Scribd
Upload
83 views

Experiment No - 2 Aim:-Study of Meters. Apparatus Used/ Required: - 230 Volt Power Supply, Ammeter (0-5/10 Amp) 1 No., Voltmeter

The document describes an experiment to study different types of meters used to measure electrical values. It discusses ammeters, which measure current and are connected in series, and voltmeters, which measure voltage and are connected in parallel. Wattmeters measure power by connecting the current coil in series with the load and pressure coil across the load. Multimeters can measure current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, temperature, frequency and more. They offer auto-ranging and auto-polarity functions. Precautions for the experiment include not touching terminals, keeping safe from moving parts, using proper rated fuses or circuit breakers, and switching off power before changing connections.

Uploaded by

Raunak Pahwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
83 views

Experiment No - 2 Aim:-Study of Meters. Apparatus Used/ Required: - 230 Volt Power Supply, Ammeter (0-5/10 Amp) 1 No., Voltmeter

The document describes an experiment to study different types of meters used to measure electrical values. It discusses ammeters, which measure current and are connected in series, and voltmeters, which measure voltage and are connected in parallel. Wattmeters measure power by connecting the current coil in series with the load and pressure coil across the load. Multimeters can measure current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, temperature, frequency and more. They offer auto-ranging and auto-polarity functions. Precautions for the experiment include not touching terminals, keeping safe from moving parts, using proper rated fuses or circuit breakers, and switching off power before changing connections.

Uploaded by

Raunak Pahwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Experiment no -2

Aim:- Study of meters.

Apparatus used/ required:- 230 volt power supply, Ammeter (0-5/10 amp) 1 no., Voltmeter
(250-500v) 1no. , Wattmeter (0-150watt) 1 no. ,Multi meter digital type 1 no. , connecting
wire etc.

1) Ammeter:- Ammeter is used for measuring current in the circuit and are connected
in series with the circuit. The basis requirement for suitability of any instrument is
that its connection in the circuit should not changed the circuit condition as ammeter
as connected in series should low as low possible This required that resistance of an
ammeter as low as possible. This also in series a low power consumption by the
instrument it self further the current coil of an ammeter has low current carrying
capacity .Where as the current to be measured may be quick high for this reason a low
resistance for this low resistance is connected in parallel to the current coil by this

Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM


arrangement only a small current in flow through the current coil of ammeter and

Major portion of ammeter would flow through low resistance connected in parallel to
current coil however the ammeter is calibrated to read the total current.

2) Volt meter :- The principle operation of ammeter and voltmeter are same the construction
is only the difference. Both are used the measure potential difference (P.D) across the circuit.
Where voltmeter is connected in parallel to circuit. The requirement is that the connection of
volt meter should not changed the circuit condition which demand that the current taken by
this operation as low as possible for this the resistance of voltmeter is kept very high by

Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM


connecting a high resistance in series with the current coil instrument this makes the
difference in construction of voltmeter and ammeter . There are three type of voltmeters and
ammeters are used generally –

1) Moving iron type -


2) Moving coil galvanometer-
3) Electronic voltmeter-

3)Wattmeter ;- For D.C circuit the power is given by the product of voltmeter and current in
A.C circuit the power is given by P=VI cos fi, Cos fi = power factor.The measurement of
real power in A.C circuit is done by using an instrument known as wattmeter. The current
coil is connected in series with load and pressure coil is connected across the load the current
coil is fixed while pressure coil is moving coil. The working of this type of wattmeter exerted
blow the current coil and pressure coil the most commonly used wattmeter are e.g. Dynamo
Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM
meter of indicating type wattmeter are also available in dual range for voltages and currents.
E.g. 5-10 , 200-400v for different combination of range voltage and current the rating would
be different. There is only one scale for wattmeter. The various value of multiplying factor a
mentioned on meters these are in accordance to range used for voltage and current if the
wattmeter give negative reading the connection of M and L should be interchanged.

4) Multi meter :-The digital multimeter, DMM, is one of the most common items of test
equipment used in the electronics industry/laboratory today. While there are many
other items of test equipment that are available, the multimeter is able to provide
excellent readings of the basic measurements of amps, volts and ohms. In addition to
this the fact that these digital multimeters use digital and logic technology, means that

Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM


the use of integrated circuits rather than analogue techniques, enables many new test
features to be embedded in the design. As a result, most of today's digital multimeters
incorporate many additional measurements that can be made.

DMM facilities :-

While the facilities that a digital multimeter can offer are much greater than
their analogue multimeter predecessors, the cost of DMMs is relatively low.
Digital mulimters are able to offer as standard the basic measurements that
would typically include:

 Current (DC)
 Current (AC)

 Voltage (DC)

 Voltage (AC)

 Resistance

However, using integrated circuit technology, most digital multimeters are able to offer
additional test capabilities. These may include some of the following:

 Capacitance
 Temperature

 Frequency

 Transistor test - hfe, etc

 Continuity (buzzer)

While some of these additional test features may not be as accurate as those supplied by
dedicated test instruments, they are nevertheless very useful, especially where approximate
readings only are needed.

Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM


In addition to an increase in the number of basic measurements that can be made, refinements
of some of the basic measurements are also available on some models. True RMS digital
multimeters are available. In many instances, AC waveforms use forms of average
measurements that are then converted to RMS measurements using a form factor. This
method of measurement is very dependent upon the shape of the waveform and as a result a
true RMS digital multimeter may be required. In addition to the availability of a true RMS
digital multimeter, similar refinements of the other basic measurements are also available in
some instances.

In addition to the additional measurement capabilities, digital multimeters also offer


flexibility in the way measurements are made. Again this is achieved because of the
additional capabilities provided by the digital electronics circuitry contained within the digital
multimeter. Many digital multimeters will offer two additional capabilities:

 Auto-range: This facility enables the correct range of the digital multimeter to be
selected so that the most significant digits are shown, i.e. a four-digit DMM would
automatically select an appropriate range to display 1.234 mV instead of 0.012 V.
Additionally it also prevent overloading, by ensuring that a volts range is selected
instead of a millivolts range. Digital multimeters that incorporate an auto-range
facility usually include a facility to 'freeze' the meter to a particular range. This
prevents a measurement that might be on the border between two ranges causing the
meter to frequently change its range which can be very distracting.
 Auto-polarity: This is a very convenient facility that comes into action for direct
current and voltage readings. It shows if the voltage of current being measured is
positive (i.e. it is in the same sense as the meter connections) or negative (i.e. opposite
polarity to meter connections). Analogue meters did not have this facility and the
meter would deflect backwards and the meter leads would have to be reversed to
correctly take the reading.

Digital multimeters, DMMs are widely used and very useful items of test equipment. They
enable measurements of quantities such as current, voltage and resistance to be made very
quickly and easily. In addition to this, many digital multimeters are able to measure other

Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM


useful parameters, making these items even more useful. While they do not allow more
complicated measurements to be made, if many engineers were allowed only one item of test
equipment, it would probably be the digital multimeter.

Precaution:-

1) Do not touch any terminal with in swing it is dead.


2) Keep away from all moving part as far as possible.
3) Use sufficient long connecting wire.
4) Use fuse wire or M.C.B of proper rating only.

The circuit should switch off before changing the wire

Department of Food Engineering, NIFTEM

You might also like