurement”,
Prentice hall of India, New Delhi)
X-rays- Instrumentation for diagnostic X-rays, visualization of X-rays-flouroscopy, X-ray filters,
X-ray films, Image intensifiers, Special technique-grid, contrast media, Angiography.
(Sections 14.1 to 14.3 from Leslie Cromwell, “Biomedical Instrumentation and measurement”,
Prentice hall of India, New Delhi)
X-ray computed tomography – Computed tomography, basic principle, contrast scale, system
components-scanning system, processing unit, viewing part, storage unit, Helical CT scanner.
(Sections 20.1, 20.2 from Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation by R S Khandpur, Tata Mc
GrawHill)

Unit 4 Nuclear medical imaging systems 10 Hours

Nuclear Medical imaging systems-radio isotopes in medical imaging systems, physics of radioactivity,
uptake monitoring equipment, radioisotope rectilinear scanner, gamma camera, Emission computed
tomography, Positron emission tomography (PET Scanner)
(Sections 21.1, 21.2 from Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation by R S Khandpur, Tata Mc GrawHill)
Principles of NMR, Image reconstruction techniques, Basic NMR components, Biological effects of
NMR imaging, advantages of NMR imaging .
(Sections 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.5 from Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation by R S Khandpur,
Tata Mc GrawHill Publications)
(Reference- Medical Imaging Physics, William Hendee, John Wiley and Sons Publications)

Unit 5 Lasers in medicine 9 Hours

Special properties of laser beam (coherence, collimation, monochromaticity), laser active
medium, focal length of the laser lens, Laser-tissue interactions, Basic principles of Nd-YAG,
CO2, and Argon Lasers, An overview of their clinical applications with special reference to
Gynecology, pulmonary, neurosurgery, dermatology, ophthalmology. Photodynamic therapy,
Laser safety measures.

54
(Sections of Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 5 from Lasers in Medicine - An
Introductory Guide, Gregory Absten, Springer Science Publications)
Books of Study

1. Biophysics: An Introduction“ by Rodney Cotterlie ,Wiley

2. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, R S Khandpur, Tata Mcgraw Hill

3. “Biomedical Instrumentation and measurement”, Leslie Cromwell, Prentice hall of India

4. Lasers in Medicine - An Introductory Guide, Gregory Absten, Springer Science Publications

Books for Reference

1. Medical Physics by J R Cameron and J G Skofonick, Wiley Eastern)

2. The physics of medical imaging by S Webb, Hilger Publications
3. Techniques for radiation dosimetry by K Mahesh and D R Vij, Wiley Eastern Limited
4. Clinical nuclear medicine by Maisey, Britton, Chapman and Hall
5. Ultra sound in Medicine, by F Duck, IOP Publications
6. Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, by John G. Webster, John Wiley and sons,
New York
7. Introduction to Biomedical equipment technology, John M. Brown, John Wiley and sons,
New York
8. Medical Imaging Physics, W.R.Hendee & E.R.Ritenour, (3rd eds), Mosbey Inc.,
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Physical foundations of biophysics 20
2 Fundamentals of medical 16
instrumentation
3 Fundamentals of medical 15
instrumentation
4 Nuclear medical imaging systems 15
5 Lasers in medicine 13
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

55
 Semester 6 | Core Course XIV (Elective)
PHY6B14 (EL2): NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the elementary concepts of
CO1 U C 6
nanoscience
Understand the electrical transport
CO2 U C 10
mechanisms in nanostructures
Understand the applications of quantum
CO3 U C 13
mechanics in nanoscience
Understand the fabrication and
CO4 characterization techniques of U C 19
nanomaterials
Enumerate the different applications of
CO5 U C 6
nanotechnology

Unit 1: Introduction: 6 Hours

Length scales in Physics- nanometer- Nanostructures: Zero, One Two and Three
dimensional nanostructures (Chapter 3, Text 2)
Band Structure and Density of State at nanoscale: Energy Bands, Density of States at
low dimensional structures. (Chapter 3, Text 1)
Unit 2: Electrical transport in nanostructure: 10 hours
Electrical conduction in metals, The free electron model. Conduction in insulators/ionic
crystals - Electron transport in semiconductors - Various conduction mechanisms in 3D
(bulk), 2D(thin film) and low dimensional systems: Thermionic emission, field enhanced
thermionic emission (Schottky effect), Field assisted thermionic emission from traps
(Poole-Frenkel effect), Arrhenius type activated conduction, Variable range, Hopping
conduction, Polaron conduction. (Chapter 4, Text 1)
Unit 3: Introductory Quantum Mechanics for Nanoscience: 13 hours
Size effects in small systems, Quantum behaviors of nanometric world: Applications of
Schrodinger equation - infinite potential well, potential step, potential box; trapped
particle in 3D (nanodot), electron trapped in 2D plane (nanosheet), electrons moving in lD
(nanowire, nanorod, nanobelt), Excitons, Quantum confinement effect in nanomaterials
(Chapter 5, Text 1)

56
Unit 4: Growth techniques of nanomaterials (Elementary ideas only): 9 hours
Top down vs bottom up techniques, Lithographic process, Non Lithographic techniques:
Plasma a r c discharge, s p u t t e r i n g . Evaporation: Thermal e v a p o r a t i o n , Electron b e a m
evaporation, Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), Pulsed Laser Deposition, Molecular Beam
Epitaxy, Sol-Gel Technique, Electro-deposition., Ball-milling. (Chapter 6, Text.1:Sections6.1,
6.2. 6.3, 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.2.1, 6.4.3, 6.4.3.1. 6.4.3.2, 6.4.4, 6.4.5, 6.4.6,6..7,6.4.8,6.4.9)

Unit 5: Characterisation tools of nanomaterials: 10 Hours

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM): Basic Principles of SPM techniques, details of STM,
tunneling current, local barrier height, local density of states. Some applications of STM.
(Section 7.1.1- 7.1.3.3, 7.1.3.5, Text 1), General concepts of AFM (Section
7.2.1 - 7.2.4, Text-l), Electron microscopy (7.3.1-7.3.6, Text -1).
Unit 6: Applications of nanotechnology: (Elementary ideas only) 6 Hours
Buckminster fullerene, Carbon nanotube, nano diamomd, BN Nanotube, Nanoelectronics
- single electron transistor (no derivation), Molecular machine, Nanobiomatrics (Chapter 8,
Text 1).Applications of nanomaterials in energy, medicine and environment (Text 2)

Text books:
1. Introduction to Nanoscience & Nanotechnology by K. K. Chattopadhyaya and A. N.
Banerjee, Publisher: PHI Learning and Private Limited
2. Nanotechnology, Rakesh Rathi, S Chand & Company, New Delhi

References:
1. Nanoparticle Technology Handbook- M. Hosokawa, K. Nogi, M. Naita, T. Yokoyama
(Eds.), Elsevier 2007
2. Encyclopaedia of Materials Characterization, Surfaces, Interfaces, Thin Films, Eds.
Brundle, Evans and Wilson, Butterworth- Heinmann, 1992
3. Springer Handbook of nanotechnology, Bharat Bhushan (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
2004
4. Nano Science and Technology, VS Muraleedharan and A Subramania, Ane Books Pvt.
Ltd, New Delhi

5. A Handbook on Nanophysics, John D, Miller, Dominant Publishers and Distributors,

Delhi-51
6. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P Poole Jr. and Frank J Owens, Wiley Students
Edition
7. Nano-and micro materials, K Ohno et. a!,Springer International Edition 2009, New

57
 Delhi
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Introduction 9
2 Electrical transport in 15
nanostructure
3 Introductory Quantum 19
Mechanics for Nanoscience
4 Growth techniques 12
ofnanomaterials
5 Characterisation tools of 15
nanomaterials
6 Applications of nanotechnology 9
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

58
 Semester 6 | Core Course XIV (Elective)
PHY6B14 (EL3): MATERIALS SCIENCE
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic ideas of bonding in
CO1 U C 7
materials
Describe crystalline and non crystalline
CO2 U C 8
materials
Understand the types of imperfections nad
CO3 U C 12
diffusion mechanisms in solids
Describe the different properties of
CO4 U C 15
ceramics and polymers
Describe the different types of material
CO5 U C 12
analysis rechniques

Unit 1 15 Hours
Introduction
What is material science, Classification of materials-metals, ceramics, polymers,
composites, Advanced materials, smart materials. (Section 1.1 to 1.6 of Callister's
Material science and Engineering)
Bonds in materials
Atomic bonding in solids-bonding forces and energies, Primary bonding - Ionic
bonding, Covalent bonding, metallic bonding, Secondary bonding- van der waals
bonding, fluctuating induced dipole bonds, polar molecule induced dipole bonds,
permanent dipole bonds example of anomalous volume expansion of water.
(Section 2.5 to 2.8 of Callister's Material science and Engineering)
Crystals
Crystalline and Non Crystalline materials -Single crystals, polycrystals,
Anisotropy, metallic crystal structures, atomic packing factors of FCC, BCC,
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure, Density computations, Linear and
planar densities, polymorphism and allotropy, non crystalline solids. (Section 3.8
to 3.11, 4.2 to 4.9 of Callister's Material science and Engineering )

59
Unit 2 12 Hours
Imperfections in Solids
Point defects, Vacancies and selfinterstitials, substitutional impurities, atomic
point defects-Schottky defect, Frenkel defect, Dislocations-edge and screw
dislocations, burgers vector, Interfacial defects-External surfaces, Grain
boundaries, twin boundaries, stacking faults, Bulk and volume defects.(Section 5.2
to 5.8 of Callister's Material science and Engineering)
Diffusion in solids
Introduction, Diffusion mechanism, Vacancy diffusion, Interstitial diffusion,
Steady state diffusion and Non-steady state diffusion, fick's laws, Factors that
influence diffusion-temperature, diffusion species, example of aluminium for IC
interconnects. diffusion in ionic and polymeric materials (section 6.1 to 6.8 of
Callister's Material science and Engineering)

Unit 3 15 Hours
Ceramics and its properties
Glasses, Glass ceramics, properties, refractories -fire clay and silica refractories,
Abrasives, cements, advanced ceramics-optical fibers, ceramic ball bearings, piezo
electric ceramics, stress-strain behaviour of ceramics, flexural strength and elastic
behaviour.(Section 12.1 to 12.8, 12.11 of Callister's Material science and
Engineering)
Polymers and its properties
Different forms of Carbon-Diamond, Graphite, Fullerenes, Carbon nano tubes.
(Qualitative aspects only)(Section 4.17 of Callister's Material science and
Engineering)
Hydro carbon molecules, polymer molecules, homo polymers and copolymers,
molecular weight calculation, linear polymers, branched polymers, cross linked
polymers, network polymers, thermo setting and thermo plastic polymers, stress-
strain behaviour and viscoelastic deformation of polymers. (Section 13.1 to 13.9,
14.2, 14.3, 14.4 of Callister's Material science and Engineering)

60
 Unit 4 12 Hours
Material Analysis Techniques

Single crystal and powder diffraction techniques with diffractometer, Laue's

technique and rotating crystal method, Microscopic techniques-Optical microscopy,
electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy, Scanning probe microscopy, construction and working of each device,
Grain size determination technique. (Section 4.20, 5.12, 5.13 of Callister's Material
science and Engineering)
Book for study
1. Material Science and Engineering by William D. Callister, Adapted by R.
Balasubramanyam (IIT, Kanpur), Published by Wiley India Pvt Ltd (Reprint 2011)
Book for reference
1. Materials science and engineering- Vth Edn- V Raghavan( PHI)
2. Material science by S.L.Kakani & Amit Kakani, 2nd edition 2010, reprint

2011
3. Material Science & Engineering, R.K. Rajput (Jain Book Agency)
4. Material Science and Engineering, I. P . Singh, & Subhash Chander (Jain

Book Agency)
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Unit 1 22
2 Unit 2 18
3 Unit 3 22
4 Unit 4 17
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

61
 B.Sc PROGRAMME IN PHYSICS (CORE)
PRACTICAL
All centres must arrange sufficient number of apparatus before the Practical Examination.
All apparatus must be in proper condition before the Practical examination.
The external practical examination will be conducted at the end of 4th & 6th semesters. At the
time of external examination, a student has to produce certified fair record with a minimum of 75%
of the experiments, listed in the syllabus. Valuation of the record must be done internally and
externally. A maximum of 1/2 mark can be awarded to an experiment which is neatly recorded.
Total mark for record in external valuation is 10. The principle or the logic and the relevant
expressions of the experiment must be shown at the time of examination
Two test papers for practical internals could be conducted by including test papers in any two
convenient cycles in the place of an experiment. A batch of students can be evaluated in each class. If
there are a total of 4 cycles for a practical course, a test paper each can be included in the 3rd and 4th
cycles. If there are a total of 3 cycles for a practical course, a test paper each can be included in the
2nd and 3rd cycles. A model examination can also conducted after completion of all cycles. Internal
grade for test papers can be awarded based on the best two performances. Digital balance is allowed
for mass measurements.
Number of questions in the question paper shall be 8 for Paper I & II: and 6 from
Electronics & 2 from Python programs PAPER- III: out of these a minimum of 75% of the
questions are to be set for the examination at a centre.

