PREVIEW I Frame your IDEAS Complete the questionnaire about your ideal community, How closely do your answers describe where you live now? In what ways are they diferent? cou Tau oe 4. What kind of environment would you prefer to live in? © 2 dense'y-popuiated urban area with skyscrapers © a medium-sized urban a a © 2 suburb, just outside a city, with convenient transportation © «smal town na rural area with a slower pace of ite 2. Which of the follo ideal neighborhood? 19 describe your ) is near my school or job is peaceful and quiet © ’sively and busting with activity ) is friendly, with people who say helo to each other © tras a mix of apartment buildings and private homes © has mainly private homes © has mainty modern high-rise apariment buildings © tas ots of well-maintained historical buildings © issate, wit very ite rime © is very secure, with security cameras and guards other: (~ Ei sar vocasutary Types oF Locations oe Sc Whether you're planning to move soon or just. Ces ae aR Een Ree eae ca oe cet Listen and repeat. ‘Then, with a partner, write a definition for each of these location types. Politely ask someone not to do something 2 Complain about public conduct 3 Suggest ways to avoid being a vietim of turban erime 4 Discuss the meaning of community Butane 3. Which neighborhood amenities would you want easy access to? reliable public transportation Eu) © alarge modern mall © a variety of small businesses, such as hair salons, dry cleaners, florist, ete © alarge supermarket market where you can buy fresh farm produce theaters and stadiums >) hospital and cinios © parks and fines centers © ote ‘an urban area a rural area e suburbs TH Pair work compare your answers in the questionnaire to determine if you have the same preferences. Discuss and explain the reasons for your choices. so UNS‘Understand a variety of accents. By 802 sPotuicHT Read and listen to a conversation between two former La Reieees colleagues. Notice the spotlighted language. Hi, Luiz! Luiz: Bill? What a surprise! Bill: 1just wanted to see how you're doing. How's your new place? You and Lourdes must be all settled in by now. Luiz: Pretty much, Bat city life sure takes some getting used to, Bill: In what way? Luiz: Well, for one thing, not only do we have to deal with bbumper-to-bumper trafic every day, but t's almost impossible to find on-the-street parking. Bill: Yeah, that is a pain, Hey, what about your building? How's that worked out? Luiz: Pretty well. I's safe and well-maintained. But, to be honest, i's been ‘a mixed blessing Bill: What's the problem? Luiz: Well, it's the neighbors on our floor. Whenever they hear someone get off the elevator they look out their door to check who its. I don't mean to soundly” unfriendly, but I wish they mind their own busines w Bill: Well, 'm sure they mean well, You should look on the bright side. ts good to be ina building where people look out for each other. Luiz: That's true. We're very lucky. And Ihave to say, ve fallen in love with the neighborhood, Bill; ‘That's great! Luiz: It's really got a lot to offer; wee never bored, Sometimes we go out for eoffee and just people watch. Bill: Well, all in al, it sounds like things are going wel Luiz: They are, Hey, give my regards to Judy. And let me know ifyoure ever in town, . / Bill: Will do! BH UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Write an expression from Spotlight for each definition 1 choose to have an optimistic viewpoint 2 take care of other people 3 something that has both a good and bad side 4 not intrude in other people's lives 5 requites time to get comfortable with something 6 have good intentions 7 ha many advantages ... El THINK AND EXPLAIN Answer the questions, supporting your answers with information from Spotlight. 41 What does Laz ike about the neighborhood he lives in, and what doesn‘ he like? 2 What does Lata like about his building, and what doesn't he like? EGEARING Pair work on a separate sheet of paper ist the pros and cons of tving in a smal town ‘2 Di city, an a suburb, Then compare opinions with a partner. Use expressions from Spotlight 44 What | don’t ike about living in the {1 Afe ina small town is a mixed blessing. I's city isthe bumper-to-bumper traffic. 97 clean and uiet. But there's not much to dol» aL52 + DI PAIR WoRK compare the examples you wrote in exercise C, Explain why (Bt [Bl UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Write a check mark next tothe sentences that are Politely ask someone not to do something I ss worn stuoy usiNG NEGATIVE PREFIXES TO FORM ANTONYIS Listen and repeat. dis ie 1 acceptable unacceptable 4 proper = improper im uns 2 considerate — inconsiderate 5 respectful + disrespectful i 3 polite = impolite 6 responsible — irresponsible Ey won stupy PRACTICE Use a dictionary to find antonyms for these words, Then make a ist of other acjectves with negative prefixes. 1 appropriate 5 honest 2 courteo 6 pleasant 3 excusable . 7 rational 7 4 imaginable 8 mature TE Activate worD sTupy Write sentences that describe Inappropriate public behavior. Use adjectives from Exercises A and B Example: t'sinconsderate te ply avd mesic inthe libery. 1 you consider the behavior inappropriate. GH crammar_usine possessive ceRunos ‘You can use possessive gerund when you want to indicate the performer af the action. object other playing ous musi ate at ng Jack's talking diving the move was anoying, Does my daughter’ playing video games bother you? ‘What bothers me is his not apologizing for texting during class. Ininformal spoken English, itis acceptable to use a name, a noun, or an abject pronoun instead of @ possessive, but ony the gerund phrase i the dec object inthe sentence. "object to them playing loud musi ate at night. . BUT Neveruse a name, noun, oran objet pronoun ifthe gerund isthe subject of the sentence. Use a possess. Their playing music late at night is a problem, NOT Them-playing music late at night is a problem. incorrect in speaking or writing, Correct them, (111 "Do you mind me eating lunch at my desk?” aq [52 “Your brother not saying hello to her was disrespectful.” = . a (13 “Kevin not agreeing to remove his shoes in my house was kind of impolite” (4 “Isn't Pata honking her car horn early in the morning inexcusable?" (15 “dont tike you answering your phone while we're eating dinner uurTB arammar practice Combine the two statements, using a possessive gerund 4 They allow smoking. 'm not in favor of Tsu notin fewer ef theirellowing rmeling 2 He texted his friends during the concert. I didn't appreciate that 3 ‘They eat fast food in the car. Does your mother object to it? 4 She's talking on her cell phone. We don't mind it 5 My brother didn’t apologize. P'm really annoyed by it. Unavesed sabes: owe Politely ask someone not to do something > 20 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies. A: Do you mind my smoking here? B: Actually, smoking kind of bothers me, hope that's nota problem Not af all. [can step outside. ‘That's very considerate of you. “Thanks for asking er By ses rnvram ano intonation - Listen again and repeat. Then practice the conversation witha partner. TH NoTEPADDING Make a list of situations in whieh you would probably ask for permission to do something 308) Ways to soften an objection hope that’s not a problem, hope you don't mind hope it's OK Fall right. Yourist Idon't mean to inconvenience you. turning on the TV ina doctor wating room th someone making a phone call hile having dinner Your list, ‘DON'T STOP! "EI PE] CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a conversation similar « Expnin why the Behavior bothers you to the one in Exercise A, using a situation from your notepad, + Express understanding of you ‘Start like this: Do you mind my’... ? Be sure to change roles and) __ anes point of ww. then partners. + Say as much as you can, cyComplain about public conduct ‘Well it really bugs me when people cutin line at the theater! They should either arrive early enough for a good seat for wat inline patiently like everyone else does, | anaes itll you what realy gets to me. | can neither tolerate nor understand people's ltering in public places. Do they really expect others to clean up after them? That's jst so inconsiderate. Either they should throw their garbage in a trash can fr they sbould hold on toi till they ierrnreees they are?” find one, Joon Seyeat Ken Becker San rene, USA Phiedlpha, USA “Here's a pet peeve of mine: | hate it when people forget to turn off their phones during a lecture or workshop, Not onlyisic distracting to the speaker, but it's also annoying to the audience. They should either have the courtesy co turn their phones off F ‘Nancy Shen Poulo Acosta It really ets on my nerves when people spit on che street. Not only do | find itdisgusting, but i's also unhygienic. I's important to think about Ei Express your ipeAs which ofthe examples of public behavior described in the interviews bug you the most? With a partner, compare your opinions and explain your reasons S22 Gl crammarpaireo conuncrions Be carefull ‘You can connect related ideas with paired conjunctions. When Joining two subjects with ether or neither, make sure the verb agrees with the either... oF Subject nearer to the verb Either people should smoke outside or they shouldn't smoke at al Either the ayar or focal businesspeople Phones should either be turned off ar left at home, eS naa cs ts major neither .. nor needs to decide, | would allow neither spitting nor littering. Neither eating nor drinking is allowed inthe la. roto. bt 133 Inert sbject and ver afta Nt ony. Use comma ater the fst clause. SO ea vs ‘Not only is it dangerous to text while driving, but it may be illegal, a ee Too, nether or ho either: ‘Not only did they forget to tum off their phones, but they also talked during the concert. Bi orice tHE GRAMMAR Find an example of paired conjunctions in Spotlight on page 54. 