Indoor Link Budget for 3G

The table shows representative Link Downlink budget for 3G. Fluctuations in the signal can be represented by a scale and small effects such models are
typically used for external circulation. Indoor shadowing results in a large-scale signal change, which may be represented by a log-normal distribution
in a manner similar to 3G macro propagation model cells.

However, the standard deviation may be much greater in the room, as well as some measurement results indicate standard deviation of 16.0, 16.5 and
17.8 dB at 900, 1800 and 2300 MHz respectively. The standard deviation of lognormal fading can be easily translated by fading should be included in
Calculating Link Budget, based on the required coverage probability (reliability), corresponding to the probability of the edge, and the standard normal
distribution curve. They are similar to the well-established techniques used for outdoor reliability.

The motion of objects surrounding the 3G antennas can cause small variations in the signal due to multipath. This must be taken into consideration.
The process can be considered small-scale multipath the same within each room or adjoining areas. Rayleigh fading is typically used when no dominant
multipath component exists, while the Rican distribution is a more accurate model when both a dominant path and a number of weak multipaths are
present.

Others fade empirical models for the propagation inside are Suzuki, Weibull, and Nakagami distributions are used in 3G link Budget. Since the internal
traffic is typically slow motion, multipath fading is not easily average out. In contrast to the macrocell traffic, multipath fading inside has a greater
impact on performance.

How to Define on the Basis of Pilot Power Microcell or Repeater

In particular, for application indoors, it is often desirable to predict the service area of a repeater or microelement based power CPICH. In the repeater
installation and commissioning, CPICH power can be determined by measuring the output (or input) Ec / No and the received signal. The objective is
to estimate the range of the repeater, or equivalently, microelement Given the known pilot power in dBm. Although this method can be applied to any
source of WCDMA, this applies particularly to the installation of repeater list as amplification repeater can be configured with the necessary amount of
power;

However, between the individual powers, the channel can not be adjusted as it is possible for the picocell. Relative channel power is determined by the
donor cell. The only signal held on a regular donor cell is CPICH power. If the repeater can be predicted on the basis of CPICH power emanating from
the repeater, the repeater gain setting to be more accurate than attempting to predict coating based on a composite power WCDMA.
 Inputs for the basic equation are no minimum required CPICH Ec / No to the EU and pricing, or assumptions, on the other-cell interference
component that the EU experience at the cell edge. The output of this equation is the maximum transmission loss that can be maintained between the
internal source (repeater or pico cells) and the EU.

List of Uplink and Downlink Physical Channel of WCDMA

Downlink Physical Channel of WCDMA

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel:
 Downlink DPCH
Downlink Common Physical Channel:
 Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
 Synchronization Channel ( SCH)
 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
 High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
 High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Uplink Physical Channel of WCDMA
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel:

 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH)

 Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
 High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel

 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Basic Work of WCDMA Physical Channel

 A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code (scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
 In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channels.
 Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots.
 Two types of physical channel: UL and DL.
 Specifications of WCDMA

Channel
5 MHz
Bandwidth 
Duplex Mode  FDD and TDD
Downlink RF
Channel Direct Spread (DS)
Structure 
Chip Rate  3.84 Mcps
Frame Length  10 ms
Spreading
Balanced QPSK (downlink)
Modulation 
 Dual-channel QPSK (uplink)
Complex spreading circuit
Coherent • User dedicated time multiplexed pilot
detection  (downlink and uplink)
• common pilot in downlink
Channel
Data and control channel are
Multiplexing in
multiplexed
Downlink 
Channel
• Control and pilot channel time
Multiplexing in
multiplexed
Uplink  
• I&Q multiplexing for data and control
channel
Multirate  Variable spreading and multicode
OVSF sequences. Gold sequence
Spreading 241 for user separation (different time
(uplink)  shifts in I and Q channel, truncated
cycle 10 ms)
OVSF sequences for channel
Spreading separation. Gold sequences 218-1 for
(downlink)  cell and user separation (truncated
cycle 10 ms)
Spreading
4-256 (uplink), 4-512 (downlink)
Factors 
Power Control  Open and fast closed loop (1.6 kHz)
 Soft handover, Inter-frequency
Handover
handover, etc.
Data Modulation QPSK (downlink), BPSK (uplink)
Channel Coding Convolutional and turbo codes
Main Characterictics of WCDMA
 Support two basic modes: FDD and TDD modes
 High chip rate (3.84 Mcps) and data rates (up to 2 Mbps)
 Employs coherent detection on uplink and downlink based on the use of pilot
symbols
 Inter-cell asynchronous operation
 Fast adaptive power control in the downlink based on SIR
 Provision of multirate services
 Packet data
 Seamless inter-frequency handover
 Intersystem handovers, e.g. between GSM and WCDMA
 Support for advanced technologies like multiuser detection (MUD) and smart
adaptive antennas
How QPSK & BPSK Modulation in WCDMA?
 A data-modulation scheme defines how the data bits are mixed with the carrier signal, which is always a sine wave. There are three basic ways to
modulate a carrier signal in a digital sense: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
 In ASK the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.