62
 Semesters 1 to 4 | Core Course V
PHY4B05: PRACTICAL I
36 hours in each semester (Credit - 5)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Apply and illustrate the concepts of
CO1 Ap P 36
properties of matter through experiments
Apply and illustrate the concepts of
CO2 electricity and magnetism through Ap P 36
experiments
Apply and illustrate the concepts of optics
CO3 Ap P 36
through experiments
Apply and illustrate the principles of
CO4 Ap P 36
electronics through experiments

(Any 20 experiments)
1. Young‟s modulus-non uniform bending-using pin and microscope-(load-extension graph)
2. Young‟s modulus-Uniform bending-using optic lever
3. Moment of inertia-Flywheel (Calculate percentage error and standard deviation)
4. Moment of Inertia-Torsion Pendulum
5. Rigidity modulus-static torsion
6. Compound pendulum-acceleration due to gravity, Radius of gyration
7. Katers pendulum- Acceleration due to gravity
8. Liquid lens-Refractive index of liquid and glass -a) determine R using a)water& b) Buoy‟s
method
9. Spectrometer-solid prism-Refractive index of the material of the prism , measuring angle of
minimum deviation
10. Spectrometer-solid prism- Dispersive power
11. a. Searle‟s vibration magnetometer- ratio of moments b. Searle‟s and box type vibration
magnetometers-m & Bh.
12. Melde‟s string arrangement-Frequency, relative density of liquid and solid (both modes)
13. Mirror Galvanometer-figure of merit
14. Potentiometer-calibration of ammeter
15. Ballistic Galvanometer- BG constant using HMS-then find Bh.
16. Ballistic galvanometer-Comparison of capacitance- Desauty‟s method

63
17. Spectrometer- i-d curve
18. Verification of Thevenin‟s theorem and maximum power transfer theorem
19. Lissajous figures – Measurement of frequency and phase shift of sinusoidal signals using
CRO
20. Cantilever –scale and telescope /pin and microscope
21. Single slit diffraction using LASER
22. Determination of dielectric constant of liquid/thin sheet
23. Thermo emf measurement using digital multimeters - study of Seebeck effect
24. Thermal conductivity of a good conductor by Searle‟s method.
Books of Study:
1. Electronics lab manual- K A Navas (vol 1 &2)
2. B.Sc Practical Physics- C L Arora
3. Practical Physics- S L Gupta & V Kumar
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students – B L Worksnop and H T Flint

64
 Semesters 5-6 | Core Course XV
PHY6B15: PRACTICAL II
72 hours in each semester (Credit - 5)

Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Apply and illustrate the concepts of
CO1 Ap P 36
properties of matter through experiments
Apply and illustrate the concepts of
CO2 electricity and magnetism through Ap P 36
experiments
Apply and illustrate the concepts of optics
CO3 Ap P 36
and spectroscopy through experiments
Apply and illustrate the principles of heat
CO4 Ap P 36
through experiments

( Any 20 experiments)
1. e/m measurement -Thomson‟s apparatus
2. Spectrometer-Cauchy‟s constants
3. Spectrometer-Diffraction Grating-Normal incidence
4. Spectrometer- Diffraction Grating-minimum deviation
5. Spectrometer i1 – i2 curve
6. Laser-wavelength using transmission grating
7. Spectrometer-Quartz prism-Refractive indices of quartz for the ordinary and extra
ordinary rays
8. Newton‟s rings-wavelength of sodium light
9. Air wedge-angle of the wedge, radius of a thin wire
10. Lee‟s Disc –thermal conductivity of a bad conductor
11. Potentiometer-calibration low range and high range voltmeters
12. Potentiometer- Reduction factor of TG
13. Variation of field with distance-Circular coil-moment of magnet & Bh
14. Resolving power of grating
15. Carey Foster‟s bridge-Temperature coefficient of Resistance
16. Conversion of Galvanometer to voltmeter and calibrating using Potentiometer. (Plot
using software)
17. Conversion of Galvanometer to ammeter and calibrating using Potentiometer.
65
 18. BG Absolute Capacity
19. BG-High resistance by leakage method
20. Dispersive power of grating
21. Planck‟s constant using LED‟s (Minimum 4 nos.)
22. Polarimeter-Specific rotation of sugar solution.
23. Numerical aperture of an optical fibre by semiconductor laser
24. Frequency of AC using Sonometer

Books of Study:
1. Electronics lab manual- K A Navas (vol 1 &2)
2. B.Sc Practical Physics- C L Arora
3. Practical Physics- S L Gupta & V Kumar
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students – B L Worksnop and H T Flint
2. A practical approach to Nuclear Physics, 1st Edition, K. Muraleedhara Varier- Narosa Publishing
House.

66
 Semester 5-6 | Core Course XVI
PHY6B16: PRACTICAL III
72 hours in each semester (Credit - 5)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Apply and illustrate the principles of
CO1 semiconductor diode and transistor through Ap P 36
experiments
Apply and illustrate the principles of
CO2 transistor amplifier and oscillator through Ap P 36
experiments
Apply and illustrate the principles of
CO3 Ap P 36
digital electronics through experiments
Analyze and apply computational
CO4 Ap P 36
techniques in Python programming

Unit: 1 (Any 15 experiments)

1. Construction of full wave a) Centre tapped and b) Bridge rectifiers
2. Characteristics of Zener diode and construction of Voltage regulator.
3. Transistor input, output & transfer characteristics in Common Base Configuration and
calculation of current gain.
4. Transistor input, output & transfer characteristics in Common emitter Configuration and
calculation of current gain
5. CE Transistor Amplifier-Frequency response.(Design the circuit for a given collector current IC )
6. Negative feedback amplifier
7. Half adder using NAND gates
8. Full adder using NAND gates-construction & verification
9. LC Oscillator (Hartley or Colpitt‟s)
10. Phase shift oscillator
11. Operational Amplifier –inverting, non inverting, Voltage follower
12. LCR circuits-Resonance using CRO
13. Construction of basic gates using diodes (AND, OR) & transistors (NOT), verification by
measuring voltages
14. Voltage multiplier (doubler, Tripler) (Connections to be realized through soldering. The de-
soldering has to be carried out at the end of the experiment.)
15. Multivibrator using transistors.
67
16. Flip-Flop circuits –RS and JK using IC‟s
17. Verification of De-Morgan‟s Theorem using basic gates.
18. Photo diode V-I characteristics. Determine quantum efficiency and responsivity of the PD
19. Study the characteristics of LED (3 colours) and LDR.
20. Wave shaping R-C circuits -integrator and differentiator
21. OPAMP- adder, subtractor
Unit: II Numerical Methods Using Python: Minimum 5 programs to be done.
21. Solution of equations by bisection and Newton-Raphson methods
22. Least square fitting – straight line fitting.
23. Numerical differentiation using difference table.
24. Numerical Integration – Trapezoidal and Simpson's 1/3 rd rule.
25. Taylor series - Sin θ, Cos θ
26. Solution of 1st order differential equation Runge-Kutta method
27. Simulation of freely falling body. Tabulation of position, velocity and acceleration, as function of
time.
28. Simulation of projectile – Tabulation of position, velocity and acceleration as a function of time –
Plot trajectory in graph paper from tabulated values.
Books of Study:
1. Electronics lab manual- K A Navas (vol 1 &2)
2. B.Sc Practical Physics- C L Arora
3. Practical Physics- S L Gupta & V Kumar
4.Computational Physics, V.K.Mittal, R.C.Verma & S.C.Gupta-Published by Ane Books
5. Introductory methods of numerical analysis, S.S.Shastry , (Prentice Hall ofIndia,1983)
6.Introduction to Python for Engineers and Scientists by Dr.Sandeep Nagar, Apress
publications.
7.Python for Education by Dr. B P Ajithkumar, IUAC, New Delhi; e-book freely
downloadable from www.expeyes.in/documents/mapy.pdf
Reference Books:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students – B L Worksnop and H T Flint

68
 Semester 5-6 | Core Course XVII
Course: PHY6B17(P) – PROJECT
36 hours in each semester (Credits: 2)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
CO1 Understand research methodology U P 18

Understand and formulate a research

CO2 C P 18
project

CO3 Design and implement a research project C P 18

Identify and enumerate the scope and

CO4 C P 18
limitations of a research project

Semester 5-6 | Core Course XVII

PHY6B17(R): RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (In lieu of Project)
36 hours in each semester (Credits: 2)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
CO1 Understand research methodology U C, P 18

Understand the concept of measurement in

CO2 C C, P 16
research
Understand the significance and limitations
CO3 C C, P 16
of experimentation in research
Understand and formulate a research
CO4 project, ethics and responsibility of C C, P 22
scientific research

Unit 1 Methodology of Science 18 Hours

Science as facts, science as generalization, Some distinctions when describing science, Science as a
social activity, scientific revolutions and paradigms, Science and pseudo-science, Science and
democratic development, The limitations of science-presuppositions, fundamental questions on
reality: Rationality, Description, Causality - Prediction and Explanation in science - Mathematics and
science, Hypothesis, Theories and laws, Verification, Falsification, Acceptance - Peer Review in
Science - Scientific method. (Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.5, 2.3.1, 2.4.1, 2.5.1 to 2.5.4, 2.6.1 to 2.6.4, 2.8.1
to 2.8.4, 3.1 to 3.3, 4.1 to 4.4, 7.1 The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science, Peter Pruzan, Springer
International Publishing Limited)

69
Unit 2 Measurement 16 Hours
Processes, Instruments and Operationalization, (Variables and Indicators), Criteria in Measurement,
Validity, Reliability, Reproducibility/Replicability, Measurement Error, Potential Sources of
Measurement Error, Random and Systematic Errors.
(Sections 5.2.1 to 5.2.2, , 5.2.3, The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science, Peter Pruzan, Springer
International Publishing Limited)

Unit 3 Experimentation 16 Hours

The Roles and Limitations of Experimentation, Natural Experiments, Manipulative Experiments,
Comparative Experiments, Experimentation and Research, Conducting Experiments, Validity and
Reliability in Experimentation, Reliability, Epistemological Strategies, Design of Experiments.
[Sections 6.1.1 to 6.1.2, , 6.1.3, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science, Peter
Pruzan, Springer International Publishing Limited]

Unit 4 Scientific Method and Design of Research 22 Hours

Design
The Scientific Method, Research Design, Components, Research Design and Your Proposal, Purpose
of Your Proposal, Proposal Structure, Conceptual Framework (or Literature Review), Research
Questions/Hypotheses, Methods/Methodology, Validity, Concluding sections to your proposal,
[Sections 7.1 to 7.2, , 7.2.1, 7.2,2, The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science, Peter Pruzan,
Springer International Publishing Limited]
Research
Basic, Applied and Evaluation Research, Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Research, The
Value of Having Research Skills, Formulating a Research Problem, Research in Relation to Teaching
and Publishing. Ethics and Responsibility in Scientific Research, Ethics, Western and Eastern
Perspectives on the Source of Ethics, Unethics, Guidelines for Ethical Practices in Research,
Plagiarism, Integrity of data, Use and misuse of data, Ownership of and access to data, Obligation to
report, Conflict of Interest, From Unethics to Ethics in Research, The Responsibility of Scientists and
of Science as an Institution
[Sections 9.1, 9.2, , 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science,
Peter Pruzan, Springer International Publishing Limited]
Book for study
1.The Aims, Practices and Ethics of Science, Peter Pruzan, Springer International Publishing Limited

70
Reference Books
1. Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques (3rd ed.) by C R Kothari & Gaurav Garg, New
Age International Publishers, 2014
2. Research Methodology and Scientific Writing by C George Thomas, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., 2016

71
 B.Sc. PHYSICS
OPEN COURSES SYLLABUS

72
 Semester 5Open Course I
PHY5D01(1): NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
54 hours (Credit – 3)

Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the importance of non
CO1 U C 4
conventional energy sources

CO2 Understand basic aspects of solar energy U C 12

Understand basic principles of wind energy

CO3 U C 10
conversion
Understand the basic ideas of geothermal
CO4 and biomass energy and recognize their U C 16
merits and demerits
Understand the basic ideas of oceans and
CO4 chemical energy resources and recognize U C 12
their merits and demerits
Unit 1 4 Hours
Energy Resources-Non Conventional Energy Sources-Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
sources.
(Section 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 from Non- Conventional Energy Sources and Utilisation by R.K.Rajput,
S.Chand Publishers, 1st Edition.)

Unit 2
Solar energy 12 Hours
Solar Energy Terms and Definitions- Solar Constant, Solar radiation measurements, Solar energy
collector, Physical principle of the conversion of solar radiation in to heat, solar air heaters and
drying, solar cookers, solar distillation, solar furnaces, solar greenhouses, solar power plants, solar
photovoltaic cells(no need of mathematical equations)
(Section 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, 2.3, 3.1.2, 3.1.3-3.1.5, 3.2, 3.3.1-3.3.3, 3.4.1-3.4.10, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19,
4.20, 4.21.4, 4.21.8, 4.21.9, 4.21.10, 4.21.4 from Non- Conventional Energy Sources and Utilisation
by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand Publishers, 1st Edition.)

Unit 3 Wind energy 10 Hours

Introduction, Utilisation aspects of wind energy, Advantages and Disadvantages of wind energy,
Environmental impact of wind energy, Sources/Origins of wind, Principle of wind energy conversion

73
and wind power, Basic components of wind energy conversion system(WECS), Advantages and
Diadvantages of WECS, Wind-Electric Generating Power Plant, Wind Energy Economics, Problems
in operating large wind power generators.
(Section 5.1-5.6, 5.8, 5.10, 5.11, 5.20, 5.25, 5.26 from Non- Conventional Energy Sources and
Utilisation by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand Publishers, 1st Edition.)

Unit 4 16 Hours
Geothermal energy
Introduction to Geothermal energy, Important aspects of Geothermal Energy, Structure of
Earth‟s interior, Geothermal system-Hot Spring structure, Geothermal Resources
(Hydrothermal, Geopressured, Petro-thermal system, Magma Resources), Advantages and
disadvantages of geothermal energy over other energy forms, application of geothermal
energy.
(Section 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.8.1, 7.8.2, 7.8.3, 7.8.4, 7.9, 7.10 from Non- Conventional Energy
Sources and Utilisation by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand Publishers, 1st Edition.)
Energy from biomass:
Introduction to biomass, Biomass resource, Biomass Conversion process (Densification,
Combustion and incineration, Thermo Chemical conversion, Biochemical conversion), Biogas:
Biogas Applications, Biogas Plants (Raw materials used, Main Components of a Biogas Plant)
(Section 6.1, 6.2, 6.5.1, 6.5.2, 6.5.3, 6.5.4, 6.6.1, 6..6.2, 6.7.1, 6.7.2, 6.7.3 from Non-
Conventional Energy Sources and Utilisation by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand Publishers, 1st Edition.)

Unit 5. Energy from Oceans and Thermal and Chemical effects 12 Hours
Ocean Energy, Ocean Energy Sources, Tidal energy, Components of a Tidal Power Plant, Economic
aspects of tidal energy conversion, Wave energy, Advantages and disadvantages, Factors affecting
Wave energy, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), Working principle of OTEC, Efficiency
of OTEC, Types of OTEC Plants (Closed system, Thermoelectric OTEC system), Advantages and
Disadvantages and Applications of OTEC.
Thermo electric effects, Fuel Cells, Hydrogen energy, Nuclear Reactors, Advantages and
Disadvantages of Nuclear power plants (Basic Principles/concepts only)
(Section 8.1, 8.2, 8.3.1, 8.3.8, 8.3.14, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, 8.5.1, 8.5.3, 8.5.4, 8.5.5.1, 8.5.5.5,
8.5.6, 9.2, 9.7.1, 9.7.2, 9.7.3, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 11.2.1, 11.5 from Non- Conventional Energy
Sources and Utilisation by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand Publishers, 1 st Edition.)