54 UNITSBi crammar practice On a separate sheet of paper, combine the sentences, using the paired conjunetion with or, nor, or but (also). 1 People should speak up about what bothers them, They should just learn to live with other people's habits. (either) 2 I's rude when people talk on their phones in theaters, Its also rude when they talk ‘on them on buses. (not only) 3 Thate the smell of cigarette smoke, I worry about the danger to my health, (not only) 4/My uncle isn’t willing to give up smoking. My grandparent smoking, (neither) Vt-willing to give up Complain about public conduct BY NoTEPADDING Make a ist of some of your pet peeves in pubic places. Then write sentences with palred conjunctions to express your opinion Use some of the adjectives with negatve prefixes Inrestaurants: reading e-mail and texting during the meal Sia annoying, but tt alovery impolite nasa inkine [Not onlsit annoying, butt ale very 3 talking in theaters * playing loud muse ‘honking a car horn thot saying “Excuse me In restaurants In stores: Agjactives with negative prefixes cisrespecttul E On the street: impolite inconsiderate inexcusable On buses and trains noffees itresponsibie unacceptable In movie theaters unpleasant Other: EE] APP ty THE GRAMMAR In a group, roleplay on-the street interviews, with one student as the interviewer. Use your notepads and the Grammar Spotight on page 54 as a guide, &é what really ticks me offis... 99 Here's what really gets on my nerves... 641" tell you what really getstome...77 4 Do you want to know what bugs me? 77, © [Discussion acrivaTor Discuss the REDWeue Ts LANGUAGE questions, Say as much as you can, ETS Ing oa opine ar eitould peopl + reo mes tessa behave in public places? Do you think + [They] should mind [thelr] own business. + [Tey mean well i's important to speak up when people layla behave inconsiderately in public? 2 Do you ever do things that annoy other people? Explain,‘Suggest ways to avoid being a victim of urban crime IY READING WARM-UP. Why do you think tourists might make ideal victims for criminals? = [EJ > 308 READING Read the interview. Do you agree with Miller's advice? DON’T LET URBAN CRIME SPOIL Lae realy ee eine meee a iete hos beens re es 3 of the world. In this interview, travel writer Miaaaedcraaaceae er suggests ways for visitors to avoid Miller: goos without saying: vod streets that are not becoming vietims of urban crime. ‘welt at right, And avoid going While there's usually safety nu You claim that tourists are particularly vulnerable ust alractions aso attract thieves te aed happening around you—as yout head. On the stret, avoid using Miller: Wa, ono tng, tute more ie tablet—or fmbing w ° than focal peop tobe carying erge need to, Be cr valuabies such as jowory ‘also out of their comfort zor that ons or stats 3. They aia with ft Because theyre uses or trains. Ba susp aisto Thieves are kn won't realize juard down, thinking they are safe wher in f enioy re more likely then "9. Anda warning 10 hay arent. And let's face it: tourists woman: Be car -y purse, It may be iferent and dress aiferently from the residents of the place harder fora criminal © grab, but you could be injaed if the hey visiting, purse snatcher is on a metoreyele. What kinds of crime do tourists need to be Pye anette) eae eer eared Miller: Al kinds, including vilent crime, unfortunately Miller: Good point! Don't leave valuables unprotected in furs, however, are primarily targeted for theft of your room, where @ burglar might break in and take them the valuables they have on them and the ink Ask the front desk to keep them for you. Bet tha Credit cards, and other forms ion that, alin al, crime ra Because oul gained from p of identification congregate at tourist attractio do thelr work, Not on fora pickpocket to take someone's wallet unnaticed, bu italso makes it easier fora purse-snatcher to quickly grab somthing and run, A mugger can folow a vtim unt he aloe al en ATM machine, for exam nd the victim's money and property ye eae) Miller: Beiore you leave home, use the Internet to learn 1 avoid high crime you know, the better you can r passport and make sure 4 numbers. When you're ing, chcose clothes that don't make you stand out as a ist. By the way, the inside pocket ofa jacket may seem 04 place for 2 wallot or passport, but is a favorite argot for pickpockets, You should either ring pants and jackets with zippered or buttoned nsider buying ‘money bet. And leave unnecessary valuables at hom the chances you wil become n't let worrying about crime 53 UNITS.TH cuassiry Look or the words pickpocket, purse snatcher, mugger, and reading. Then choose the kin of criminal who commited each crime below 1 “Las looking for souvenirs at the market when this kid grabs my bag!” Clapickpocket — [] apursesnateher — [] a mugger burglar 2 “Lleft my laptop in a dresser drawer under my dirty clothes, but when I got back to the hotel it was gone!” Dapickvocket F apursesnatener — C)amugger LJ a burglar 3 “Lwas watching the parade when all of a sudden L realized someone had taken my passport! Clapickpocket [J apurse snatcher [J amugger — [] a burglar 4 “We were walking on the beach, and three big guys surrounded us and demanded our wallets!” (pickpockets) purse snatchers —[] muggers) burglars . BD unpenstano MEANING FROM CONTEXT Read each statement from the interview. Match each underlined expression with its meaning 4 They are also out oft ir comfort zone, a not be careful 2 Tourists ate more likely than locals to b be more notie let thei able than others ¢ checking to see if you might be a good vietim d less risk by doing things with others @ doing what they're not accustomed to doing 3 Tourists stand out 4... there’s usually safety in numbers. ng you up. 5 Heorshe BB crivicat THINKING Discuss the questions, Support your eas with examples 1 What are sone ways that tourists might lt ther guar down when traveling? cam 2 What should a visitor to your country do to not “look like a tourist?” What would you do to not look like one when you travel? 3st ways to avoid becoming a victim of urban crime By NorerapDINa witha partner, aiscuss ways to avoid becoming a rime vietim in your own town oF city foreach situation onthe notepad. Summarize your ideas. While riding in a ear While using public transportation EX ROLE PLAY Imagine thet you area tourist visiting new ety, and your partner is foal Tell your partner about what you've been doing while walking on the street, during your visit. Your partner makes suggestions for how to avpid crime, Summarize your ideas on 7 the notepad. while staying in a hotel OTN write a short guide tor Visitors to your city. Suggest how to stay safe and avoid becoming a crime victim. while getting cash at an ATM machine other 37Discuss the meaning of community SSB BJ sus USTENING WARMUP VOCABULARY; COMMUNITY SERVICE ACTIVITIES Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat ATT COU eT Comsat BEAUTIFY CLEANUPS RAISE af ue ant flowers or trees Riaoh ‘ Pick up trash from parks, where ere arent any playgrounds. or the street & VOLUNTEER i = Mail letters, make phone Work without payin Give the gilt f lie to someone cals. Knock an doars. or set the fre department. a | who's very sick or has been in up a table to raise money for hospital. ora school | 2 serious accident a charity or cause. Bi vocasutary PRACTICE Would you ever consider 44 would never consider volunteering doing any community service activities? With a ‘my time to clean up litter. think * partner, explain what you would, or would never, do. _they should pay people to do that. 79 {098% [J] Fein LISTEN To SUMMARIZE Listen tothe report about the Ice Bucket Challenge. What was It? Deseribe the idea in your own words. By esau uisten ror DETAILS Read the questions. Then listen | again and answer them 4 How much money did the Iee Bucket Challeige suggest iy donating someone did't take the challenge? 2. How much money was donated in just one month? 3 What percentage of the videos posted on Facebook actually led to donations?