 In FSK the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the digital signal.

 The PSK family is the most widely used modulation scheme in modern cellular systems. 
Digital Modulation – BPSK 

In binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, each data bit is transformed into a separate data symbol. The mapping rule is 1 ?> + 1 and 0 ? > ? 1.
There are only two possible phase shifts in BPSK, 0 and ? radians. NRZ means none return zero.
Digital Modulation – QPSK 

The quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation has four phases: 0, ?/2, ?, and 3?/2 radians. Two data bits are transformed into one complex
data symbol; A symbol is any change (keying) of the carrier.
WCDMA Modulation
 Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in
air interface.
R99/R4: QPSK

HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAM

 The UTRAN air interface uses QPSK modulation in the downlink, although
HSDPA may also employ 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16QAM). 16QAM
requires good radio conditions to work well. As seen, with 16QAM also the amplitude
of the signal matters.
 in QPSK one symbol carries two data bits; in 16QAM each symbol includes four
bits. Thus, a QPSK system with a chip rate of 3.84Mcps could theoretically transfer 2
× 3.84 = 7.68 Mbps, and a 16QAM system could transfer 4 × 3.84 Mbps = 15.36
Mbps. In 3GPP also the usage of 64QAM with HSDPA has been studied.
WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition
Logical Channel = information container  Defined by is transferred. 
Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission Described by and with data is transmitted over the radio interface .
Physical Channel = specification of the information global content providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency ,a specific set of codes
and phase.
In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three types of channels:
Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel. 
 Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types: control channel
and service channel. 
 Transport channel: It is the interface between radio interface layer 2 and layer 1, and it is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical
layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into
dedicated channel and common channel. 
 Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interface. Each channel which
uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a physical channel.
Purpose of Channelization Code & Scrambling Code in WCDMA
Purpose of Channelization Code
 Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter

 For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one cell

 For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one UE

 For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier;

 For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32 voice services maximum can be supported in one
WCDMA carrier.
Purpose of Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters

 For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different cells in one carrier

 For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs in one carrier

In addition to spreading, part of the process in the transmitter is the scrambling operation. This is needed to separate terminals or base stations from
each other.
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as channelization code
 Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the
-1 diagonally. This process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper length are generated.
Sequences created in this way are referred as “Walsh” code.

 Channelization uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code
tree illustrated in the diagram.

 Channelization code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the code, and k is the sequence of code, 0?k?SF-1.
Each level definition length of code tree is SF channelization code, and the left most value of each spreading code character is corresponding to the
chip which is transmitted earliest.
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates ? low SF code
Low data rates ? high SF code 

 The channelization codes are Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes. They are used to preserve orthogonality between
different physical channels. They also increase the clock rate to 3.84 Mcps. The OVSF codes are defined using a code tree.

 In the code tree, the channelization codes are individually described by Cch,SF,k, where SF is the Spreading Factor of the code and k the
code number, 0 ? k ? SF-1.  A channelization sequence modulates one user’s bit. Because the chip rate is constant, the different lengths of codes
enable to have different user data rates. Low SFs are reserved for high rate services while high SFs are for low rate services.

 The length of an OVSF code is an even number of chips and the number of codes (for one SF) is equal to the number of chips and to the
SF value.