74
Books of study:
1. Non- Conventional Energy Sources and Utilisation by R.K.Rajput, S.Chand Publishers
References
1. Non- Conventional Energy Resources by G. D. Rai, Khanna Publishers, 2008.
2. Solar Energy Fundamentals and application by H.P. Garg and J. Prakash, Tata
McGraw- Hill Publishing company Ltd, 1997.
3. Solar Energy by S. P. Sukhatme, Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing company ltd,1997.
4. Solar Energy Utilization by G.D. Rai, Khanna Publishers, 1995.
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Non Conventional energy 06
2 Solar energy 18
3 Wind energy 15
4 Geothermal energy and energy 22
from biomass
5 Energy from Oceans and 18
Chemical energy resources
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

75
 Semester 5Open Course I
PHY5D01(2): AMATEUR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
54 hours (Credit – 3)

Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Describe the history and nature of
CO1 U C 18
astronomy as a science
Understand the motion of earth in space
CO2 U C 12
and the cause of seasons
Understand the basic elements of solar
CO3 U C 12
system
Understand the elementary concepts of
CO4 U C 12
solar system

Unit 1. Introduction and Development of Astronomy 18 hours

Introduction & Brief history of Astronomy Astronomy & Astrology-Fascinations of
Astronomy-Two important Branches of Astronomy-Amateur observational Astronomy-
Different types of Amateur Observing- Ancient Astronomy & modern astronomy-Indian &
western

Unit 2. Earth 12 hours

Earth The zones of earth-longitude and latitude-shape of earth. Keplers laws- perihelion-
Aphelion perigee and apogee, year-month-Day. Seasons-causes of seasons

Unit 3 . Sun 12 hours

Solar system sun-structure-photosphere-chromosphere-solar constant-sun temperature-sun
spots-solar eclipse corona- (planets-surface conditions and atmosphere, size, period &
distance) mercury-venus-earthmars-jupiter-saturn-uranus-neptune-comets-asteroidsmeteors

Unit 4.Stars 12 hours

The stars Unit of distance-Astronomical units--parsec-light year-Magnitudes of stars- apparent
magnitude absolute magnitude-Three categories of stars-Main sequence stars Dwarfs-Giants-
star formation life cycle of stars-Chandrasekher limit- Novae-Binary stars- neutron star-
black holes. Expanding universe-Big bang theory

Books of study:
1. A Text book on Astronomy- K K Dey, Book Syntricate Pvt. Ltd.
76
 2. Introduction to Astrophysics - Baidanath Basu, PHI, India
3. Elements of Cosmology- Jayant Narlikar, University Press,
Reference books.
1. Astrophysics of Solar System - K D Abhyankar, University press
2. Chandrasekhar and his limit- G Venkataraman, University Press
3. The Big & The small (Volume II) - G Venkatararnan, University Press
4. Joy of Sky Watching- Biman Basu, National Book Trust
5. Astronomy- Principles & practices, A E Roy & D Clarke, Institute of Physics

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Introduction 26
2 Earth 18
3 Sun 18
4 Stars 17
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

77
 Semester 5Open Course I
PHY5D01(3): ELEMENTARY MEDICAL PHYSICS
54 hours (Credit – 3)

Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic aspects of physics of
CO1 U C 18
nuclear medicine
Recognize different bioelectric signals and
CO2 U C 18
their instrumentation
Understand the basic elements of X-ray
CO3 U C 9
imaging
Understand the basic elements of
CO4 ultrasound imaging and its advantages and U C 9
disadvantages

Unit 1 Nuclear medicine physics 18 Hour

Nuclear physics -Introduction to Radioactivity-Artificial and natural-Physical features of
radiation, conventional sources of radiation, Interaction of different types of radiation with
matter-Ionizing & Non ionizing Radiations-excitation, ionization, an radioactive losses-
Neutron interactions, Rayleigh scattering-Compton scattering-photoelectric effect-Pair
production (Qualitative Study only), Radiation quantity and quality-Radiation exposure,
Units of radiation dose, Measurement of radiation dose, safety, risk, and radiation
protection-Radiopharmaceuticals -Radioactive agents for clinical studies- Biological
effects & Genetic effect of radiation.
Unit 2 Medical instrumentation 18 Hours
Measurements of Non electrical parameters: Respiration-heart rate-temperature-blood
pressure -Electrocardiography (ECG): Function of the heart-Electrical behaviour of cardiac
cells-Normal and Abnormal cardiac rhythms-Arrhythmias Electro-encephalography(EEG):
Function of the brain-Bioelectric potential from the brain-Clinical EEG-Sleep patterns-The
abnormal EEG, Electromyography(EMG): Muscular servomechanism-Potentials generated
during muscle actions
Unit 3 Medical imaging techniques 18 Hours
X-ray imaging-properties of X -rays- Production of X-rays--Planar X-ray imaging
instrumentation-X-ray fluoroscopy. Ultrasound imaging- generation and detection of

78
ultrasound- Properties -reflection -transmission- attenuation -Ultrasound instrumentation-
Principles of A mode, B-mode-M-mode Scanning, Hazards and safety of ultrasound.

Books of study:
1. W.R.Hendee & E.R.Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics (4th edn) Wiley New York,
2. John G. Webster, "Medical Instrumentation Application and Design", John Wiley and
sons, New York, 1998.,
3. Khandpur R.S, "Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation", Tata McGraw- Hill,New
Delhi, 1997.
Reference books:
1. Medical Physics by Glasser 0, Vol 1,2,3 Year Book Publisher Inc Chicago

2 . Leslie Cromwell, "Biomedical Instrumentation and measurement", Prentice hall of

India, New Delhi, 1999.
3 . John G. Webster, “Medical Instrumentation Application and Design", John Wiley
and sons, New York, 1998.
4 . Khandpur R.S, "Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation", Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi, 1997.
5. Joseph J.carr and John M. Brown, "introduction to Biomedical equipment
technology", John Wiley and sons, New York, 1997..
6. W.R.Hendee & E.R.Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics (3'd eds), Mosbey
Year-Book, Inc., 1992.
7. Hendee & E.R.Ritenour, Medical Physics.
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Nuclear medicine physics 27
2 Medical instrumentation 26
3 Medical imaging techniques 26
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

79
 B.Sc. PHYSICS
COMPLEMENTARY COURSES SYLLABUS
(For B. Sc Programme in Mathematics, Chemistry etc)

80
 Semester 1Complementary course-I
PHY1C01: Properties of matter & Thermodynamics
36 hours (Credit - 2)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic principles of
CO1 U C 9
elasticity

CO2 Understand the concepts of surface tension U C 5

CO3 Understand the aspects of viscosity U C 4

Understand the basic principles of

CO4 U C 18
thermodynamics

Unit 1 Elasticity. 9 Hours

Elastic modulii. (Elementary ideas)- Work done per unit volume - Poisson‟s ratio and theoretical
limits - relation between various elastic constants(Derivation not required)- Twisting couple on a
cylinder(Derivation not required)- Torsion pendulum-Determination of rigidity modulus of a
wire-Bending of beams-bending moment- I-form girders- Cantilever loaded at the free end –
Loaded uniformly (Derivation required )
Unit 2 Surface Tension & Viscosity. 9 Hours
Surface tension (Elementary ideas)-Excess pressure inside a liquid drop and bubble (Effect of
electrostatic pressure on a bubble-change in radius)-Work done in blowing the bubble ( problem
based on the formation of bigger drop by a number of smaller drops )
Viscosity-Coefficient of viscosity-Derivation of poiseuille‟s equation, stokes equation-
Determination of viscosity by Poiseuille‟s method and stokes method-Brownian motion –
Viscosity of gases
Unit 3 Thermodynamics 18 Hours
Thermodynamic processes –Indicator diagram ( P-V diagram, P-T diagram, T-V diagram, T-S
diagram )- Work done in Quasi static process-Work done in Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isochoric,
Isobaric processes-First law of thermodynamics-Application to heat capacities- Second law of
thermodynamics- Carnot‟s engine - Derivation of efficiency using Carnot‟s cycle-Carnot‟s
theorem and its proof- Carnot‟s refrigerator( coefficient of performance )-

81
Entropy- Change of entropy in a carnot‟s cycle, reversible cycle , irreversible cycleprinciple of
increase of entropy- Entropy and available energy- entropy and disorder - Clausius-Clapyron
equation(Derivation not required)-Effect of pressure on melting point and boiling point.
Text for study
1. Properties of matter-D. S. Mathur
2. Properties of matter-JC Upadhaya
3. Heat and Thermo dynamics- Brijlal and Subrahmanyam
Books for reference
1.. Heat and Thermo dynamics- D S Mathur
2. Heat and Thermodynamics - Zemansky
3. Physics- Resnick and Halliday
4. Thermodynamics- Brijlal and Subrahmanyam
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Elasticity 20
2 Surface Tension & Viscosity 20
3 Thermodynamics 39
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

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 Semester 2 | Complementary Course II
PHY2C02: Optics, Laser & Electronics
36 hours (Credit - 2)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic concepts of
CO1 U C 16
interference and diffraction

CO2 Understand the concepts of polarization U C 6

CO3 Understand the fundamentals of electronics U C 10

Understand the important principles of

CO4 U C 4
laser physics

Unit 1 Interference 8 Hours

Superposition of two sinusoidal waves ( resultant amplitude and intensity )., constructive and
destructive interference- Fresnel‟s two mirror arrangement - Interference by a plane film- colours
of thin films- Newton‟s rings (Reflected system )-Determination of wavelength
Unit 2 Diffraction 8 Hours
Fresnel and Fraunhoffer class of diffraction Fraunhofer single slit diffraction pattern- Intensity
distribution (qualitative ideas only)- plane diffraction Grating-resolving power and dispersive
power. Experiment with grating
Unit 3 Polarisation 6 Hours
Elementary idea- Brewster‟ law- Double refraction- positive and negative crystals- Quarter and
half wave plate- production of plane, elliptically and circularly polarized light- optical activity
Unit 4 Electronics 10 Hours
Half wave, Full wave and bridge rectifier circuits- Efficiency & ripple factor- Filter circuits
(capacitor filter and π filters) – Zener diode characteristics- Voltage stabilization Transistors-
CB, CE, CC Configurations- CE (only) characteristics- Current amplification factors - relation
connecting α , β and γ – CE Amplifier- frequency response- band width Basic principle of
feedback, concept of an oscillator circuit, Logic gates- Universal gates- De- Morgan‟s theorem –
Exclusive OR gate
Unit 5 Laser physics 4 Hours
Induced absorption- spontaneous emission and stimulated emission- population inversion
Principle of Laser-Types of laser- Ruby laser, Helium Neon laser

83
Text for study:
1. Optics - Brijlal & Subramanian
2. Principles of Electronics-VK Mehta
Books for reference
1. Optics- Ajay Ghatak
2. Optics – Brijlal&Subrahmanian
3. Laser fundamentals – Silfrast
4. Lasers – theory & applications- Thyagarajan & Ghatak
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Interference 18
2 Diffraction 18
3 Polarisation 13
4 Electronics 21
5 Laser Physics 9
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

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 Semester 3 | Complementary Course III
PHY3C03: Mechanics, Relativity, Waves and Oscillations
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic ideas of frames of
CO1 reference and the principles of U C 22
conservation of energy and momentum
CO2 Understand the concepts of relativity U C 12

Understand the basic ideas of oscillations

CO3 U C 10
and waves
Understand the basic ideas of modern
CO4 U C 10
physics

Unit 1 Frames of reference. 8 Hours

Inertial frame of reference-Galilean transformation equations and Invariance- Non inertial
frames- Centrifugal force and Coriolis force
Unit 2. Conservation of Energy and Momentum 14 Hours
Conservation of energy of a particle –Energy function- Potential energy curve- Conservative and
Non conservative forces- Conservation of Linear momentum-Center of mass frame of reference-
Rockets- motion under central force- Conservation of angular momentum (Illustrate suitable
example)
Unit 3 Relativity 12 Hours
Postulates of special theory-Michelson Morley experiment-Lorentz transformation equations-
Length contraction-Time dilation- Twin paradox- variation of mass with velocity-Mass energy
relation- momentum energy relation
Unit 4 Oscillation and Waves 10 Hours
Simple harmonic motion (Elementary idea) - equation –examples like oscillation of simple
pendulum, loaded spring-An harmonic oscillator-Damped harmonic oscillator. Wave motion-
Equation for plane progressive wave-Energy density- Pressure variations of
plane waves.
Unit 5 Introduction to Modern Physics 10 Hours
Electromagnetic waves -Black body radiation, UV catastrophe(Qualitative ideas ), Photoelectric
effect, wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis, Uncertainty Principle, Energy and

85
momentum operators, Schrödinger's time dependent and time independent equations( elementary
ideas only), Eigen values and eigen functions .
Text for Study:
1. Mechanics:J C Upadhyaya
2. Modern Physics-Arthur Beiser
Books for reference-
1. Special theory of relativity- Resnick
2. Waves, Mechanics & Oscillations- S B Puri

Mark distribution for setting Question paper.

Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Frames of reference. 12
2 Conservation of Energy and 19
Momentum
3 Relativity 18
4 Oscillation and Waves 15
5 Introduction to Modern Physics 15
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

86
 Semester 4 | Complementary Course IV
PHY4C04: Electricity, Magnetism and Nuclear physics
54 hours (Credit - 3)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Understand the basic ideas of static and
CO1 U C 20
current electricity

CO2 Understand the concepts of magnetism U C 12

Describe the fundamental concepts of

CO3 U C 12
nuclear physics
Understand the basic ideas of cosmic rays
CO4 U C 10
and elementary particles

Unit 1 Electrostatics 10 Hours

Coulomb‟s law between charges- Electric field- field lines- Electric potential-Gauss‟s law and
applications of Gauss‟s law to find field due to plane sheets of charge- Electrostatic shielding
(Illustrate practical application ) –Dielectrics- capacitors: A parallel plate capacitor, Energy of a
capacitor, capacitance of cylindrical and spherical capacitors. Capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor- partially filled with dielectric and when completely filled with dielectric.
Unit 2 Current electricity 10 Hours
Drift velocity of charges- electric resistance- superconductivity (basic ideas)- Galvanometer-
conversion of galvanometer in to Voltmeter and ammeter – potentiometer – determination of
resistance- carey fosters bridge- temperature coefficient of resistance.
Unit 3 Magnetism 12 Hours
Earths magnetism- magnetic elements- Dia magnets-paramagnets and ferromagnets, Hysteresis.
Magnetic moment-Deflection magnetometer-Tan A, Tan B and Tan C- Searles vibration
magnetometer- Tangent galvanometer.
Unit 4 Nuclear physics 12 Hours
Nucleus and its properties- nuclear force- stability of nucleus- binding energy- nuclear fission-
fusion- reactors- Nuclear bomb, Hydrogen bomb- Radio activity- α ,β and γ radiations- half life
and mean life- C14 dating- Effects of radiation- Nuclear waste disposal Particle accelerators-
Linear accelerator- cyclotron

87
Unit 5 Cosmic rays and Elementary particles 10 Hours
Cosmic rays (primary and secondary)- cosmic ray showers- Elementary particles-Classifications-
Leptons- Hadrons - Higgs boson- L H C- Origin of universe.
Books for study
1. Electricity and Magnetism-Murugesan
2. Nuclear Physics-D C Tayal
Reference books
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics-David J Griffith
2. Electricity and Magnetism – Arthur F Kip
3. Concepts of Modern physics – Arthur Beiser
4. Nuclear physics – Irvin Kaplan
Mark distribution for setting Question paper.
Unit/ Title Marks
chapter
1 Electrostatics 15
2 Current electricity 15
3 Magnetism 17
4 Nuclear physics 17
5 Cosmic rays and Elementary 15
particles
Total Marks * 79
*Total marks include that for choice of questions in sections A, B and C in the question paper.