[sir Listen To CONFIRM CONTENT. The report mentions that some people ertcized the ice Bucket Challenge. Read the list of ertcisms. Then listen again and check the ‘ones that are actually mentioned in the port, [11 tmade people feet bad if they chose not to participate in the challenge 2 Mere (3 People should have paid more (54 The challenge didnt raise a lot of money for research, [15 Dumping.ice water on your head could be dangerous, 116 Some celebrities took the challenge just to call attention to themselves. more serious problems for which people could have donated money tention Lo the cause rather than on having fun, Bil Express ano SUPPORT AN OPINION Discuss the questions using information from the report and your on ideas 1 Doyou think the Ice Bucket Challenge was a good idea? Do you agree with the erities or the supporters? Why? 2 Why do you think people on social media responcled so strongly to the Iee Bucket Challenge? Discuss the meaning of community IE) FRAME YOUR IDEAS With a partner consider each situation and discuss what you might do Based on your answers, how would you define the meaning of “community"? 4 ft responsi to my = Smiter magne sine this for a total stranger. 77 ‘There has been a terrible ‘There has been a natural been destroyed. You're asked || and someone needs 2 blood {olet a family ive with you transtusin to survive. You until their home is fixed. have the same blood type Sees and can donate your blood bel to save that person's it. 1 your relatives? \ebeedegate gh do historic tourist attraction so your rghbos? eee eee they can build anew offic your colleague's family? &. a family member building. You're asked to donate : ante heoget ©. your neighbor? your time to write letters a resomaien and tak to your fiends and dane wane colleagues to help save thing to do. Developers plan to destroy a in your neighborhood? {in another part of the city? in another city in your country? in another country? storm, and many homes have disaster with casualties, Of course I'd help a stranger! I's the right EEE By PAIR WoRK Make a list of ideas for community projects in which you and your classmates could possibly participate. Share your list with the class and explain why you think your ideas would be worthwhile.60 Formal letters: Review By were skit study te rules, 4719 Mtherson Anu When writing to a friend or relative, itis acceptable to use an vendiee ote informal tone, casual language, and abbreviations. However, ee eas ate —{ June 30,2018 when writing to the head of a compary, a boss, or someone you don't know, standard formal language should be used, and Red Mople Café aA=e regular spelling and punctuation rules apply. Formal letters are 708 West Pine Street _ sale usually typed, not handwritten. The following salutations and Priladalpia, PA 19102 closings are appropriate for formal letters: Dear Sir or Madam: }-— salutation Formal salutations Formal closings Hive af blocks from your restaurant. Fr the past several months, Rave noticed thtin he IFyou know the name: Dear Ms. Krum: Sincerely, evenings there is lot of trash on the side of your Bea eae Respecttully Duling Cas inthe neighborhood um verte eS Sates garbage cans, andthe wath goes everyuner, Dear Rrofessoniees; Bostragan This is nt only unpleasant to look at, butt ako Dear Dr. Smith: Cordially, Re ae Respect, }— losing oe When writing a formal letter of complaint, frst state the Cbenig Kru J — serarre reason you are witing end dese the problem Then inform Olin eum SER yu af a wa oa wal Il ar Her do about or what you plan todo. The lengua and tone in your tnessage shouldbe formal and pote, RACTICE Write a salutation appropriate for a formal letter to each of these people. 1 ateacher at a university whose family name is Smith 2 acompany manager whose name you don't know 3 a female company manager whose family name is Costa ik manager whose smily name is Takata 5 a physician who manages a clinic and whose family name is Grimonel ‘9m [APPLY THE WRITING SKILL On a separate sheet of paper, : — write a letter of complaint about a problem in your eity or town Fseurcueck] State what you would lke to see done to fix the problem. 1D bid use the proper soit Remember to be polite and appropriately formal and closing? 1D Ave me tone ana tanguage i ny eter ERIS xcnange etter with a aaa? 111 use reir speling ad punctuation Write an appropriate response to your partner's letter, as if and 20d abbrowations? were the person to whom it was addressed. unis:By > 215) Listen carefully to each story. inter the type of criminal being described and complete the statements with the details of the crime. 1A snsensee HOOK DIS while he was riding on a . 2A stole from her while she was walking with a .. 3 Hesawa running down the street with a girl's 4a broke into her s son: and took her husband's EX Respond to each statement or question in your own way 4 *Your texting during the movie kind of bothers me” You: 2 ‘Would you mind not smoking in here?” You: 3 “What bugs you about living in your town?” You 4 “Who does th Tdi Mai cach sentence logical by attaching a negative prefix tothe adjective. Use a dictionary necessary 5 Whena salesperson is rude, [find i not only 1 Smoking on public buses and trains is really respectful but also annoying. lexensable.inexcusable 6 Ishould warn you that the air pollution 2 Ibelieve littering and spitting on the street downtown is really pleasant a Doe oes ‘a 7 I think it’s honest to sell souvenirs to tourists 3 People who play loud muse without at higher prices than people usually pay. aa ar 8 It doesn’t help when people are eourteous to are exhibiting really proper behavior. Patt other! 4 [think it's appropriate for people to text their friends during movies. BB combine tne sentences, using paired conjunctions. 1 Restaurants shouldn't allow smoking, Theaters shouldn'tallow smoking, (neither... nor) 2 Smoking should be banned. It should be restricted. (ether ... o1) 3 Littering doesn't offend me. Spitting doesn't offend me. (neither ... nor) 4 [think loud music is rude. I think loud people are rude. (Not only ... but) ~ =j Web Project: Urban Communities SESS ». 155 engi conyumntse 61Exchange opinions about the ‘roatment of animals Discuss the pros and cons of certain pets imals BS coveniniacnensoun: 4 Debate the value of animal conservation PREVIEW By FRAME Your EAS Complete the activity. With a partner, explain your choices. Which categories of animals invite the most negative or positive responses? panreeyay \ ||, V.\ Bapetearsacity anelephant acicodie = asiake * rabbit Nay fae aes nee ee tightening “funny hardworking independent ee ae ome gn EX sis VOCABULARY CATEGORIES OF ANIMALS Look atthe categories and photos in Exercise A. Lsten ane repeat, DISCUSSION Discuss the question. 1 Would your responses have been different if any of the animals had been babies instead of adults? How? affect your choices, such as color or size? In what ways? 2 Did any other physical fact 3 Did any experiences you've had with any of these animals affect your choices? How? 62 unreBy 318) SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation over lunch at an international meeting. Notice the spotlighted language. Pam: Nice picture. Hey, are those your cats? Karina: Yeah, they're my babies. We've had the gray one a long time. She's almost seventeen now. Pam: No way! She still looks so healthy. What about the white one? Karina: We think he's pretty young. Actually, he was hanging around outside our house all summer, ‘and it didn’t seem like anyone was taking care of him. We felt sorry for him, so we took him in. Pam: Lucky eat! He looks like a member of the family now. But I'l bet the older ‘one wasn't 100 crazy about having a new cat around, Karina: Well, he thinks he's still a kitten; he just wants to play all the time. But Td say she puts up with him pretty well. She's really patient Pam: From the picture, it looks like she's the one in charge. Karina: Definitely. She doesn’t fool around. If he gets too rou she knows how to put him in his place. Hey, do you have any pets? Pam: No, we don't. When we feel like being around animals, wwe go to the 200, Karina: Actually, I'm not too erazy about zoos. [just don't think animals should be cooped up in small cages. Pam: Normally Td agree with you. But our local zoo isn't like that at all. The larger mammals have plenty of outdoor space. Its pretty humane, I think, Karina: Well, that's good. I guess we shouldn't just assume that animals in captivity aren't treated well, UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Find each expression in Spotlight. Then complete the statements. 1 When Karina say's they “fell sorry for” the younger cat, she means they ..... in apologized to b were concerned about were annoyed with 2 When she says the older cat “puts up with’ the younger one, she means the older cat a isannoyed with him b accepts his behavior ¢ is concerned about him 3 When she says the gray cat is the one “in charge,’ she means the gray cat a obeys the white one b is obeved by the white one _¢ is older than the white one 4 When she says the gray cat put the white one “in his place,” she means the gray one. a isthe boss b isn't the boss, ¢ ishis friend 5 When she refers to animals being “cooped up in” cages, she means they aaremadecomfortable —_b don't get to go outside € often go outdoors PAIR WoRK choose one or mote of these topics. Tell your partner about: + atime when you or someone you know felt sorry for an animal and took tin + atime when someone’ pet ad to put up with another anal + home where the pet was te one in charge EEEEASINEN crour work piscuss the questions. 