 The generated codes within the same layer constitute a set of orthogonal codes.
Furthermore, any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except when one of the two codes is a mother code of the other. For example C4,3 is
not orthogonal with C1,0 and C2,1, but is orthogonal with C2,0.
SF in uplink is from 4 to 256. 
SF in downlink is from 4 to 512.
Spreading Technology in WCDMA
Spreading consists of 2 steps:
 Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
 Spreading means increasing the bandwidth of the signal beyond the bandwidth
normally required to accommodate the information. The spreading process in UTRAN
consists of two separate operations: channelization and scrambling.
 The first operation is the channelization operation, which transforms every data
symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The
number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor (SF). Channelization
codes are orthogonal codes, meaning that in ideal environment they do not interfere
each other.
 The second operation is the scrambling operation. Scrambling is used on top of
spreading, so it does not change the signal bandwidth but only makes the signals
from different sources separable from each other. As the chip rate is already achieved
in channelization by the channelization codes, the chip rate is not affected by the
scrambling.
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
 Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs

 Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay

Channel Types
 No Coding

 Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)

 Turbo Coding (1/3)

 UTRAN employs two FEC schemes: convolutional codes and turbo codes. The idea is to add redundancy to the transmitted bit stream, sO
that occasional bit errors can be corrected in the receiving entity.

 The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology, many redundant bits will be inserted in original
information. When error code is caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original information.

 Convolutional codes are typically used when the timing constraints are tight. The coded data must contain enough redundant information to
make it possible to correct some of the detected errors without asking for repeats.

 Turbo codes are found to be very efficient because they can perform close to the theoretical limit set by the Shannon’s Law. Their efficiency
is best with high data rate services, but poor on low rate services. At higher bit rates, turbo coding is more efficient than convolutional coding.
 In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used. Convolution code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies
to high rate data service.

 Note that both block codes and channel codes are used in the UTRAN. The idea behind this arrangement is that the channel decoder
(either a convolutional or turbo decoder) tries to correct as many errors as possible, and then the block decoder (CRC check) offers its judgment on
whether the resulting information is good enough to be used in the higher layers.

WCDMA Block Coding – CRC

 Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrected errors left after error correction.

 The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of block coding.

 Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding and they are checked after the channel decoding.
 During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee
reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel
coding which includes block coding, channel coding and interleaving.
 Block coding: The encoder adds some redundant bits to the block of bits and the
decoder uses them to determine whether an error has occurred during the
transmission. This is used to calculate Block Error Ratio (BLER) used in the outer
loop power control.
 The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is used for error checking of the transport
blocks at the receiving end. The CRC length that can be inserted has four different
values: 0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits. The more bits the CRC contains, the lower is the
probability of an undetected error in the transport block in the receiver.
 Note that certain types of block codes can also be used for error correction, although
these are not used in WCDMA.
WCDMA Network Architecture

 WCDMA including the RAN (Radio Access Network) and the CN (Core Network). The RAN is used to process all the radio-related
functions, while the CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections within the UMTS system, and implements the function of external
network switching and routing.

 Logically, the CN is divided into the CS (Circuit Switched) Domain and the PS (Packet Switched) Domain. UTRAN, CN and UE (User
Equipment) together constitute the whole UMTS system

 A RNS is composed of one RNC and one or several Node Bs. The Iu interface is used between RNC and CN while the Iub interface is
adopted between RNC and Node B. Within UTRAN, RNCs connect with one another through the Iur interface.

 The Iur interface can connect RNCs via the direct physical connections among them or connect them through the transport network. RNC is
used to allocate and control the radio resources of the connected or related Node B. However, Node B serves to convert the data flows between
the Iub interface and the Uu interface, and at the same time, it also participates in part of radio resource management.
Which Bands Used in WCDMA ?
Main bands 
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz 
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different 
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA) 
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) 
 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
 
Frequency channel number?central frequency×5, for main band: 
UL frequency channel number ?9612?9888 
DL frequency channel number : 10562?10838
 The WCDMA system uses the following frequency spectrum (bands other than
those specified by 3GPP may also be used): Uplink 1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz and
downlink 2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz. Each carrier frequency has the 5M band and the
duplex spacing is 190 MHz. In America, the used frequency spectrum is 1850 MHz ~
1910 MHz in the uplink and 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz in the downlink and the duplex
spacing is 80 MHz.