88
 LAB PROGRAMME FOR COMPLEMENTARY COURSES
(Lab examination will be conducted at the end of 4th semester)
The minimum number of experiments for appearing examination is 75% of total 24
experiments in the syllabus. Basic theory of the experiment must be shown at the time of
Examination. Students must submit a certified fair record at the time of Examination.
Number of Questions per session for the practical Examination shall be 8, and a minimum of 6
questions in the Question paper shall be set for the Examination at the centre.

Semester 1 to 4 | Complementary Course V

PHY4C05: PRACTICALS I
36 hours in each semester × 4 (Credit - 5)
Class
Course Outcome CL KC Sessions
allotted
Apply and illustrate the concepts of
CO1 Ap P 36
properties of matter through experiments
Apply and illustrate the concepts of
CO2 electricity and magnetism through Ap P 36
experiments
Apply and illustrate the concepts of optics
CO3 Ap P 36
through experiments
Apply and illustrate the principles of
CO4 Ap P 36
electronics through experiments

List of Experiments
1. Characteristics of Diode and Zener diode
2. Liquid lens- Refractive index of liquid and glass
3. Torsion pendulum- Rigidity modulus
4. Spectrometer- Refractive index of the material of prism
5. Deflection Magnetometer- Moment of a magnet (Tan-A & Tan - B positions)
6. Potentiometer-Measurement of resistance
7. Young‟s modulus – Uniform bending –using optic lever
8. Static torsion – Rigidity modulus
9. Spectrometer- Grating- Normal incidence
10. Melde‟s string- Frequency of fork (Transverse and Longitudinal mode)- (Mass determination
by equal oscillation method / digital balance)

89
11. Half wave rectifier and Full wave rectifier
12. Field along the axis of a circular coil
13. Deflection Magnetometer- Moment of a magnet (Tan-C)
14. Potentiometer- Conversion of Galvanometer in to voltmeter –calibration by standard
voltmeter
15. Viscosity of liquid- Capillary flow- Variable pressure head method (Mass determination by
equal oscillation method / digital balance)
16. Logic gates – Verification of truth table
17. Carey Fosters bridge- Resistivity of the material of wire
18. Surface Tension-Capillary rise method - Radius by microscope.
19. Young‟s modulus of a cantilever- Pin and microscope method
20. Potentiometer-Calibration of low range voltmeter
21. Moment of inertia of fly wheel
22. Tangent galvanometer – Reduction factor
23. Searle‟s vibration magneto meter – Comparison of moments
24. Newton‟s rings- Wavelength of sodium light
Books of Study:
1. Electronics lab manual- K A Navas (vol 1 &2)
2. B.Sc Practical Physics- C L Arora
Reference book:
3. Practical Physics- S L Gupta & V Kumar

90
MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

91
B. Sc Physics Core
SEMESTER 1

92
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY1B01 - METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND BASIC
MECHANICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60
Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What is not Science?
2. What is Hypothesis?
3. Give the significance of Peer Review in Science.
4. Name the fundamental forces in nature and compare their strengths
5. State and explain Newton‟s law of gravitation
6. State and explain work energy theorem
7. What are conservative forces? Give examples
8. Sketch and explain the energy diagram of a two atom system
9. Show that angular momentum is conserved for a particle in central force motion
10. State and prove parallel axis theorem
11. What is meant by Poisson‟s ratio
12. Explain the terms (a) cantilever (b) bending moment (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Discuss the various aspects of Scientific revolution.
14. A Drum Major‟s Baton consists of two masses m1 and m2 separated by a thin rod of
length l. the baton is thrown into air. Find the centre of mass and equation of motion for
centre of mass of the baton
15. A 5kg mass moves under the influence of a force F=(4t2i- 3tj)N. It starts from the origin
at t=0. Find its velocity and position at t=1s
16. Obtain an expression for moment of inertia of a uniform thin hoop of mass m and radius r
about an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the hoop

93
 17. Show that the acceleration of the masses m1 and m2 suspended over a pulley of mass mp
in an Atwood‟s machine is a=(m1-m2)g/(m1+m2 +mp/2)
18. A uniform drum of radius b and mass M rolls down a plane inclined at an angle θ. Find
its acceleration along the plane. The moment of inertia of the drum about its axis is
I0=Mb2/2
19. Explain the method of determination of rigidity modulus using torsional oscillations.
(Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Define potential energy. Obtain potential energies of a uniform force field and an inverse
square force
21. State the law of conservation of angular momentum. Prove that the angular momentum of
a rigid body is equal to the sum of the angular momentum about the centre of mass and
the angular momentum of the centre of mass about the origin. (1  10 = 10)

94
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY1B01 - METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE AND BASIC
MECHANICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Explain the terms causality and rationality
2. What is meant by falsification?
3. Write on any two limitations of science
4. Describe a conical pendulum
5. What are fictitious forces? Give an example
6. Describe the dynamics of a spring – block system
7. Explain the term centre of mass
8. Write on the work - energy theorem in one dimension
9. State and explain the parallel axis theorem
10. Give an example of the law of conservation of angular momentum
11. What is the relation between force and potential energy?
12. Explain the terms (a) cantilever (b) bending moment (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Distinguish between science and pseudo science.

14. Obtain the equation for a simple harmonic oscillator.
15. Explain the potential energy curve.
16. Show that angular momentum is conserved in motion under central forces.
17. Explain the principle of the Atwood‟s machine.
18. A bar one metre long, 0.05 m broad and 0.015 m thick is supported on two knife edges
0.6 m apart. The depression produced by a 3 kg load at the centre is 0.005 m. Find the
Young‟s modulus of the bar

95
 19. A solid sphere of radius 3.5 cm and mass 150 g rolls without sliding with a uniform
velocity of 10 cm per second. Find its total energy. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Explain the measurement of rigidity modulus using static torsion apparatus.
21. Define the term potential energy. Describe the potential energy of a system moving under
a uniform force and under an inverse square law force. (1  10 = 10)

96
B. Sc Physics Core
SEMESTER 2

97
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY2B02 - MECHANICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. State the principle of relativity.
2. What are dispersive and nondispersive sinusoidal waves?
3. Why do we obtain slightly different result in calculating the velocity of sound waves in air
using Newton‟s model?
4. What are the two types of wave motion?
5. What is the Bandwidth time-interval product describing a pulse.
6. State Kepler‟s first law.
7. What are Galilean transformations?
8. How do the same notes of same fundamental frequency from different musical instruments
differ?
9. What is the advantage of reduced mass?
10. Explain the terms: apogee and perigee.
11. What are Lorentz transformations?
12. What is Q factor of an oscillator? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. A damped harmonic oscillator is subjected to a sinusoidal driving force whose frequency is
altered but amplitude kept constant. It is found that the amplitude of the oscillator increases
from 0.02mm at very low driving frequency to 8.0mm at a frequency of 100 cps. Obtain the
values of a) quality factor b) damping factor c) half-width of the resonance curve.
14. State and prove Kepler‟s third law.
15. Show that for an elliptical orbit ε = (rmax – rmin ) / ((rmax + rmin ) where the letters have their
usual meanings.

98
16. What are stationary satellites? Calculate the height at which such a satellite must revolve in
its orbit around the earth.
17. What is a Focault pendulum? Calculate the time it will take the plane of oscillation of a
Foucault‟s pendulum to turn through 90o at a point where the co-latitude is 60o .
18. Discuss the following terms: a) phase velocity b) group velocity.
19. For a continuous string, obtain an expression for reflection coefficient in terms of
impedances. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. What is a pulse? Discuss Fourier analysis of a non-periodic function with suitable plots.
21. Discuss the origin of fictitious forces in rotating coordinate systems. Hence discuss the
geographical consequences of Coriolis forces on earth. (1  10 = 10)

99
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY2B02 - MECHANICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. State the principle of equivalence.
2. What is a central force?
3. What is a Foucault‟s pendulum?
4. Write the equation of a forced damped harmonic oscillator and describe the terms
involved.
5. State two important properties of travelling waves.
6. Explain: a) phase velocity b) group velocity.
7. What is a pulse?
8. What is meant by reduced mass of system?
9. For motion in an inverse square force field, state the conditions in terms of the total
energy E for the path to be a) an ellipse b) a parabola.
10. Define an inertial frame of reference.
11. What are stationary satellites?
12. A particle of mass 100 gm lies in a potential field V = 32x2 + 200 ergs/gm. What is the
frequency of oscillation? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Discuss Newton‟s model to determine the velocity of sound in air? Account for the
correction required to obtain observed result.
14. What are the general properties of a central force motion?
15. State and explain Kepler‟s laws.
16. What are uniformly accelerating systems? Discuss the origin of fictitious forces in such
systems.

100
 17. Obtain Snell‟s law of refraction.
18. What are Fourier integrals?
19. For a particle of mass m in a central force field, write the velocity of the particle in polar
coordinates. Hence obtain the principle of conservation of energy. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. 20.What is a rotating coordinate system? Obtain expression for accleration relative to
rotating coordinates. Hence discuss Coriolis forces and centrifugal forces.
21. Write down and solve the differential equation of a damped harmonic oscillator subjected
to a sinusoidal force and obtain expressions for its maximum amplitude and quality
factor. (1  10 = 10)

101
B. Sc Physics Core
SEMESTER 3

102
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY3B03 - ELECTRODYNAMICS I
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What does the operator  stand for in Cartesian coordinates?
2. Express the elemental displacements and volume in spherical polar coordinates.
3. Discuss the analogy between density of electric flux and intensity of electric field due
to a point charge.
4. What is the advantage of scalar potential formulation in electrostatics?
5. Show that electric charge density inside a conductor is zero.
6. Get a relation between electric susceptibility and polarizability of a linear dielectric.
7. What is Lorentz‟ force?
8. Show that surface current density is the product of charge density and velocity of
charges?
9. Write down the differential form of Ampere‟s circuital theorem from the integral
form.
10. Explain magnetic vector potential.
11. How magnetic dipoles are generated in specimen placed in a magnetic field?
12. How volume bound current density Jb is related to susceptibility and free current
density Jf. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Obtain the relation between three electric vectors.
14. Discuss about the bound charges in a polarized dielectric medium.
15. Derive the law of refraction for the electric lines of force moving from a dielectric
medium having dielectric constant K1 to another medium of constant K2.
16. Discuss briefly about the bound currents in a magnetized medium.

103
 17. A dielectric slab of thickness 5mm and dielectric constant 3 is placed between two oppositely
charged plates. If the field outside the dielectric is 105 V/m, calculate (i) polarization in the
dielectric, (ii) electric displacement and (iii) bond charges in the dielectric.
18. Find the magnetic flux density at the centre of a square wire loop of side 10cm, carrying 1
Ampere current.
19. An electron beam passes undeviated normal to a crossed electric and magnetic field of
magnitudes 4 × 104 V/m and 6 × 10-3 tesla. Find the velocity of electron leaving out
undeviated from the crossed fields and also find the radius of electron path when the
electric filed is switched off. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. State and prove Gauss‟s law and use it find the electric field due to a charged spherical
conductor and charged cylindrical conductor.
21. Briefly explain the domain theory and discuss the characteristics of ferromagnetic
material with the help of hysteresis loop. (1  10 = 10)

104
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY3B03 - ELECTRODYNAMICS I
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Prove law of cosines.
2. What is the Physical interpretation of gradient of a scalar field?
3. State Divergence theorem.
4. Derive differential form of Gauss‟s law in electrostatics.
5. Obtain Laplace‟s equation.
6. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity of electric field due to a uniformly
charged spherical conductor with distance.
7. Write the electrostatics boundary conditions regarding 𝐷 and V.
8. Get the relation between electric susceptibility and dielectric constant of a linear
dielectric medium.
9. How 𝐵 leads to conclusion that magnetic monopoles cannot exist.
10. Derive cyclotron formula.
11. Show that no work is done by magnetic field, on a charged particle moving in it.
12. Explain the magnetic saturation of a ferromagnetic material based on competing
magnetic domains? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Prove the fundamental theorem of Curl using the function 𝐹 = (2xz + 3y2)𝑗+ 4yz2𝑘 and
square surface of unit side with one corner coinciding with origin.
14. Using Gauss‟s law find the electric field inside and outside a spherical shell of radius R,
which carries uniform charge density .
15. Describe polar and non polar dielectric materials.

105
 16. A sphere of linear dielectric material is placed in a uniform electric field E0. Find the new
field inside the sphere.
17. Three point charges each of 100µC are placed at the three corners of a square of side 10
cm. Find the total potential energy of the system, when a forth charge of same magnitude
is brought to the last corner of the square.
18. Find the capacitance of two concentric spherical metallic shells, with inner radius a and
outer radius b.
19. Calculate the intensity of magnetization inside a metal rod if a magnetizing field results
in a magnetic field of 3 × 10-4 weber/m2 induced in vacuum and a magnetic field of 1.5 ×
10-3 weber/m2 induced in the material of the rod. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. A slab of linear dielectric material is partially inserted between the plates of a charged
parallel plate capacitor. Derive an expression for force acting on the slab.
21. Discuss the motion of electric charges in cyclotron and derive expressions for cyclotron
frequency a maximum energy acquired by charge from cyclotron.
(1  10 = 10 marks)

106
B. Sc Physics Core
SEMESTER 4

107
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY4B04 - ELECTRODYNAMICS II
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Write down the differential and integral forms of Faraday‟s law
2. Give Maxwell‟s modification of Ampere‟s law.
3. How refractive index of a medium can be obtained from basic electro-magnetic
constants.
4. Explain polarization of electromagnetic waves.
5. Define intensity of e.m.waves and how it is related to Poynting vector.
6. Discuss the growth of current in a CR circuit?
7. What are the conditions for a moving coil galvanometer to be ballistic?
8. Define the r.m.s value of e.m.f and write how it is related to peak value of e.m.f.
9. Compare series LCR resonant circuit and parallel LCR resonant circuit.
10. Draw the circuit diagram for obtaining balance using Anderson‟s bridge.
11. What is an ideal constant voltage source?
12. State Thevenin‟s theorem (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. State Lenz‟s law. Obtain the expression for energy stored in an inductor.
14. Find the reflection coefficient of an electromagnetic wave falling normally on a
boundary.
15. Draw and explain circuit diagram for decay of current in L-R circuit.
16. Obtain the classical wave equation.
17. A square wire of side 10 cm is perpendicular to a magnetic field 4 × 10-3 Tesla. (a) What
is the magnetic flux through the loop? (b) If the field drops to zero in 0.1 second, what is
the average e.m.f induced in the circuit during this time.