1 Do you care if'an animal is cooped up in a cage? Why or why not? Are there times when an animal should be? 2 Which animals on page 62 do you think need lots of outdoor space? Why?Exchange opinions about the treatment of animals I) sie GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT. Read the social media posts Notice the spolghte grammar. | really fee sorry for animals that are mistreated. Does anyone else ge as fed up as | do about their inhumane treatment In my opinion. animals should never be killed just for sport or entertainment, Hunting, bullightng, and any other “spore” that involves the kiling of defenseless animals should be completely banned, And the Idea that monkeys or dogs have to be used in medical research seems ridiculous to me. What do you all think? Is inhumane treatment of animals ever justified? Reike Yamamoto aly Acar, pan Maybe you're right about kiling animals for sport, but dan’ you think the needs of people should sometimes be considered? For example, it seems clear to me that small mammals like mice or rabbits have to be used for medical research to make sure new mecieations are safe, Itjust can’t be avoided. Otherwise, new medical treatments might not be discovered, We can't fool around when iccomes to medicine Mario Colbore July 1 yon, France | agree with Reiko—people frst. But that doesn't mean animals should be treated inhumanely. 'm sure research method could be Improved. And recently Iwas reading about factory farms that raise ‘chickens or beef cattle, and | was shocked at how crowded and fithy the ‘conditions were, know animals have to be slaughtered for food, but, Im sure they could be raised more humanely EX evatuare Deas bo you agree with any ofthe opinions expressed inthe posts? Why or why not? Foran soosre EE Notas amos Er IW cramman passive moats prey Remember: We use the passive vole to focus onthe receiver af an action rather than the person or thing that performs the action, Form passive modals with a modal + be and a past participle. Note: Have 10 is a modal-like expression, Contos for ate on factory fers could be improved. noe eee Altematives to using migeforreseren might be found {oom have ac has. oes Bo or Bees The hunting of bears shouldbe prohibited anetos nd dot on. doas Tiaditions like bullfighting have to” be preserved, Yes / no questions Information questions ‘Should chickens be cooped up in cages? Why shouldn't reptiles or amphibians be used for esearch? Can't factory chicken farms be shut down? \Whry must all animals’ lves be respected? BUT Do large mammals have to be kept in 00s? How might people's attitudes be changed? Remember: have to = obligatory don’t have to = not obligatory must OR must not = obligatory 6 unre"= Bl Norice THe GRAMMAR. Find one passive mada n Spotlight on page 63. BB onoenstano THE GRAMMAR With a partner, decide who the performer of the action is. Then choose the active or passive voice to complete each statement. 661m item 1, people isthe 1 People (Should treat / should be treated) animals humanely perforahat ine anion yy 2 Large mammals like lions (Shouldn't keep / shouldn't be kept) in 200s. 3 Inorder to help people with disabilities, dogs (have to train / Nave to be trained) when they are young. 4 They say people (can teach /ean be taught) bears to do tricks like dancing or st nding up on command 5 Horses (shoulda force / shouldn't be forced) to run in races. : 6 Sometimes, in order to protect people, aggressive dogs that live on the street (have to kill/ have to be killed). Ed cramman practice write sentences, using passive modals. 1 People /shioulds't allow to hunt elephants 2. New medicines / might discover through animal research, 3 Monkeys / shouldn't / keep as pets, 4 A lot/ could / do to improve conditions for cattle on factory farms. 5 The treatment of research an als / must / Improve 6 Can't/ 200s / use for performing scientific research to protect animals? 7 Why / chickens /have to /raise in such crowded conditions? Exchange opinions about the treatment of animals DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Use the ideas to exchange 4.4 opinions with a partner about the ways animals Sea data healer are used or treated. Ask and answer questions, using slaughtering animals for food. passive modals. Say as much as you can. + keeping animals in 200s * raising animals for sports, such as 4400 you think animals have to be used facing or fighting for fredicaltesoarch? ldo, We can't + king animals for their hides and fur ature ‘experiment on humans, can we? 97 {cAatualy, don't think animals Exess an non Should be treated that way Ten ts may wo ithinkit's morally wrong.?? Toute 1 ok une sve castes Vatterott Wiser By summarize tHe piscussion tmopoosed to — Compare your classmates’ opinions. Disagree about the treatment of animals. 2 Tae eyou meant — Does the mejorty of shea Thorson yoo at el — Soot ae sone nea Ont one end btn he er * Heguldrt agree wih you more eompletly agree. You'e so ghtGOAL Discuss the pros and cons of certain pets 42) BBN > 217 VOCABULARY DESCRIBING PETS Read and lston. Then listen again and repeat. sive aha fundoving tyre aetna ad at a wins However, they're also high-maintenance. fe . jonate friendly and loving Kentle/ good-natured easygoing; good with kids and other pets low-main ance —_easy to care forand inexpensive to keep | loyal / devoted attentive (0 its owner; reliable protective ood at protecting its owner from d hostrung/exeltable nervous; easily frightened costly expensive to buy and to take eare of nger harmful to furniture and other things lunclean; makes a mess intenance time-consuming to take care of aggressive har¢ to control; possibly dangerous BE] stn usteN ro ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to each conversation and complete the chart with the pet and is pros and cons. Use the Vocabulary. Listen again it necessary. EXPRESS AND SUPPORT AN OPINION Discuss the questions. 1 Inwhat ways can an animal be a good companion to a child? An adult? An older person? 2 Do you know anyone who is too attached to his or her pet? Why do you think some people get emotionally close to their animals? Dl onour work Use the vocabulary to tll Your classmates about your pastor prose ets or about those of people you know.Discuss the pros and cons of certain pets By esis conversation spoTLiaHt Read and listen. Notice the spotighted conversation strategies. A: Do you think-a poodle would make a good pet? BE Actually, Tm notsosure, Pve heard they're really high-mnaintenance, A: Inwhat way? 8; Wel, for one thing, they need aot of attention Te consider getting.a guinea pig instead A; Why a guinea pig? B: Well, they're very low-maintenance, And hesides, theyre really gentle ‘A; But what ifyou were looking for something a bitmore affectionate than a guinea pig? B; Then Td geta cat. These affectionate and they’re low-maintenance. ago) RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner. NOTEPADDING With a partner, complete the chart with animals that make good and bad pets. Explain why, using the Vocabulary. Choose animals from page 62 or others you know. | ‘Animals that make exceptionally good pets | Reasons ~ Animals that make really bod pets Reasons 2 B] CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR DONT STOP! [G5 Create a conversation similar to the one in aaahe more suggestions. SH Exercise A, using the information on your * Describe the pros and atc fury notepad. Start like this: Do you think a Consof ether pets cate iter Would make a good pet? Be sure to change _* Sty #8 much ab you can dargeous —* nosy foles and then partners. aiasire Sten “accatng «Ugly + mgntening[By 21 LISTENING WARM-UP VOCABULARY: ANIMAL SOCIAL GROUPS AND PROTECTIVE PHYSICAL FEATURES Read and listen, Then listen again and repeat hooves (singular: a hoof) APPL New VocABULARY Complete the chart with a partner. ee Pees fen Een iene Animals that gather in herds »)s22| LISTEN TO DEFINE TERMS Listen to Part 4 of the lecture to answer this question: | ‘What is the difference between an animal that is a predator and one that is prey? By 320 LISTEN FOR EXAMPLES Listen to Part ofthe lecture again, With a partner, find ‘an example from the listening to explain each of the following: 7) 1 abenefit ofa social group for animals of prey 2 a benefit of a social group for predators 3 the role ofa dominant animal in a social geoup 4 the meaning of “fight or flight” 6s unre Y keBB 20 Listen ror DETAILS Now listen to Part 2 ofthe lecture and answer the questions 1 What is the eifference between learned behavior and instinet? 