108
 18. The time averaged Poynting vector of Sun‟s e.m. radiation received at the upper surface
of earth‟s atmosphere, S = 1.35 × 103 W/m2. Assuming that waves are plane & sinusoidal
what are the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields.
19. A pure resistance of 100 is in series with a pure inductance of 5 henry and a variable
capacitance. The combination is connected to a 100V, 50Hz supply. At what value of
capacitance will the current in the circuit be in phase with the applied voltage? Calculate
the current in this condition. What will be the potential difference across the resistance,
inductance and capacitance at that time? (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. A plane polarized monochromatic wave of angular frequency  passes normally through
a boundary between two linear non conducting media. Discuss the phenomenon of the
reflection and transmission.
21. Define the charge sensitiveness of BG. With necessary theory, describe an experiment to
determine the charge sensitiveness of BG using standard condenser and HMS.
(1  10 = 10 marks)

109
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY4B04 - ELECTRODYNAMICS II
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Discuss Faraday‟s laws of electromagnetic induction.
2. Write down general wave equation. Give its solution.
3. Write the boundary conditions for 𝐸 , 𝐵, 𝐷 & 𝐻 , at a boundary between two different
media.
4. What is radian pressure? Write relation connecting intensity and radiation pressure of an
electromagnetic wave.
5. Write down Poynting theorem
6. Write down Maxwell‟s equations inside matter.
7. Discuss the growth of current in a L-R circuit?
8. Write down the characteristics of a dead beat moving coil galvanometer.
9. What is meant by the logarithmic decrement in a moving coil galvanometer?
10. What is the power factor in inductor-resistor series circuit?
11. What you mean by Q-factor in a series resonant circuit.
12. State superposition theorem. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Give brief account of magnetic charge.
14. Explain mutual inductance and get Neumann‟s formula for the same.
15. How can a voltage source be converted into equivalent current source and vice versa.
16. Describe with vector diagram, how the impedance of an LCR series circuit is expressed in
terms of j-operator.
17. If the charge on capacitor of capacitance 2 microfarad is leaking through a high resistance
of 100 megaohms is reduced to half its maximum value, calculate the time of leakage.

110
 18. An alternating potential of 100 volt and 50 hertz is applied across a series circuit with L=5
henry, R=100 ohm and a variable C. At what value of C, will current in the circuit be in
phase with applied voltage? Calculate current in this condition. What will be the potential
difference across R, L and C at that time?
19. Show that at maximum power transfer, efficiency is only 50%. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Explain how Maxwell modified Ampere‟s theorem. Derive Maxwell‟s equation in matter.
21. Describe with theory, the Anderson‟s method to determine self inductance of a coil.
(1  10 = 10 marks)

111
B. Sc Physics Core
SEMESTER 5

112
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B06 - COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Write an algorithm to accept two numbers compute the sum and print the result.
2. What is the difference between a compiler and interpreter in a computer?
3. Name the different data types in Python.
4. 12. What will be the output of the program?
>>> a = 4.0
>>> x = 3.0
>>> y = (x+ a/x)/2
5. What is a tuple? How literals of type tuple are written? Give example.
6. What is a list? How lists are different from tuples?
7. Write a program to create a 1D array of numbers from 0 to 9 using numpy
8. Write the Python command to display the x and y axis label and title in a graph.
9. Write a Python function to calculate the two parameters of least-squares fitting.
10. Decreasing the step size improves your result linearly in Euler's method. Justify.
11. How second order Runge-Kutta method is related to Euler's method?
12. What are the advantages of numerical methods over analytical methods? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. a) Write the syntax for the control statements if..elif...if and while in Python.
b) Write a program that tests whether a number is prime or not using while and if...else
statements.
14. Write a Python program to simulate two dimensional projectile motion of a body moving
under gravity using Euler‟s method.
15. By the method of least squares, find the straight line that best fits the following data:
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 23 29 17 37 41

113
16. Write a program to sum the series: Sin(x) = x- (x3/3!) +(x5/5!) +(x7/7!)+…..
17. Write a program that plots the motion of a mass oscillating at the end of a spring. The
force on the mass should be given by F = -mg + kx.
18. Find the all the roots of sin(x) between 0 and 10, using Newton-Raphson method.
19. Write a program to simulate the motion of a body projected horizontally from a height
on earth. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Explain Euler's method of finding solution of a differential equation. Write a program to
simulate by tabulation a free fally body under gravity using Euler's method.
21. Deduce Newton‟s forward interpolation formula and hence obtain the expressions for
dy/dx and d2y/dx2 and find the value of first and second derivative at x=1.5.

x 1 2 3 4 5

y 1 4 9 16 25
(1  10 = 10 marks)

114
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B06 - COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Write a Python program to add an element 10 to a list x = [1, 2, 3] and to print that
element.
2. What will be the result if the following Python code is executed?
for n in range(1000) :
if n% 100 = = 0 :
print „step‟ n
3. What is meant by indentation and what is its importance in Python?
4. Give an example for using if, elif , else statement.
5. Write a program to make a list of lists and convert it to an array.
6. Write a program to make a 3×3 matrix and multiply it by 5 and print the result.
7. Using polar () function write a program to plot a circle of radius 5 cm.
8. Write a program using linspace to plot sin2 x , cos x, sin x2
9. What are functions and modules in Python?
10. Write the syntax to append, insert, del, remove an element from a list.
11. Illustrate file input and file output using an example.
12. Python has developed as an open source project. Justify this statement
(Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Write a Python program to integrate f(x) = x3 using Simpson‟s rule
14. Write a Python program to trace the path of a projectile moving through air and
experiencing a resistive force proportional to the square of velocity.
15. Find the value of y for x = 4.2 from the following table using Newton‟s forward
interpolation formula

115
 X 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

Y 18 22.25 27 32.25 39 44

16. Write a program to fit a straight line by least square fit method from a set of data from
user.
17. The table given below reveals the observation taken by a student for a particular
experiment. Write a python program to find the first and second derivatives at x=1.5 from
the tabulated set of values.

X 1 2 3 4 5

Y 1 4 9 16 25

18. What are the different loop control statements available in Python? Explain with suitable
examples.
19. Write the syntax for accessing, adding and deleting an element from a list and illustrate
the use of user-defined functions in Python. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. a) Explain second order Runge–Kutta method for solving differential equations.
b) Write a program to simulate a two- dimensional projectile motion using Euler method
in a table.
21. a) Write a program to simulate in a table by numerical method for the motion of a body
falling in a viscous medium.
b) Write a python program to find a root of the equation x 3-x-11 by Newton-Raphson
method. (1  10 = 10 marks)

116
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B07 – QUANTUM MECHANICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What is meant by work function?
2. Write down the Planck Radiation formula
3. State and explain correspondence principle
4. Mention any two deficiencies of the Bohr model of atom
5. Explain the term probability amplitude
6. What is meant by eigen function and eigen value? Give an example
7. Explain zero point energy of a harmonic oscillator
8. Describe quantum tunneling
9. Explain Zeeman effect
10. Write down the admissibility conditions for a function to represent a wave function
11. Explain pair production
12. What is meant by normalization? (Ceiling – 20)

Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Explain Einstein‟s photoelectric equation

14. Describe the Frank – Hertz experiment
15. Explain the concept of a wave packet and explain the terms phase velocity and group
velocity
16. Derive Schrödinger‟s time independent equation from the time dependent one
17. The work function for Tungsten is 4.52 eV. Radiation of wavelength 198 nm is incident
on a piece of Tungsten. Find (a) the cutoff wavelength for Tungsten (b) the stopping
potential and (c) maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons

117
 18. Protons of kinetic energy 1 GeV are diffracted by Oxygen nuclei of radius 3 fm.
Calculate the expected angles where the first three diffraction minima should appear
19. An electron is trapped in a one dimensional region of width 1 ×10 -10 m. Find the energies
of the ground state and the first excited state. If the electron happens to be in the second
excited state and then drops down to the ground state, find the energy emitted.
(Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Obtain the expression for wavelength change in Compton scattering

21. Describe the quantum theory of the Hydrogen atom. (1  10 = 10 marks)

118
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B07 – QUANTUM MECHANICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What is photoelectric effect? Write down Einstein‟s photoelectric equation
2. Explain ultraviolet catastrophe
3. Compare Rutherford model of the atom with the Bohr model
4. Explain the probability interpretation of wave function
5. What is space quantization?
6. State and explain Heisenberg‟s uncertainty relation
7. Write down the Schrödinger equation for a free particle and explain its solution
8. Explain the motion of a particle incident on a potential energy step
9. What is Bohr magneton?
10. Explain the fine structure of Hydrogen spectrum
11. What are the properties of the azimuthal quantum number?
12. Explain the term probability amplitude (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Explain Compton effect

14. Write down the Schrodinger equation of the Hydrogen atom and explain the angular
momentum quantum number.
15. Describe the quantum theory of motion of a particle in a two dimensional potential well.
16. Explain the theory of the quantum harmonic oscillator.
17. X-rays of wavelength 0.24 nm are Compton – scattered and the scattered beam is
observed at an angle of 600 with the incident direction.Find (a) the wavelength of
scattered rays (b) the energy of scattered X-ray photons (c) the kinetic energy of scattered
electrons and (d) the direction of motion of the scattered electrons.

119
 18. An electron is confined to a region of space by a spring-like force of force constant k =
95.7 eV/m2. Find the probability to find the electron in a narrow interval of width 0.004
nm located halfway between the equilibrium position and the classical turning point.
19. Obtain the relation between phase velocity and group velocity for de Broglie waves.
𝑔𝜆
Certain ocean waves travel with a phase velocity of 𝑣𝑝 = . Find their group velocity
2𝜋

(Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe the quantum theory of a particle confined in a one dimensional box
21. Explain the Frank – Hertz experiment. What is its significance for the model of an atom?
(1  10 = 10 marks)

120
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B08 - OPTICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. State Fermat‟s principle
2. What are the conditions for interference?
3. What is meant by coherence?
4. Write down the conditions for maxima and minima in reflected light for Newton‟s rings
experiment.
5. Explain cosine law
6. Write the expression for intensity distribution in Fraunhofer diffraction by a circular
aperture.
7. Define resolving power of a diffraction grating.
8. Mention any two differences between zone plate and a convex lens.
9. List out the differences between positive and negative crystals.
10. Explain the terms plane of vibration and plane of polarization.
11. Write any two applications of holography.
12. Give two differences between step index and graded index fibres. (Ceiling – 20)

Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Derive the laws of reflection from Fermat‟s principle.

14. Explain the colour of thin films
15. An air wedge apparatus of angle 0.01 radian is illuminated by light of wavelength 6000
Angstroms. At what distance from the edge of the wedge will be 10th dark fringe
observed?
16. A plane grating has 15000 lines per inch. Find the angle of separation of the 5048
Angstrom and 5016 Angstrom lines of Helium in the second order spectrum.

121
 17. The diameter of the first ring of a zone plate is 1.1 mm. If light of wavelength 6000
Angstrom is incident on the zone plate, where should the screen be placed so that a bright
spot is obtained?
18. The critical angle for total internal reflection from water is 480. Find the polarization angle
and the angle of refraction corresponding to the polarization angle.
19. Calculate the least thickness of a calcite plate which would convert incident plane
polarized light into circularly polarized light. Given 𝜇𝑜 = 1.658, 𝜇𝑒 = 1.486 for calcite
and wavelength of light used is 5890 Angstrom. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe the structure and working of Michelson‟s interferometer

21. Explain the structure of a Nicol prism. Describe how it is used as an analyzer and as a
polarizer. (1  10 = 10 marks)

122
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B08 - OPTICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Why does ordinary light never form stable interference pattern?
2. Write the cosine law for interference by division of amplitude
3. Why do the fringes in air wedge setup have the form of straight lines?
4. Why is the centre of interference pattern due to white light seen to be white?
5. What is the nature of the diffraction pattern produced by a circular aperture?
6. What are the differences between a zone plate and a convex lens?
7. Why half period zones are called so?
8. Differentiate between uniaxial and biaxial crystals and give an example for each
9. What is meant by circularly polarized light?
10. Explain the term birefringence
11. How is a hologram different from an ordinary photograph?
12. Define the term numerical aperture. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Derive the laws of refraction from Fermat‟s principle

14. Explain pulse dispersion in optical fibres. How is it overcome in graded index fibres?
15. Find the radii of the first three transparent zones of a zone plate whose first focal length is
1 m for light of wavelength 5893 Angstrom
16. A half wave plate is designed for wavelength 3800 Angstrom. For what wavelength will it
work as a quarter wave plate?
17. Newton‟s rings are observed in reflected light of wavelength 5.9 x 10-7 m. The diameter of
the 10th dark ring is 0.5 cm. Find the radius of curvature of the lens and the thickness of air
film at the position of the 10th dark ring.