2 What e two examples of learned behavior from the lecture [i thin ano expLaIn Which ofthese situations do you think ilustrate learned behavior 25 opposed to instine!? Explain your reasons, based an information from the lecture, ‘Yung cats respond to beaks wide so that an adult thelemather away froma perceived dango by geting wit puta wor inside. potential predator. alto runaway ort it Hungry baby birds open their == Baby rabbits quick! follow TE aprty IDEAS Discuss the questions, 1 Look at the animuls in Preview on page 62, Which are predators and which are prey? Which are both? : | 2 What are some ways in which you think humans behave: like herd animals or flocks orb like animals who socialize in packs? Provide examples | Compare animal and human behavior IBY worerapping In what ways do you think humans are the same as other animals? in what ways do you think were completely diferent? Write some ideas. tow were te same orsimitor | How ware very aferent | ans are more able to respond Groups provide safety and social | fom 0 to danger using their intelligence. interaction How we're the same or similar | How we're very ferent | Bi piscussion share your ideas with your classmates. Do you think we have more | similarities to or differences from other animals? Use the examples from your notepad. marae \“ + inane ietigent protectveDebate the value of animal conservation IJ READING WARM-UP What are some endangered animals you can tink of? What are some threats to their survival? {82 [BE] m2 READING Read the stories. What do you think ensured the survival of the Buta in the US.? ei STi) ‘We live on a planet thats rich in biodiversity—there are millions of different species of animals and plants across the globe. Yet many species are disappearing at an alarming rate as the habitats in which plants ‘and animals live together are reduced year after year. Currently, 11,000 species of plants and animals—including over 180 mammals—are at risk of becoming extinct because ofthis loss of habitat. Once gone, their disappearance is ireversible—they cannot be brought back. Inits fast developmentas nation over the last three hundred years, the United States has experienced some dramatic shifts in animal populations. Here Is the story of dismal failure and a remarkable success story, Early European Visitors to North America told amazing stories about huge flocks of passenger pigeons that darkened the sky for hours as as they flew south for ey Ci Unita) Buffalo Before European settlers came to North America, there were more than 50 milion buffalo roaming in huge herds across the continent's central fatiand, which are today known a the Great Phin. These strange-looking, magnificent creatures wth their fury heads and shoulders and distinctive horns were an important resource for food, clothing and sheer for Native Americans living on the pains, And they played an enormous 5 ufo ides were mportant a hatbe meron Freleng forsee winter. They were part in the plains ecosystem, sustaining. . easy targets for ‘other animals and plans. Weaker buffalo Fe hunters, delicious to. provided food for predators lke bears ‘ke! xt, and useful for and wolves. Herds attracted birds that — ‘making feather beds Estimates put their total population at about five billion—the same number as the population of al birds combined in the U.S, today. By the mid-1800s, the hunting of passenger pigeons had become a large-scale commercial enterprise, supplying east coast cities with a picked at buffalo fur for insects. Thousands of hooves walking over the landscape prevented aggressive plants from taking over. In the 1800s, as new settlers moved from the East to settle the West, whole herds were slaughtered, often just for sport. Bufalo were considered an obstacle to the setters’ desire to grow crops and raise cattle. The resource that sistained Native Americans for centuries began to disappear. By the end of the 1800s, there were as steady supply of birds. Around 300,000 a year few as 750 buffalo remaining. { were sent to New York City alone, At the Many people were shocked thatthe bufal, long considered same time, their habitat and food sources were ‘a symbol of the West, had been allowed to come so close to Shrinking as forests were cut down for farming extinction, Fortunately, efforts to save them were begun in 1905 and construction, Inadéton, approximately ‘The remaining herds were gathered together and protected, Their 250,000 birds were kiled simply for sport each umber steal increased to today’s population of about 350,000. year. Making matters worse, a female passenger Pigeon laid only one egg each year. By the tum ‘What conclusion can we draw from these stories? of the veneth Coy: Ty eeeess co arte ln the case ofthe passenger pigeon, extinction was occuring so fast the passenger pigeon were too late, The lst that, even with efforts to save tem, twas too late to ac. However, we Surviving pigeon died inthe Cincinnati Zoo in an see that with the American bul, conservation efforts can make a 1914—a species lost forever. eae 70 wwe[Bl UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Choose the correct meaning for each word. 1 biodiversity fa the place where animals live b the variety of living things € the disappearance of a spec 2 ahabitat a the food animals eat bb the place animals live the number of species 3 extinetion a the protection of a species bb the hunting of a species € the disappearance ofa species 4 conservation a the protection of animals from extinction b adanger to animals ¢ asource of food 5 an ecosystem a adanger to animals bb the protection ofa spe community of Tiving things Bi recoanize CAUSE AND EFFECT Discuss these questions with 2 partner. cay 1 What are four reasons the passenger pigeon became extinet? Why did conservation efforts fail? cal! 2 Why did settlers hunt the buffalo? How did the buffalo come so close to extinction? Debate the value of animal conservation By Frame Your IDEAS With a partner, read and discuss the arguments for and against animal conservation. Which arguments are the strongest for each side of the animal conservation debate? Which are the weakest? ee For $$$ Against + Extinetions are simply part ofthe natural process-I's the principle of “survival of the fittest + Human beings have a responsibility to protect all living things. + Species should be preserved for future generations. + Environmental protection costs a lot of money. I's “a luxury” for countries that have mare serious problems. + Millions of species have already become extinct with no significant impact on the environment~it's no big deal. + natural parks that protect wialife ae big tourist attractions that generate jobs and income for local economies. + Species extinction is happening at such a fast rate we'd be foolish not to act auicky. + Conservation limits land avaitable to farmers, who really need it for thet livelinood. + For every species ost to extinction, humans miss the chance to make new discoveries~for example, new medicines. + bo we really need 2,000 species of mice? + Your own ideast + Your ov ideas: ws a and one against #4 don'tsee why we should worry about conserving Ef vepate Form two groups—one for and one against 2 tye of endangered frog oF salamander. There this statement: Its important to protect all species of —Sre many othe Kinds that sre not endangered. 79 ‘animals from extinction. Take turns presenting and ‘supporting your views with reasons and examples. cut the extinction of one type of frog could affect mammals and reptiles that may depend on that species for food. )? TA wite at teast wo 44 Come to think of it, paragraphs about the reasons some animals become you havea point! 7 | ~ amphibians endangered, Describe the threats to their survival and bids what can be done to save them. n‘Supporting a point of view BY warnne skit study the rules ‘Many people question whether it's To persuade readers to agree with your point of view in an essay: humane to keep animals in 200s, Howeves, today's z00s can play an important sole in + State your paint of view in the introduction to your essay. animal conservation. Thy can do thc ms + Then provide examples, facts, or experts’ opinions that number of ways support your point of view. that one thing, studies suggest Another effective technique is to demonstrate the weakness that arimal conservation research and of opposing arguments, SRayton may be conducted more + Summarize your main point in a concluding sentence. for ensuing the survival ofendongenet Use expressions like these to support your point of view. ren eattte dicted Further, conservation efforts at Pay attention to correct punctuation when needed. the Parkland Zoo, biologist Ann Fish States that zo03 an protect the young, [Support your point of view Offer experts’ opinions ‘of endangered species until they wre of For one thing, [Smith] states tat rachel the wc all animals should bef For example, According to (Rivera, and that itis unethical to eeep i ‘9p any animals For instance, Studies suggest that inz00s. However, the survival ef ty punheninare. species inthe wild may actully dene the resus ofthe scent studi oo” scion stdin a 2008 provide. a Refute opposing arguments ‘Conclude your ‘Im conclusion, | bolieve endangered Ttcan be argued that... In conclusion, animals should be kept in zs in sek {Some peop] think. } However, | in summary, suppor conservation efforts Woseerasy Ltimay be) true that To sum up, that we can help ensure ther survival,” + EX practice complete the arguments to support the point of view. Zoos can play an increasingly important role in animal conservation. 