123
 18. Calculate the highest order of spectra with a plane transmission grating of 18000 lines per
inch when light of 4500 Angstrom is used
19. Derive the expression for acceptance angle of an optical fibre. In an optical fibre, the core
has a refractive index of 1.6 and the cladding has a refractive index of 1.3. Find the values
of critical angle and acceptance angle for the fibre. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe the experiment for determination of wavelength of light using Newton‟s rings
arrangement.
21. Derive the grating equation for normal incidence. How is the diffraction grating used to
find the wavelength of light? (1  10 = 10 marks)

124
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B09 – ELECTRONICS (Analog and Digital)
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Derive the relation between α and β.
2. What is the peak inverse voltage?
3. Explain the stability factor for a transistor circuit.
4. Convert binary numbers 101010 and 111011 into decimal number.
5. Construct OR and AND gate by using NAND gate.
6. Define Ripple factor of a rectifier. What is its value for a full wave rectifier?
7. Draw the dc and ac equivalent circuit of a CE transistor amplifier.
8. Discuss the main characteristics of an ideal Operational Amplifier.
9. What do you meant by barrier potential of a PN junction?
10. Represent the following Boolean expression by K map Y(A,B,C,D)=(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 )
( 𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐷).
11. The voltage gain of an amplifier without feedback is 2000. The feedback fraction is
0.01.find the voltage gain of the amplifier if negative feedback is applied.
12. Give the Barkhausen condition for getting sustained oscillations. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Explain voltage divider biasing with the help of a neat diagram.
14. For a differential circuit, the input is sinusoidal voltage of peak value 10 mV and
frequency 1KHz.R=100KΩ and C=0.1µF. Find output
15. For the transistor amplifier shown in figure, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 5 kΩ, RC = 1 kΩ, RE = 3 kΩ
and RL = 1 kΩ. Assume VBE = 0.7 V
i. Draw the dc load line
ii. Determine the operating point

125
 iii. Draw ac load line

16. Explain 1‟s complement method of binary subtraction with example.

17. In a three section phase shift oscillator R1=R2=R3=20Kῼ, and C1=C2=C3=0.01µF.The
resistors are connected in series and the capacitors are shunts. Find the frequency of
oscillations
18. Explain Op-Amp integrator with a neat diagram.
19. Determine the output voltage for the op-amp circuit having Vin=2.5mv, Ri=2kΩ, Rf=200
kΩ and ±Vcc=±9v. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Draw dc and ac equivalent circuits of a transistor amplifier. Derive an expression for the
voltage gain from the ac equivalent circuit.
21. Explain the working of Colpitt‟s oscillator and Hartley oscillator with neat diagram. and
write down the equation to find frequency of both circuits. (1  10 = 10 marks)

126
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY5B09 - ELECTRONICS (Analog and Digital)
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What is the faithful amplification?
2. Write down the mantissa and exponent of the number 242506800
3. Explain the working of Zener diode as a voltage stabilizer.
4. State De Morgan‟s law.
5. Convert the following decimal in to binary a)(123.88)10 b)(225)10 c)(100.01)10
6. What is the need for bias stability in a transistor circuits?
7. What is XNOR gate? Draw circuit diagram with truth table
8. Explain the working of a voltage doubler.
9. What are the advantages of using transformer in rectifier circuit
10. Subtract 01000111 from 01011000
11. Discuss the advantages of negative feedback in Amplifiers.
12. How is a JK flip-flop made to Toggle? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. A cristal diode having internal resistance rf= 20 Ω used for half wave rectifier. If the
applied voltage is equal to 50sinωt and load resistance RL = 800 Ω. Find
i. Im, Idc, Irms
ii. Ac power input and dc power output
iii. Dc output voltage
iv. Efficiency of rectification
14. Derive the expression for collector current in common emitter connection. Draw the input
and output characteristics.

127
 15. Draw the DC load line and determine the operating point. Assuming the transistor to be of
silicon

16. Explain with suitable diagram the inverting and non-inverting configurations of an Op-
Amp and derive the expression for their voltage gain.
17. Explain the working of a RS flip-flop.
18. When negative voltage feedback is applied to an amplifier of gain 100, the overall gain
falls to 50.
i)Calculate the fraction of the output voltage feedback.
ii) If this fraction is maintained, calculate the value of the amplifier gain required if the
overall stage gain to be 75
19. Find the operating frequency of a Hartley‟s oscillator. If L 1 =100µH, L 2 =1mH, mutual
inductance between the coils M=20 µH and C=20pF. Also determine the feedback
fraction. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. With a neat sketch, explain the working of half wave rectifier. Derive the expression for
efficiency and ripple factor.
21. What is an Op-Amp? State the characteristics of an ideal Op-Amp. Compare the
operation of an inverting and non inverting amplifier using Op-Amp. (1  10 = 10 marks)

128
B. Sc Physics Core
SEMESTER 6

129
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B10 – THERMODYNAMICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Comment on the concept of temperature and heat
2. Distinguish between intensive and extensive coordinates
3. What is the significance of PV diagram?
4. What is heat capacity? Write down the expression for heat capacity.
5. What is internal energy?
6. What is thermal efficiency? Write its expression?
7. State Carnot‟s theorem and corollary?
8. State Second law of thermodynamics? What is the significance of Second law of
thermodynamics?
9. Distinguish between Carnot‟s engine and irreversible engine?
10. What is enthalpy?
11. What are Helmholtz and Gibbs function? Write down the formulae?
12. Write down the Clausius-Clayperon equation and its applications? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Derive the equation for work done in an Adiabatic process.
14. State First law of thermodynamics? Derive differential form of First law?
15. Prove that sI ≤ sR.
16. A Carnot‟s engine whose lower temperature heat (sink) is at 27 0C has its efficiency 40
%. What is the temperate of the heat sources? By how much should the temperature of
the source be raised if the efficiency if to be raised to 70 %?
17. Calculate the work done when a gram molecule of an ideal gas expands isothermally at
270C to double its original volume? (R = 8.3 joules/degree mol).
18. Derive TdS equations?
19. What is a refrigerator? Explain the working of a refrigerator? (Ceiling – 30)

130
 SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. What are thermodynamic potential functions? Derive the expressions for thermodynamic
potential functions?
21. (a) What is entropy? Write short note on its significance?
(b) Derive the expression for entropy of ideal gas. (1  10 = 10 marks)

131
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B10 – THERMODYNAMICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. State and explain Zeroth law of thermodynamics?
2. What is meant by quasi-static process?
3. What is entropy? Explain the entropy of reversible and irreversible processes?
4. State the Principle of increase of entropy?
5. State Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statement of Second law of thermodynamics?
6. Compare the slopes of adiabatic and isothermals?
7. What is latent heat?
8. Write short note on internal energy?
9. State and explain Carnot‟s theorem?
10. Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties of a thermodynamic system?
11. Draw the PV diagrams of thermodynamic processes?
12. State First law of thermodynamics? Write the differential form of First law?
(Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Show that Cp-Cv = R.
14. Explain the working of a Carnot‟s engine and derive the expression for efficiency?
15. What is meant by phase transitions? Obtain the Clausius- Clayperon equation of phase
transition?
16. Calculate the depression of melting point of ice by 1 atm increase of pressure, given
latent heat of ice = 3.35 x 105J/Kg and the specific volumes of 1 Kg of ice and water at 0
0
C are 1.090 x 10-3m3 and 10-3 m3 respectively.
𝜕𝑢
17. Show that for a perfect gas (𝜕𝑣 ) T = 0.

132
 18. A Carnot‟s engine whose lower temperature reservoir is at 7 0C has an efficiency of 50%.
It is desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees should the
temperature of the high temperature reservoir be increased?
19. What is TS diagram? Discuss the TS diagram of isothermal and adiabatic processes? Find
the efficiency of Carnot‟s engine using TS diagram? (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Derive the Maxwell‟s thermodynamic relations from thermodynamic potentials

functions?
21. (a) What are isothermal and adiabatic processes?
(b) Derive the equation for work done in isothermal and adiabatic processes?
(1  10 = 10 marks)

133
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIX SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B11 – STATISTICAL PHYSICS, SOLID STATE PHYSICS,
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTONICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Distinguish between a microstate and a macrostate.
2. What are Bravais lattices? Give an example.
3. What is meant by unit cell? Give an example.
4. What is packing fraction?
5. Give the selection rules for rotational spectroscopy.
6. What is a symmetric top molecule? Give an example.
7. What is zero point energy of a harmonic oscillator?
8. Discuss the Born – Oppenheimer approximation.
9. What are hot bands?
10. What is pumping? Give two examples of pumping mechanisms.
11. List out some differences between laser light and ordinary light.
12. What is stimulated emission? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)
13. How does the Rayleigh – Jeans law fail to explain the black body spectrum?
14. Compare average velocity, root mean square velocity and most probable velocity
15. Explain the three types of cubic crystal systems and the coordination number of each
16. Explain the anharmonic vibration spectrum of a diatomic molecule
17. The bond length in HF molecule is 0.0927 nm. Calculate its rotational constant in cm -1
and also its moment of inertia
18. For X – ray diffraction from a Sodium Chloride crystal with lattice spacing 0.282 nm, the
first order Bragg reflection is observed at an angle of 80 35′ . Find the wavelength of X –
rays and the glancing angle for third order Bragg reflection.

134
 19. The fundamental band for HCl is centred at 2886 cm -1. Find the wave number in cm-1 of
the first lines in the P branch and R branch of the infrared spectrum. Take the internuclear
distance to be 1.276 Angstrom. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Derive the expression for molecular energy distribution of an ideal gas.
21. Explain the structure and working of Bragg‟s X – ray spectrometer. (1  10 = 10 marks)

135
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B11 – STATISTICAL PHYSICS, SOLID STATE PHYSICS,
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTONICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Explain the term distribution function.
2. What are Bosons? Give two examples.
3. Explain the term crystal lattice and basis.
4. Explain Bragg‟s law.
5. What is meant by a spherical top molecule? Give an example.
6. What is isotopic substitution?
7. Give the selection rules for vibration spectroscopy.
8. What is Morse curve?
9. Explain the terms –(i) population inversion (ii) metastable state.
10. Give any two applications of lasers.
11. Explain any two types of pumping mechanism.
12. What are Stokes‟ lines and anti-Stokes‟ lines? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Compare Maxwell – Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose – Einstein statistics

14. Derive and explain Bragg‟s law
15. Explain the spectrum of a non – rigid rotator
16. Briefly explain the quantum theory of Raman scattering with a neat diagram
17. Find the energy in cm-1 of the photon absorbed when an NO molecule undergoes
transition v = 0, J‟‟ = 0 state to v = 1, J‟ = 1 state where v is the vibrational quantum
number and J is the rotational quantum number. Assume that B is the same in both states.
Given νe = 1.904 cm -1 and χe = 0.00733 and rNO = 0.1151 nm

136
 -1
18. The rotational and centrifugal constants of HCl molecule are 10.593 cm and 5.3 × 10-4
cm -1. Find the vibrational frequency and the force constant of the molecule
19. Obtain the Miller indices of a plane with intercepts at a, (b / 2) and 3c in a simple cubic
unit cell. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe the theory of pure rotational spectrum of a rigid diatomic molecule
21. Explain, with necessary diagrams, the construction and working of a He- Ne Laser
(1  10 = 10 marks)

137
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B12 – NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Why do heavy nuclei have more neutrons than protons?
2. Comment on the property of nuclear force.
3. Explain why a fusion reactor requires a high particle density, a high temperature and a
long confinement time?
4. Write a short note on radio isotope production in nuclear reaction.
5. Which are the three requirements to increase the probability of collision between the irons
that would result in fusion?
6. Explain the terms particle and antiparticle.
7. Write a short note on natural radio activity.
8. What do you mean by resonance particle?
9. What is the limitation of linear accelerator?
10. Draw neat diagram and Write essential part of Scintillation counter.
11. Write the theory Betatron.
12. What is the working principal of Ionization chamber? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Write short note on Radioactive decay. The half life of 198Au is 2.70 days (a) What is the
198 198
decay constant of Au (b) suppose we had a 1.00 µg sample of Au. What is its
activity?
14. Write a short note on nuclear masses and binding energies?
15. Explain briefly the application of nuclear physics?
16. Discuss the Quark model?
17. Discuss briefly low energy reaction kinematics?
18. Discuss the working of Proton synchrotron?

138
 19. Write the working of Photographic plate? (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Using Neat diagram explain the working principle of van de Graaf electrostatic generator?
21. List the families of elementary particle? Discuss the conservation law in particle
interaction? (1  10 = 10 marks)

139
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B12 – NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Why the nuclei are so small compared to the atom?
2. What is mean by binding energy of the atoms?
3. What are the applications of nuclear physics?
4. Mention any two conservation laws in radioactive decay?
5. In general, would you expect fission fragment to decay by positive or negative beta
decay? Why?
6. List some similarities and difference between the properties of photons and neutrinos.
7. List the four families of elementary particles.
8. What do you mean by delayed neutrons?
9. What is mean by particle acceleration
10. Briefly given the working of Cosmotron.
11. What are the advantages of GM Counter?
12. What is the limitation of Bubble Chamber? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Explain Beta and Gamma decay processes.
14. Explain “MOSSBAUER“ Effect. Find the maximum kinetic energy of the electron
11
emitted in the negative beta decay of Be.
15. Distinguish between fission and fusion reactions. Explain the fusion process in stars?
16. Discuss briefly three different types of fission reactors.
17. Write a short note on elementary particle interactions and decays.
18. Discuss the working principle of Van de Graff electro statics generator.
19. Discuss the working of Ionization chamber. (Ceiling – 30)

140
 SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Obtain an expression for the binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus using liquid drop
model. Discuss the corrections to the expression from asymmetry energy and pairing
energy and obtain the semi empirical binding energy formula.
21. Explain Radioisotope production in nuclear reactions. Discuss the main features of
nuclear fusion reactors (1  10 = 10 marks)

141
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B13 – RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. State the postulates of special relativity
2. What are Galilean transformations?
3. Explain length contraction.
4. What is the concept of simultaneity in relativistic mechanics?
5. Describe the relativistic Doppler Effect.
6. State and explain the principle of equivalence.
7. Explain the concept of dark matter.
8. What is meant by the Chandrasekhar limit?
9. Explain the terms (a) stellar parallax (b) luminosity.
10. Write on the internal structure of the Sun.
11. State and explain Hubble‟s law.
12. What are pulsars? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Obtain the relation for time dilation

14. Briefly describe the Hertzsprung – Russell diagram
15. Describe the classification of galaxies
16. An observer O is standing on a platform of length 65 m. A vehicle passes parallel to the
platform at a speed of 0.8c. The observer O sees the front and back ends of the vehicle
coincide with the platform ata particular instant. Find (a) the rest length of the rocket (b)
the time required for the vehicle to pass appoint on the platform as measured by O.
17. A spaceship moving away from the earth at a speed of 0.8c fires a rocket along its
direction of motion at a speed of 0.6c relative to itself. Find the speed of the rocket
relative to the earth. Compare the answer with the classical result.

142
 18. Find the velocity and momentum of an electron of kinetic energy 10 MeV.
19. Obtain the relation between absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Obtain the Lorentz transformation equations.
21. Describe the various mechanisms possible in the death of star. (1  10 = 10 marks)

143
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B13 – RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS AND ASTROPHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Write down and explain the Lorentz transformation equations.
2. What is time dilation?
3. Explain relativistic addition of velocities.
4. Why the speed of light is considered the ultimate speed?
5. Explain the variation of mass with velocity.
6. Write down two experimental tests of the general theory of relativity.
7. What are neutron stars?
8. What is meant by Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation?
9. Explain the terms (a) apparent magnitude (b) absolute magnitude.
10. Write on the proton – proton chain reaction.
11. What is the relation between stellar parallax and distance?
12. Describe gravitational lensing. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer carries
a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Obtain Einstein‟s mass energy relation.

14. Briefly describe (a) globular clusters (b) planetary nebulae.
15. Describe Cepheid variables and their period – luminosity relation.
16. Explain the twin paradox.
17. The proper lifetime of a particle is 10 ns. How long does it live in laboratory if it moves at
a speed of 0.960s. How far does it travel before decaying?
18. A neutral K meson at rest decays into two particles that travel in opposite directions with
speed 0.828c. If instead the K meson was travelling at a speed of 0.486c while decaying,
what would be the velocities of the two particles?
19. Obtain the relation between relativistic momentum and energy. (Ceiling – 30)

144
 SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Describe the Michelson – Morley experiment. How does it invalidate the concept of
ether?
21. Describe the main features of the Hertzsprung – Russell diagram. (1  10 = 10 marks)

145
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B014 (EL1) – BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Give the essential principles of X-ray fluoroscopy.
2. Explain the concept of Donnan equilibrium.
3. What are the different signals generated in EEG?
4. Outline any two static characteristics of a transducer.
5. What is a biosensor?
6. Enumerate different valve systems of a human cardio.
7. What are the modes of transmission of ultrasound?
8. Explain the term "action potential".
9. What is the role of X-ray in angiography?
10. Distinguish between A-scan and B-scan in ultrasound imaging.
11. What is a "gamma camera"?
12. What are the important lasers used in Dermatology? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. What are the biological effects of NMR imaging?
14. When food enters the stomach, it stimulates the production and secretion of
hydrochloric acid for digestion, reducing the stomach pH from 4 to 2. What is the
concentration of the acid (assuming all the pH is due to HCI) before and after the
change in pH?
15. Give a note on Helical CT Scanner.
16. Explain Hodgkin-Huxley model for membrane transport in human body.
17. How Laser emission is made possible in a CO2 laser?
18. Explain the operating principle of EMG.

146
 19. What is the principle of Positron Emission Tomography? (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Give a brief account about the various fluid transport processes taking place in human
body cells.
21. What is the basic principle of NMR imaging? What are gradient coils? Briefly explain
the different components used in a NMR imaging system? (1  10 = 10 marks)

147
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B014 (EL1) – BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What is Brownian motion?
2. The Reynolds number for a bacterium is 1011 smaller than that of a human. Comment
on the relative importance of the inertial and viscous forces based on this information.
3. How is a nerve impulse or action potential generated?
4. What are transducers? How are they classified?
5. State any two bioelectric signals with primary signal characteristics referring to their
frequency range and typical signal amplitude.
6. What are biomedical signals? List any four sources of them.
7. What is the principle of a CT scan?
8. What are tracers in diagnostic applications?
9. List the basic NMR components.
10. How does Laser light differ from ordinary light with respect to coherence?
11. State any four potential advantages of laser surgery.
12. What are ultrasonic waves? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. What are the biological effects of NMR imaging?
14. What are the advantages of Computer tomography with respect to conventional X-rays?
15. Discuss the advantages of a MRI system with respect to a CT imaging.
16. Write a short note on Nd:YAG laser.
17. What is the Reynolds number for blood flowing through an artery 10-3 m in diameter,
assuming that the density and dynamical viscosity of blood are comparable from the
corresponding values of water. Assume that the speed of blood is roughly 0.1ms-1. The
density of water is 103 kgm-3 and dynamical viscosity 10-3 Nsm-2.

148
 18. What is resting potential? Obtain Einstein equation relating mobility to the diffusion
constant.
19. Write a short note on Generation of ultrasound. Discuss the biological effects of
ultrasound. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Discuss the transport of substances through the cell membrane with reference to the
following:
i) Diffusion and ii) Viscosity.
21. Explain the principles of NMR imaging systems. What are the biological effects of
NMR imaging? (1  10 = 10 marks)

149
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B014 (EL2) – NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Draw the band structure of an insulator indicating valence band, conduction band and
energy gap.
2. Write down Heisenberg‟s uncertainty principle.
3. Write the Schrodinger equation of particle in a box.
4. Show a graph illustrating the variation of Fermi-Dirac function with temperature.
5. Explain Arrhenius type conductivity.
6. What is Schottky effect?
7. Write a short note on variable range hopping conduction.
8. What is meant by an exciton?
9. List the names of any four solution based techniques for nanomaterials synthesis.
10. Explain Lithographic and non lithographic processes?
11. Write merits and demerits of Ball milling process in growth techniques of
Nanotechnology.
12. Discuss the structure of Boron Nitride nanotubes. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Draw and explain the schematic diagram of the splitting of energy levels isolated atoms
into energy bands.
14. Discuss the conduction mechanism in ionic crystals..
15. Write a short on the energy quantization in a nano-film. Give an example.
16. Draw the schematic diagram of electron beam evaporator system and indicate the parts.
17. Explain the charge transfer in STM in terms of local density of states.

150
 18. A beam of 12 eV electrons is incident on a potential barrier of height 30eV and width
0.05 nm. Calculate the transmission co-efficient.
19. A gold sphere of radius 2cm is converted into spherical nanoparticles of diameter 2nrn,
without any loss in volume. Find a) The number of gold nanopartcles b) the ratio of
surface area of all the nanospheres to that of the original sphere. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Explain the Drude model of electrical conduction in metals. Obtain an expression for the
DC electrical conductivity.
21. Derive an expression for the wave function of a particle confined in 1 D infinite potential
well. Draw the corresponding energy distribution. (1  10 = 10 marks)

151
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B014 (EL2) – NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
2. Define density of states. Draw the density of states diagram of a 2-d nanostructure
3. What is field enhanced thermionic emission?
4. Name four allotropes of carbon.
5. Name the interactions that are monitored in a) STM b) AFM
6. Write down Schrödinger‟s 3D steady state equation and explain the symbols.
7. What is the effect of size on thermal time constant in the nano regime?
8. Explain conduction process in ionic crystals.
9. What are auger electrons?
10. Write the concept of Chemical Vapor Deposition?
11. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of solution based synthesis procedures of
nanomaterials.
12. Discuss the structure of Buckminister fullerene. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Describe an n-type semiconductor. Draw the energy band diagram of n-type
semiconductor showing Fermi level and Donor level.
14. Discuss the Richardson-Dushmann equation for thermionic emission.
15. Discuss the different structures of carbon nanotubes.
16. Describe a sputter deposition system.
17. Discuss the operating principle of AFM.
18. At what temperature will the number of conduction electrons increase by a factor 20
over room temperature for Ge? Given band gap is 0.67 eV.

152
 19. The resistivity of an intrinsic semiconductor is 4.6 -m at 20º C and 2 -m at 32ºC.
What is the energy bandgap ? (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom and derive the expression for energy of the
nth level. Explain how the line spectra of hydrogen atom are obtained.
21. Discuss the working principle of STM. Explain the factors influencing the STM image.

(1  10 = 10 marks)

153
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B014 (EL3) – MATERIALS SCIENCE
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)

1. What do you mean by a point defect? Give Example.

2. Write down Fick‟s first law of diffusion and explain the terms involved
3. Explain Polymorphism?
4. What are amorphous solids?.
5. Distinguish between homo polymers and copolymers?
6. What is abrasive ceramics?
7. What are Secondary electrons?
8. What are nano materials ?
9. Distinguish between Hexagonal close packing and cubic close packing
10. What is isomerism in polymers
11. What are refractories?
12. Explain Metallic bonding in crystals. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. What are composites? Explain its properties.
14. Distinguish between vacancy diffusion and interstitial diffusion.
15. Explain Hydrogen bonding in water.
16. How will you determine grain size of a sample?
17. Distinguish between Frenkel and Schottky defects in solids.
18. Explain the principle of X-ray powder diffraction method of structural analysis.
19. Find out the packing fraction of FCC. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

154
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe the defects in Solids.

21. Explain the formation of bonds in solids. (1  10 = 10 marks)

155
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Core Course – Physics: PHY6B014 (EL3) – MATERIALS SCIENCE
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. How nanomaterials are made?
2. Explain Ionic bonding
3. Explain hydrogen bonding in water
4. What is meant by (a) Lattice (b) Unit cell?
5. Explain Grain and Grain boundary
6. Find the number of atoms in a FCC unit cell.
7. What are Allotropes? Give one Example
8. What are the two types of diffusion in solids?
9. What is glass ceramics? What are the properties?
10. What is isomerism in polymers with suitable example
11. What is mean by functionality of a monomer?
12. What is Burger‟s vector? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)

13. Find the atomic packing factor of Hexagonal unit cell.

14. Explain the Vander waals bonding?
15. Distinguish between vacancies and self interstitials.
16. Explain the factors effecting diffusion?
17. What is stress-strain behavior of ceramics?
18. Explain viscoelastic deformation of polymers.
19. Write a short note on Electron microscopy. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

156
20. State and explain Bragg‟s law? Explain the working of Laue‟s Technique and rotating
crystal method.
21. Explain the diffusion mechanism in solids. (1  10 = 10 marks)

157
Physics Open Courses
SEMESTER 5

158
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Open Course – Physics: PHY5D01(1) - NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Define solar constant.
2. What is the working principle of a pyranometer?
3. Explain the principle behind the working of a solar cooker.
4. What is the use of a solar green house?
5. What are the factors that determine the output from a wind energy converter?
6. Write any four disadvantages of wind energy.
7. What are the basic components of a tidal power plant?
8. List any two advantages of geothermal energy.
9. What do you mean by biomass?
10. Give one example each for a primary and a secondary battery.
11. What do you mean by energy efficiency of a battery?
12. Write four applications of a fuel cell. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Discuss the working principle of a solar furnace.
14. What do you mean by photovoltaic effect? List three advantages of photovoltaic power
conversion system.
15. Discuss the applications of wind energy.
16. Explain the term biomass conversion. Discuss the different biomass conversion
technologies.
17. What is meant by a hydrothermal source? Discuss the different hydrothermal sources.
18. What is the origin of source of energy in waves? Discuss a method for converting wave
energy into mechanical energy.

159
 19. Discuss the source of geothermal energy. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Discuss the working principle of a solar water heater with help of a schematic diagram.
What are the merits of a solar water heater over a conventional water heater?
21. What is the principle of wind energy conversion? With the help of a block diagram,
discuss the basic components of a wind energy conversion system. List a few advantages
of wind energy conversion system. (1  10 = 10 marks)

160
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Open Course – Physics: PHY5D01(1) - NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Distinguish between direct and diffuse components of solar radiation.
2. What are the instruments used for measuring solar radiation and sun shine?
3. List four merits of a solar cooker.
4. List any four advantages of a solar furnace.
5. What are the causes for local winds?
6. Give four advantages of wind energy utilization.
7. What are the four sources of energy available from oceans?
8. What are the essential parts of a tidal power plant?
9. What are the environmental benefits of use of biomass?
10. What is an electrochemical cell?
11. What are the main uses of a storage battery?
12. Write down the problems associated with storage of hydrogen fuel in motor vehicles.
(Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.
(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Explain the working principle of a solar distillation system, using a neat diagram.
14. What are the essential parts of a photovoltaic system? What are the basic processes
involves in a solar cell.
15. Draw the schematic diagram of a horizontal axis wind mill indicating the essential parts.
16. Write briefly about liquid and gaseous biofuels.
17. Write briefly on geothermal sources of energy.
18. List any four limitations of tidal power generation.
19. List the advantages and disadvantages of a fuel cell. (Ceiling – 30)

161
 SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Discuss the fundamental processes used in the conversion of solar radiation to heat
energy. Using a suitable schematic diagram, discuss the essential parts of a flat plate
collector.
21. Discuss the principle of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Discuss the open cycle
and closed cycle methods of ocean thermal electric power conversion. (1  10 = 10 marks)

162
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Open Course – Physics: PHY5D01(2) - AMATEUR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Explain longitude and latitude.
2. What is meant by perihelion?
3. What is Kuiper belt?
4. Define the astronomical unit of distance.
5. What is meant by equinox?
6. State and explain Hubble‟s law.
7. What is Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation?
8. Describe neutron stars.
9. What are the advantages of reflecting telescopes?
10. Describe the formation of seasons on Earth.
11. What is meant by supernova?
12. Discuss the main features of the planet Jupiter. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Differentiate between solar and lunar eclipses.
14. Explain the proton – proton chain reaction.
15. Briefly explain (a) white dwarf (b) comet.
16. Explain the parallax method of distance measurement.
17. Explain the important regions of the HR diagram.
18. Derive the relation between absolute luminosity and apparent luminosity.
19. Discuss elliptical and spiral galaxies. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

163
20. Describe in detail the structure of the sun.
21. Describe the theory of planetary formation in the solar system. (1  10 = 10 marks)

164
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Open Course – Physics: PHY5D01(2) - AMATEUR ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. Explain the term solstice
2. What is meant by perigee and apogee?
3. What is Asteroid belt?
4. Define and explain absolute luminosity of a star
5. What are Cepheid variables?
6. Explain quasars
7. Compare astronomy and astrology
8. What is meant by the term black hole?
9. What are the different types of telescopes?
10. Describe the corona of the sun
11. What is meant by solar flare?
12. Discuss the main features of the planet Saturn. (Ceiling – 20)

Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Explain Chandrasekhar limit
14. What is the main energy production mechanism in stars?
15. Briefly explain (a) photosphere (b) chromospheres
16. Explain how the scientific method is applied in Astronomy
17. Describe the main features of the Big Bang theory
18. Derive the Pogson‟s relation
19. Discuss the classification of galaxies. (Ceiling – 30)

165
 SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Describe the Harvard classification scheme of stars

21. Explain the Hertzsprung – Russell diagram and describe its major regions
(1  10 = 10 marks)

166
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Open Course – Physics: PHY5D01(3) - ELEMENTARY MEDICAL PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. What is an electromyograph.
2. Write the value of Planck‟s constant.
3. What are ions?
4. Give an example of non-ionizing radiation.
5. What is REM/
6. What are evoked potentials?
7. What is „ CT‟ in medical imaging .
8. What are tracers in diagnostic applications?
9. What is radioactivity?
10. Who discovered X-rays.
11. What is the unit of frequency of sound waves?
12. What are ultrasonic waves? (Ceiling – 20)

Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. What are biomedical signals? List any four sources of them.
14. Compare photoelectric effect and Compton Effect.
15. What is piezoelectric effect?
16. Write a note on conventional sources of radiation.
17. Discuss cardiac cycle and arrhythmias.
18. Discuss the units of radiations. What is radiation protection?
19. Write the properties of X-ray. What is X-ray attenuation in imaging? (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type

167
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Write a short note on nuclear medicines..