1 (For one thing, / However) a 200 is a goad environment for scientists to ‘observe the behavior of endangered animals. Information fram this research can be used to ensure their survival. 2 (Many people think / For example.) animals are simply cooped up in cages at 2008. 3 (Furthermore, / However) ‘today's modern 200s try to imitate their natural habitats by providing healthy food and lots of space for exercise and play. Without this intervention, many species would not survive in the wild. (According to /To sum up] Dutch sciontist Frans de Wall, 00s also serve an important educational purpose. 5 (Furthermore, / For example.) by visting 200s with their families or school classes, children learn about endangered animals and grow up appreciating the importance of protecting them. 6 (To sum up, /It may be true tha) there are , ‘good reasons for keeping endangered animals in 2008. 2 DW appt THe waive skit Write a short essay in whieh you express your apiion onthe treatment of animals on farms or in research Use persuasion to get the reader to agree with your point of view. State your point of view in the introduction. Suppor it with examples, tacts, or experts’ opinions. Refute opposing arguments. Conclude by restating your main point. En IE exchange paragraphs with a partner, Foy tao py pontot ow ees wine Do you agree or disagree with your partner's point of view? Write a. introduction? short response, explaining why. Start like this: I [agree / disagree) 1 Did | provide examples, facts, or experts’ with your argument because .. ‘pnne to suport my pone of ew? bis escuss opposing agus? Di neat a conctang sentence? m wnsBB) 228 Listen to Part 4 ofa radio program. Choose the phrase that best completes each statement, according to the program. 1 Capuchin monkeys ean be 2 used for medical research b loyal friends to humans ¢ trained to help people with cisab ies 2 These monkeys are useful to humans because they can do simple jobs 'b can pushawheelchair —¢ can wash dishes BB] 321 Now listen to Part 2 and choose the phrase that best completes each statement 4 Dolphin-assisted therapy had a positive effect on chiaren’s ‘a moral or ethical development _b speech development ¢ physical development 2 Children respond to dolphins because dolphins are 1 good swimmers intelligent playful. 3 Many of these children respond better to people after ... a ayear of treatment b afew treatments ¢ a few weeks of treatment TB change the adjective in each statement so It makes sense. 4 Arelaxed pet that is good with kids is destructive. 2 Acat that often seratches people with ts claws is affectionate. 3 A pet that is loving and frien is agressive 4A dog that damages furniture is playful... 5 Amanimal thats easy to care for is lly 6 A dog thats easily frightened is protective : 7 A pet thats expensive to buy and take care of s good-natured. 8 A parrot that has fun holding a ball in its beak is Jeyal Bl complete each statement with vocabulary from’ the unit. 41 Passenger pigeons used to fly together in very large ... 2 Acat is a mammal, and a frog is an 3 Dogs that donot have owners sometimes hang out together in 4 Lions use their teeth and to kill their prey. 5 Buffalo have a pair Of ....oieeeeniennes on their furry heads, 6 Aneelis a kind of fish, and a crocodile is a kind of .. 7 Dominant male sheep fight with their horns to choose who will be the one in charge ofthe... e 8 Humans have feet, and horses have 9 A bird may use its... to protect itself from a predator. Toples TH cnoose four of the topes. Use passive modals to Tica resderhoe Mem RRE toatl state your own opinion about each topic. hunting cxinetion 7008 Example: voting shevld be banned because itic inhumane. 1 2 3 4 Presrauna sxtus soosten Web Project: Treatment of Animals _ EEN», 0 | ‘we enis.com/summit3e a74 a [ PREVIEW Bl FRAME Your IDEAS Read four examples of shopping behavior and rate them. sour mie." is SHOPPING MISTAKES. Number the mistakes Advertising and Consumers jousness, from 1 to 4, with 4 being the most s Hy vscussion_ insur pi nes esl baav in the ways te pon do? a wht ma el Sartor nat Been aoe pera people? espa unr?[Bl aon SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation between two colleagues. | Sise-"sisn Notice the spotlighted language. Aldo: Oh, no! I could kick myself! Sofia: About what? ‘Aldo: You know how much I've been wanting to learn Spanish, right? Look at this great system could have gotten for half price. Well, until yesterday, that is. (Oh, come on. Don't fall for that, You can't learn a language while you sleep. I don’t know. They say it’s based on brain science. And it’s risk-free. You get your money back if you don't learn. So it must be true. Oh, Aldo, That's just wishful thinking. Think about how long it took you to learn English. Aldo: But you're comparing apples and oranges. Learning Spanish is ao a whole lot easier than learning English for Italian speakers like me. - ‘That's debatable. Not everyone would agree with that But whatever. Any new language takes plenty of study and practice. Aldo: know. But [ hate being forced to learn grammar. In this method I don't think you have to. Sorry. There are no two ways about it. Learning a language takes work.... Tell you what, I'll teach you Spanish myself? Between now and the end of the year, we'll have dinner together a couple of evenings a week. We'll converse in Spanish. You'll learn fast. Aldo: You really mean it? Td be willing to pay you for the lessons ‘Miracle Methor Sof s Sofia: No way. Just make me a nice Italian dinner on those nights, and we'll call it even. Ill be fun! gp qestin Spanish Aldo: Dinner? No problem! Tl be making that ig wecks. st sen anyway... Sofia, this isreally generous of you. yiayousee |g Sofia: Well, you've done me a bunch of favors at Ere eek work. I figure I owe you one! , voumanes Ry Dacor 15 Bi UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS. Wie an expression from Spotlight with o similar meaning to each sentence below 1 T'm going to suggest something to you. 5 Iregret something I did 6 There's only one correct opinion about that, 2 You won't owe me anything. 7 Don't believe what they say. 3 ‘These two things are completely different. 8 You are hoping that is true, but it isn't 4 There is more than one opinion about that. 9 It's my turn to do something nice for you. BB tani ano EXPLAIN. with a partner, answer each question. Support your answers with specific information from Spotlight. 41 What i it about the ad that makes Aldo want to kick himself? 2. What does Sofia think of the Miracle Method? 3 What do you think Aldo hates about traditional language courses? Explain why. [EEEENAINED Pair work iscuss whether you think any of the people in the pictures on page 74 have anything in common with Aldo. Explain your reasons. 78Evaluate ways and places to shop 0%" [BJ 02 VOCABULARY VERBS FOR SHOPPING ACTIVITIES Read and listen to what the people are saying. Then listen and repeat. ‘window shop look at things in store windows ‘without going inside o intending to buy them This place isa ite a pricey. But it doesn’t BEPOUN Jenn coat anything * ‘window shop! ote] EE] te usten To ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen tothe conversations about shopping. Infer what the people are doing. Complete each statement with the correct verb phrase. 1 The shoppers are (browsing / bargain hunting). 2 The people are (comparison shopping / window shopping). 3 The men are (window shopping / comparison shopping). 4 The woman is (window shopping / browsing). 7 UNTTB Pain work First, complete the chart. Then compare information with a partner. Neesine 44190 window shopping browsing when Ihave time on my hands and don’ feet bargain hunting like spending money. 99 window shopping comparison shopping Evaluate ways and places to shop pike CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies. juick question. Where would you go if you needed some new furniture? B: Well, I find Morton's a good place to go bargain hunting, A: Morton's? They can bea little pricey, can't they? But when their things go on sale their prices are rock bottom. \: That's good to know: Why don't you check out Morton's online? Maybe you'll get lucky: BB] 40s RvTHM AND INTONATION Listen again ond repeat. Ten practice the conversation with a partner. TH NorePappina Make alist of tour places to shop, the best items to buyin each place, and the best shopping actities thee. place items to buy there ways to shop there the public market | handicrafts and gifts | borgain hunk place items to buy there ways to shop there Aa DONT STOP! TE! BJ conversarion activator «Discuss other places for bargains EEX Create a conversation similar to the one» Ask for recommendations for ‘owpensive- abareain SBE im Ex. A, using information from your places to buy other things. cheap save money notepad. Start like this: Quick question, __* Suggest shopping together. atordale = eostan arm Where ... Be sure to change roles and * Say as much as you can. + picey aes then partners. 