21. Discuss the generation and detection of ultrasound. (1  10 = 10 marks)

168
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Open Course – Physics: PHY5D01(3) - ELEMENTARY MEDICAL PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of 2
marks)
1. State the three forms of radioactive emissions.
2. Define the curie.
3. What is Photo-electric effect?
4. What is Comption Scattering?
5. What is an electroencephalogram (EEG).
6. What is an electromyogram (EMG)?
7. What is „bradycardia‟?
8. What are X-rays?
9. What are ultrasonic waves?
10. What is Planck‟s constant?
11. What is the difference between an atom and an ion?
12. What is PET? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Describe a cardiac cycle.
14. Explain the term „the blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg „.
15. How are X-rays produced?
16. What is fluoroscopy?
17. Discuss the artifacts on the ECG trace.
18. Write a summary of the history of medical imaging.
19. Discuss X-ray attenuation in X-ray imaging. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

169
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)

20. Write a short note on Generation of ultrasound. Discuss the biological effects of
ultrasound.
21. What is ionizing and non-ionizing radiations? Write a short note on non-ionizing
radiation. (1  10 = 10 marks)

170
B. Sc Physics Complementary
SEMESTER 1 & 2

171
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH1C01- PROPERTIES OF MATTER &
THERMODYNAMICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. What is a cantilever?
2. What is „angle of twist‟ and „angle of shear‟?
3. Define Brownian motion. Explain the effect of temperature.
4. How does the pressure affect the boiling point of water and melting point of ice?
5. State and explain first law of thermodynamics
6. Define surface tension. Give its dimension
7. Write down Clausius-Clapyron equation
8. What do you meant by quasi static process?
9. State Carnot theorem.
10. Distinguish between isothermal and adiabatic process
11. Explain why CP > CV
12. State and explain the principle of increase of entropy (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Derive the expression for excess pressure inside a liquid bubble?
14. Obtain the relation between various elastic constants
15. Derive the expression for work done during adiabatic process
16. What do you meant by entropy? Show that the entropy remains constant in reversible
process but increases in irreversible process
17. Calculate the work done in twisting a steel wire of radius 10-3 m. and length 0.25 m.
through an angle 450. Given the rigidity modulus of the wire is 8 x 1010 Nm-2.
18. Calculate the amount of energy evolved when 8 droplets of water of surface tension 0.072
N/m and radius 0.5 mm each combine to one.

172
 19. A carnot engine works between two temperatures whose differences is 100oC. If it absorbs
746 J of heat from source and gives 546 J to sink, calculate the temperature of source and
sink. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. What is tensional pendulum? Derive expression for its time period. Using the pendulum
how will you determine the rigidity modulus of wire?
21. Describe the working of a Carnot‟s engine. Define efficiency of a heat engine. Derive an
expression for efficiency of a Carnot engine. (1  10 = 10 marks)

173
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH1C01- PROPERTIES OF MATTER &
THERMODYNAMICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. What is torsional rigidity of a wire.
2. What is viscosity? Give its dimension.
3. What is Poise?
4. How does the temperature and pressure affect viscosity of a liquid?
5. Explain why liquids possess surface tension.
6. Define rigidity modulus. Write down the relation connecting three moduli of elasticity.
7. State and explain zero‟th law of thermodynamics.
8. Define carnot theorem.
9. Draw P-V diagram for Carnot cycle.
10. What are intensive and extensive properties?
11. State thermodynamic process.
12. What is entropy? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Derive the expression for the work done in blowing a bubble.
14. Show that a hollow shaft of the same length, mass and material is stronger than a solid
shaft.
15. Discus the various factors which control surface tension of a liquid.
16. Use Maxwell‟s equation to obtain CP -CV = R..
17. What is an I-section girder? Why I-section girders are are preferred?
18. Calculate the work done if one mole of an ideal gas is compressed very slowly at 27 oC. to
one fourth of the original volume. R = 8.314 J.mol.-1 K-1.

174
 19. Find the efficiency of Carnot engine working between 127 oC and 27oC. If it absorbs 840J of heat
from the source, calculate the amount of heat rejected to the sink. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Derive Poiseuille‟s formula for the flow of a liquid through a capillary tube. Mention its
limitations.
21. What is Carnot‟s engine? Derive an expression for its efficiency in terms of temperature of
source and Sink. (1  10 = 10 marks)

175
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH2C02-OPTICS, LASER & ELECTRONICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. State superposition principle of waves.
2. Distinguish between Fresnel and Faunhoffer diffraction.
3. What are filter circuit.
4. What is meant by spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.
5. State De-Morgans theorem
6. What is meant by feedback circuit
7. Draw the input characteristics graph of CE configuration
8. Explain interference on thin film
9. What is meant by resolving power of a grating
10. How does Zener diode works as a voltage regulator
11. Explain the working of a π filter circuit.
12. What are half wave plates? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Write a note on constructive interference
14. Explain the principle and working of Ruby LASER
15. State and explain Brewster‟s law
16. What is meant by circularly polarized light
17. Obtain the relation between current amplification factors α,β and ϒ

176
 18. A parallel beam of sodium light is incident normally on a plane transmission grating
having 6×105 lines per meter length. The first order spectrum is found to be deviated through an
angle of 20.7° from the normal. Calculate the wavelength of light used.
19. A transistor amplifier is biased with feedback resistor Rb of 100kΩ. If Vcc=20V, Rc =1kΩ
β=100 determine the operating points. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Explain the theory of Newton‟s rings , explain how do we find wavelength of light using
Newton‟s rings experiment
21. Explain the working of half wave rectifier. Obtain an expression for its efficiency and
ripple factor. (1  10 = 10 marks)

177
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
SECOND SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH2C02-OPTICS, LASER & ELECTRONICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. State superposition principle of waves
2. What is meant by double refraction
3. Explain the reverse characteristics of a zener diode
4. What is meant by population inversion
5. Draw the symbol, Boolean algebra and truth table of Exclusive OR gate
6. Explain about capacitor filter circuit
7. What is an LC oscillator
8. Explain Fresnels two mirror arrangement for producing interference
9. What are quarter wave plates
10. Distinguish between Fresnel and Faunhoffer diffraction
11. What do you mean by positive and negative feedback
12. What is meant by optical activity? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Write a note on destructive interference
14. Explain the principle and working of a He-Ne Laser.
15. What are positive and negative crystals
16. What is meant by elliptically polarized light
17. Explain the working of a bridge rectifier

178
 18. In a Newton‟s rings experiment the diameter of the 15th ring was found to be 0.59cm and
that of the 5th ring was 0.336 cm. If the radius of the Plano-convex lens is 100 cm,
calculate the wave length of the light used.
19. A full wave bridge rectifier is connected to a 12V step down transformer. If the forward
resistance of each diode is 4Ω and load resistance is 400Ω, find the dc load current and
efficiency of the rectifier. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Explain the theory of diffraction Grating. Discuss the experiment to find the wavelength
of light using Grating experiment.
21. Explain the working of a CE amplifier. Explain its frequency response
(1  10 = 10 marks)

179
B. Sc Physics Complementary
SEMESTER 3 & 4

180
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH3C03-MECHANICS, RELATIVITY, WAVES AND
OSCILLATIONS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)

1. State the theorem by which you can explain different quality of sound produced by
different musical instruments.
2. What happens to the amplitude as time increases during damping?
3. What is Twin Paradox?
4. Explain the difference between inertial frame and non inertial frame.
5. Explain the significance of mass energy relation.
6. What is an anharmonic oscillator?
7. What is a centre of mass reference? .Is it an inertial frame or non inertial frame of
reference?
8. Define Coriolis force.
9. What is meant by length contraction?
10. Comment on „Moving clock runs slow.‟
11. Give two limitations of classical mechanics.
12. What do you meant by energy density? (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Derive the Galilean transformation equation and explain its invariance.
14. What is a central force? Show that central forces are conservative.
15. What are eigen values and eigen functions? Illustrate with examples.

181
 16. State the law of conservation of angular momentum. Explain one application.
17. Prove that for a harmonic oscillator average potential energy and average kinetic energy
are equal.
18. Describe the Michelson Morley experiment.
19. A plane wave of frequency 256 Hz and amplitude 0.001 mm is produced in air. Calculate
the energy density and energy current, given the velocity of sound in air=332 m/s and
density of air =1.29kg/m3. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. State the postulates of special theory of relativity and hence derive the Lorentz
transformation equations.
21. Discuss the motion of particle under damped motion and obtain its differential equation.
Write the probable solution and represent it graphically. (1  10 = 10 marks)

182
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
THIRD SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH3C03-MECHANICS, RELATIVITY, WAVES AND
OSCILLATIONS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. Explain the term Coriolis force.
2. What is meant by Galilean invariance?
3. What are fictitious forces?
4. State and explain the law of conservation of linear momentum.
5. Explain the principle of the rocket.
6. State the postulates of special relativity.
7. What is meant by time dilation?
8. How did the Michelson – Morley experiment invalidate the concept of ether?
9. What is meant by damped harmonic oscillations?
10. Explain anharmonic oscillations.
11. What are matter waves?
12. Explain uncertainty principle. (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Derive the Galilean transformation equations.
14. Explain the concept of potential energy curve.
15. Prove that for a harmonic oscillator average potential energy and average kinetic energy
are equal.

183
 16. A spring is stretched through a distance of 8 cm by a body of mass 16 kg. If the body is
replaced by another body of mass 50 gm and the system undergoes oscillations, find the
time period.
17. A rod has length 1 m in its rest frame. It is moving with a velocity of 0.4 c relative to the
earth. Fins its length when viewed in a frame (a) moving with the rod and (b) situated on
the earth.
18. A particle of mass 10 g is at rest in an inertial frame. Consider a frame rotating at an
angular speed of 10 radians per second in which the body is at a distance of 5 cm from
the axis of rotation. Find the Coriolis and centrifugal forces on the body in the rotating
frame.
19. A stone of mass 100 g is revolved at the end of a string of length 50 cm at the rate of 2
revolutions per second. Determine its angular momentum. If the stone makes only one
revolution per second after 25 seconds, find the torque applied. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Derive Einstein‟s mass – energy relation and hence, obtain the relations between energy
and relativistic momentum.
21. Obtain the rocket equation. State and explain the law of conservation of angular
momentum with two suitable examples. (1  10 = 10 marks)

184
 MODEL QUESTION PAPER -1
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH4C04-ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND NUCLEAR
PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. State the law of radioactive disintegration.
2. Define a Coulomb.
3. What is latitude effect if cosmic rays?
4. State Gauss theorem in electrostatics.
5. Define electric potential and potential difference
6. Which are the fundamental interactions of nature? What is their range?
7. Write an expression for the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor and explain the terms.
8. What is superconductivity?
9. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion.
10. Define mean life of a radioelement.
11. Define the unit of capacitance.
12. What are ,  and  particles (Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. The half-value period of radium is 1590 years. In how many years will one gram of pure
element (a) loose one centigram, and (b) be reduced to one centigram?
14. Apply Gauss‟ s law to calculate the electric field intensity due to a uniformly charged
sphere (non-conducting) at points (i) outside the sphere (ii) at the surface of the sphere
(iii) inside the sphere.

185
 15. Obtain an expression for finding the moment of a bar magnet using deflection
magnetometer in Tan A position.
16. A dipole consisting of an electron and a proton, 4 × 10−10m apart. Compute the electric
field at a distance of 2 × 10−8m on a line making an angle of 45◦ with the dipole axis
from the centre of the dipole.
17. With the help of diagram, explain the conversion of a galvanometer to a voltmeter.
18. Write short notes on classification of elementary particles.
19. A carbon specimen found in a cave contains 1/8 as much C14 as an equal amount of
carbon in living matter. Calculate the approximate age of the specimen. Half-life period
of C14 is 5568 years. (Ceiling – 30)
SECTION C – Essay type
(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Explain with theory how a Carey Foster bridge may be used to compare two nearly equal
resistances. Hence show how the temperature coefficient of resistance can be measured.
21. Describe the construction, working and applications of a nuclear reactor.
(1  10 = 10 marks)

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 MODEL QUESTION PAPER -2
Name…………………………….
Reg. No………………………….
FOURTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE EXAMINATION ……………, 20…………
(CBCSS-UG)
Complementary Course – Physics: PH4C04-ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM AND NUCLEAR
PHYSICS
Time: 2 hours Maximum: 60 Marks
The symbols used in this question paper have their usual meanings
Section A – Short Answer type.
(Answer all questions in two or three sentences, each correct answer carries a maximum of
2 marks)
1. Distinguish between leptons and hadrons.
2. What is a chain reaction.
3. What are primary and secondary cosmic rays?
4. Which are the magnetic elements of earth‟s magnetic field?
5. Define curie.
6. Which are the main elements of a nuclear fission reactor?
7. What is azimuth effect of cosmic rays?
8. Write an expression connecting current density and drift velocity of electrons?
9. Write down Coulomb‟s law in electrostatics and explain the terms.
10. Define half-life of a radioelement.
11. What are isobars? Give examples.
12. Write an expression for the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor and explain the terms.
(Ceiling – 20)
Section B – Paragraph / Problem type.

(Answer all questions in a paragraph of about half a page to one page, each correct answer
carries a maximum of 5 marks)
13. Calculate the energy released by 1kg of 92U235. Given Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1026.
14. A copper wire of diameter 0.5mm and length 20m is connected across a battery of emf
1.5V and internal resistance 1.25 . Calculate the current density in the wire. Given
atomic weight of copper = 63.54.

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 15. Obtain an expression for finding the moment of a bar magnet using deflection
magnetometer in Tan C position.
16. The radii of spheres in a spherical capacitor are 5cm and 8cm. The outer sphere is earthed
and the inner sphere is given a charge of 0.005μC. Calculate the potential difference.
17. Calculate the binding energy of an α particle and express the result both in MeV and
joules.
18. The number of disintegrations per minute of a certain radioactive substance are 6050 and
4465 at the 2nd and 3rd hour. Calculate the decay constant and half-life of the substance.
19. How long does it take for 60% of a sample of Radon to decay? Half-life of Radon = 3.8
days. (Ceiling – 30)

SECTION C – Essay type

(Essays - Answer in about two pages, any one question. Answer carries l0 marks)
20. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. What will be the
capacitance if the space between the plates is partially filled with a slab of thickness d
and relative permittivity r?
21. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the construction and working of a Searle‟s
vibration magnetometer. (1  10 = 10 marks)

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