1Discuss your reactions toads E >40s GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read the interviews. Notice the spotlighted grammar. eee) eee r That would be the toothpaste ad they keep playing on my favorite music station. I's loud and obnoxious, and it totally gets onmy nerves. hate to be forced to listentoa dumb ad over and overs it just dr Breed An ad I saw yesterday really blew ime away. There's thie company that produces sports drinks. Their ad presents actual staisies of how the drink enhances athletic performance Iewas so convincing | ttaly forgot it sas. an ad! Like mast people, | resent simply being sold ¢o and relly appreciate being informed about product's benefits, Ads ike that c really Buld goodwl fora produ Ey unperstano MEANING FROM CONTEXT 1 Icblows me away al bi elt di 2 Tt gets on my nerves, 3 Itcracks me up. 4 Itchokes me up, GS} I Grammar passive Forms oF GERUNDS Use the passive form of a gerund (being + a past participle) or an infinitive (to be + a past participle) to focus on an action inste Gerunds: affirmative and negative | don't ike being forced to watch commercials. Susan hates not being told the truth, Infinitives: affirmative and negative We would lke to be called when it gaes on sale ‘They were angty not to be told about the meeting. 78 UNTT Cy mr Peon e's this one really funny TY | fora language school. This, cat sticks its claw into a goldfish bove Suddenly, the goofs starts baring like an angry dog and the terified cat uns away The words “It never hurts to know another language” appear on the screen, Iejust cracks me up every time | see i enjoy being entertained like that. De een Ed ‘Actual, there’ a billboard for a tablet hat see on my way to work. It shows this elderly woman having a video chat with her and brand-new granddaughter The tablet and the video chat are obviously aught something really new forthe grandma, Fmnot an emotional guy, but this adjust hits me inthe heart and chokes me up. ow it's just an ad, But once in a while it doesn't hurt to be reminded about the important things in life Match the expressions with their meaning, it makes me feel like crying. It annoys me. Remember: + Some verbs are followed by ‘erunds, some by infnitives, and some by either. + Certain adjectives ae often followed by infinitives + Certain expressions are followed by gerund, See pages 123-124 for a complete list Ic makes me want to laugh. [AND INFINITIVES, ad of on who performed the action Questions o you enjay being entertained by commercials on TV? Don’t you resent being required to watch ads in movie theaters? Doesn't your sister want to be called by her first name? Who likes being shown commercials every few minutes? Where do you lke being seated in a restaurant? Cn p.1361A: think people enjoy (informed) B: True, but Idon't want (reat) sometimes make me feel that way. a chance to get everything at half-price? B: Actually, I'm annoyed at (force) evening just to get in : When I read an ad ina magazine, 1 would like (tell) the whole truth, not half-truths. [know how you feel, Texpect (trea) : Companies want their products (advertise) pictures of suffering an "2B ORAMAR PRACTICE Complete the conversations with passive gerunds or ifntves, about new products asifT dont know anything, Advertisers Is in ads for animal to contribute just based on the facts 2 A: Ion like (show) charities, They're just (00 upsetting, B: Lagree. I'm happy (ask) dont need (show) pictures. 3 A; This midnight sale is going to be great. Don't you love (give) to wait in line all day and with respect on TV during prime time—when the most people are watching, B: Maybe that’s why advertisers complain about (change so much for every minute they buy. ‘They say that's why the products are so expensive ot | aM 125 | Vowel sounds Aandi + | i crammar PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence, using a passive gerund or infinitive to replace the underlined words. Don't use a by phrase. Example: te stand a tisers for 2 Lresent one company’s te Discuss your reactions to ads wg me that I shouldn't buy another 1s us while we're eating dinner. [By FRAME YouR IDEAS Complate the chart with ads you are familar with. don't mind when advertisers inform me about new products, ng me to watch ads over and over again. don't mind being informed about net producty ‘Types of ads *TV commercials + pop-up ads on websites + radio ads + magazine or newspaper ads «billboards on highways and buildings + other online ads Name or type of product ‘Type of ad An ad that’s interesting An ad that eracks me up ‘An ad that gets on my nerves ‘An ad that blows me away ‘An ad that chokes me up ‘An ad that drives me crazy ‘gl [BJ Discussion activator Describe and compare the ads on Describing how you feel your chart, Use passive forms of gerunds and infinitives. FT eee teenie OE Say as much as you can. acta tent caon Ad There's a TV commercial for shampoo Shen eee that really gets on my nerves. 'm sick of © resent. being forced to watch over and over! 7 2 eter fs nm80 J READING WARM-UP. Are you a careful shopper? Or do you lack seitcontrl when you shop? EX eer, READING Read the article. n what ways is compulsive shopping problem? Coe sega cme es mame ee ead oon ae t CE et Pct cn See ey dion like alcoholism, drug De Research has shown that conpubive shoping like other aldcins, caves the physical effec of ohh when bran chemicals sch as endorphins nd dopaine ore released Ths causes he oi to fed pleasurable sensors. These sera make shopping hard lo rss, ad thus he hbitri Wa athe warring signs fo shopping odin, oasis sometimes alle, “shopaholm? Firs, ust os coos ed tod heroes, Th shopoolis, tke many pope, purchase tens on hogohls common ide ther purchases. imps, But ite normal eal who sometimes ge Shepatls fen io people in thi famis ond pick up on imp em ike o wear thay do ex, shout hor mach mney they're span. hopoalis igh by ten. Secan, he problem slong ved or “oni” Fourth swith ny cin «pablem exits when meaning tlhe behavior des’ ocr just th bhava os abvius consequences: going int deb, ‘nce ar ie ayer Rater i'w coniuous going shopping insted of aking care of fay or work pole tht pet tslover and over. responses or uncontrlablespendag that may deprive thers inthe fol of many neded fr ter things. Wht con rue opal do to get al? For some, sell and group programs can be elect, For others, whose ain ress fom underjing depen, ein 0 psychotherapist or physian cn hl, dig te ned 1 shop comple, Thankfully, many pope re ol splurge or buy hing on impulse from inet ine without being adds. However, i you ore ancered you may be ocampuhive shopper, tee oresome tips that con ap oR esc = ° Rice eee ot eae errr) ere ote fe: pelea tera Rear rent re ae Laie cree Sees : ) erry Cea reny re en Cen ery Se a a cet td Ce ro ree er e (non Creed eer tir Sc hietin Sora Jong un, the problem hot unin es UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Find each of these words and phrases in the article. With a partner, discuss what they mean and write a sentence using each one. 1 anaddiction 4 hard to kick 7 splurge 2 get something under control 5 ashopaholic 8 0 overboard 3 ahigh 6 chronic 9 on the spot unr?BD eNTIFY SUPPORTING DETAILS Answer the questions, providing details from the article to support your answer. 1 In what ways is compulsive shopping like other addictions? Be specific. 2 Why are addictions so hard to overcome? 3 What are some consequences ofshopaholism? 4 Wh aul 5 In what way is going overboard occa is one possible cause for compulsive shopping in some people? ‘ionally different froma true shopping addiction? Discuss problem shopping behavior Ey FRAME YouR IDEAS Check the statements that are true for you, AY da Cee een ne ee ae he et se ene kee ‘TOTAL THE NUMBER OF BOXES YOU CHECKED. IF YOUR TOTAL IS: 4 \ When I go shopping, | can’t resist the temptation to buy something— just can’t come home empty-handed. 0-3 Great! 45 Not too bad! Keep up the good Congratulations for habits! Sdimitting you're not perfect! | go shopping for an item I need, but | lose control and ‘come home with a lot of things | don’t need. | spend more than I should in order to get more expensive designer names and labels. [DB |arttpest ups good sale, Even dont need anything, | just have to indulge myself and buy something 6-7 Unb 8-9 Red alert! Scurdh ide wie ft oak the ‘maybe arounelthe bull by the horns cornet and chang sme of theways you shop nd sptedimoney TDB® cet more pseu ou of sending money than saving money Be leortthave the patience to wat a day before buying something. IF want it, | buy iton the spot. BE BB piscussion choose one ofthe topics and meetin smal groups rats doses with other classmates who have chosen the same tople. Share your eis cep eps a rag conclusions with the class, Tree ae no wo ways bout 41 Do you think most people tend to 40a litle overboard with their = Tats tetra ni shopping? Explain. Siete | 2 Do you think people should spend money only on things they need and never on things they don't need? Is OK to buy on impulse sometimes? ‘Write a brochure offering help or advice for people with problem shopping behavior Include a list of tips. atPersuade someone to buy a product By Listenin WARM-UP PAIR WORK Read about eight advertising techniques used to persuade peoole to buy products. With a partner, discuss the techniques and write the letter of the example that illustrates each technique. Examples 2A professional soccer player articular brand Eight techniques used by recommends a of shirts b Anotel chain shows a bu ssswomtan in her room, calling PROVIDE FACTS AND FIGURES home to talk to her children, Prove the superiority of a product with statistics and objective, factual information. © Asoft drink manufacturer shows young people having a great time drinking its product at the beach, d Acar manufacturer states how quickly its ear ean go from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour, CONVINCE PEOPLE TO “JUMP ON THE BANDWAGON* ‘Imply that everyone is using a product, and that = athers should tao, in order to be part ofthe group. PLAY ON PEOPLE'S HIDDEN FEARS ‘Imply that a product will protect the user from -_ some danger or an uncomfortable sitvatior Ao oe ww) @ A coffee manufacturer shows people dressed in formal attire drinking its brand of coffee at an PLAY ON PEOPLE'S PATRIOTISM art exhibition. Imply that buying a product shows love of my | f Acredit card company claims that one’s country. Its card is used by more people than any other card, PROVIDE “SNOB APPEAL” Imply that use of a product makes the oa customer part of an elite group. an 4g A clothing manufacturer promotes its clothes by saying they are made by and for people in this country ASSOCIATE POSITIVE QUALITIES WITH A PRODUCT, ao h An educational toy company Promote 2 product with words and ideas — suggests that other children will do having postive meanings and associations better in school than yours will if 47 Frowe esnmowats you don’t buy its toy today. Use a famous person or an ‘average consumer” to == endorse a product so the consumer wants it too. @_Nawrutare peopLe's ewoTiONs Use images to appeal to customers’ feelings, - such as love, anger, or sympathy. EE] ste VOCABULARY WAYS TO PERSUADE Listen and repeat. Then, based on the endorse way they are used in Exercise A, wt the corect word for each definition ne 1 personally recommend a product in exchange for payment: pee 2 show that something is definitely true, especially by providing facts, infor nation, etc 3 suggest that something is true, without saying or showing it directly 4 make sure people know about a new product in order to persuade them to buy it: 82 UNSE) [Pew USTEN TO INFER Listen to each ad, Write two techniques from Exercise A thet the advertiser tes in the ad. Then listen again and take notes of what the ad says to support your choice of techniques. Techniques used Supporting details Techniques used Techniques used By arty weas with a partner, discuss some ads you know an decide whi techniques they use. Persuade someone to buy a product By NotePADDING In a group, choose a product and create Ideas a magazine, newspaper, Internet pop-up, or radio advertisement + cat for It Use one or more advertising techniques to persuade your * aailine classmates to buy the product. Make notes. odes + alanguage school ‘+ abrand of toothpaste Type of product: + your own idea: Name of product: ‘Type of ad Technique's EX PRESENTATION. Present your ad to your lass. SHOW i F624 net od ior act lout, Analyze your classmates’ acs ana discuss TPeumlesad, hich techniques were used. Asa class, asign wares for Sine mestpernoe sé these categories: {the most nersting a “tne most touching 3dSummarize and paraphrase someone's point of view The erga ext: "For some po shopping a lovorte penton aah harmless, as ong as they fave te money to poy lorie purche NX wernne sx stu the rules. A summary is a shortened explanation of the main ideas of an article. ‘When writing a summary, include only the author's main points, not your own reactions erepnions, nyu summary be sito praprece wnat Fash a dh the autor sid, puting te min ae Ine Your enn words Cat lout one eee ‘as serious as other destructing Use 8 vary of eporting verbs to pareprase te wer’ eas “tctom te sea, ‘oie antes ei The report argues that ... The writer points out that = fac ey Doctors bellow that Meloualst reports that. Tsay: Experts explain that ‘The author concludes that can be harmless forsome buta serious addiction for ether, ‘The article states that... es ‘Some other common expressions for reporting another person's ideas: According to (Smith, .. As [the article explains), {In [the writer's) opinion, .. From [Garcia's] point of view, ... Ei practice paraphrase these sentences trom the article on page 80, 1 “Research has shown that compulsive shopping, like other addictions, causes the physical effects of a “high when brain chemicals, such as endorphins and dopamine, are released” spiral out of control and become as serious as ise, and compulsive gambling” 2 “For others, unfortunately other destructive addiction hopping, like alcoholism, drug TH practice Reread the paragraphs that begin with First, Second Third and Fourth in the artic on page 80. Then, in yur own word, state the main idea of each paragraph, ving Teporting verbs and expressions suggested in Eterele A Wrting Sil First second Third Fourth 9958 Bi appur THe wrmina SKILL Write a summary of the article on page 80 | ERESIE by combining the min das om yourntenae. Be sur to paraphrase SA what the author sa, using your ow words. Your summery should be no | DSR sro cae ny (nore than four te se sentences long (ot avon mers ast Cet ett tiem Wee @ short article nwhich you suggest | Tiana Sa how to avoid compulsive shapping. 8a UNIT[By xin Listen to each statement or question. Choose an appropriate response, 1a There are no two ways about it. b They're comparing apples and oranges. 2.a Thanks! Lowe you one. b That's just wishful thinking, 3a Don't worry, We'll call it even, b That's debatable. 4 a Don't fall for that b There are just n0 two ways about it. 5 a Iknow. I could kick myself! b Tell you what. El ona separate sheet of paper, answer the questions 4 What always cracks you up about your favorite TV comedy or movie? 2. Whose music blows you away? 3 What songs choke you up? 4 What gets on your nerves about public transportation? TB complete the statements with passive forms of gerunds or infintves. 1 Tdon't reall sis any information. 2 They want more time for the project. v i proj 3 She arranged eee sscsseses t0 the airport. 4 Lwas disappointed 5 the news, 5 He risked Ss uns fom his job, 6 We were delighted. to the wedding, Bi on a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions in your own way. 41 What kinds of things do you ike to splurge on? 2 Have you ever gone a little overboard when you were shopping? Explain. 3 What cant you resist the temptation to do? Why? BB complete each statement with the correct form of one of the verbs. , promote endorse prove imply 1 Tm sure Shiny Teeth toothpaste is the best. After all, its being... that British actor with the gorgeous teeth. What's his name again? 2 Thismonth Banana computers is einer eee an tablet and bgger than a smartphone, bu it has full eomputer functionally. 3 Well they dont have the statistics to eceeneinan that tsi tampoo grows ne butall he pletures and testimonial scores eas that probably Wil ot Projects AavertngTectlqun o.57 | \ewmengio om suitse 85COMMUNICATION GOALS ‘1 Describe family trends Discuss parent teen issues Family Trends ocaeee ray PREVIEW BB FRAME Your IDEAS Fill out the opinion survey of your attitudes about parent-teen relationships. AJ Teens shouldhave to help around the house. 5 Parents should always ground teens ifthey misbehave, Ithelps them develop a sense of responsibly Ifthey cant go outwith their rene. they stop misbehaving and won' become troublemakers. ‘Teens shouldnt have to help around the house. They already have enough to do with their schoolwork. Teens who doit obey the rules should be sivena second chance before being grounded, 2 Parents should buy things that eons | demand in order to “keep the peace. © Parents should control what their teenage children do on the internet. I's thee job ‘Teens shouldnt always get everything to protect their children from danger they ask for. would bea bad lesson fori Teenagers have aright to privacy. and their parents ought to respect i. What teens do on the Internet should be offtimts to parents, 3 Parents should set curfews. Teens who stay out ate are likely to get in trouble, enagers shouldnt have curfews, They should be able to decide what time to come home. 4 Parents should make rules for teen behavior so teens learn right from wrong, Teens need to learn by making Ey PAIR WoRK compare your opinions onthe survey with a partner. Support your opinions with reasons. Parents don't have the right to know everything their kids do on the internet. It sn't possible, anyway, because kids can delete their online history if they {A think that depends on don't want their parents to see what they're doing. 79 the age of the kid 8s unTestand variety of accent Enum tana [Tl Ptr SPOTLIGHT Read and listen to a conversation about relationships. Notice the spotlighted language. Grace: Did you hear the good news? Emma and Max patched thing Margot: They got back together? I didn’t even know they'd split up! ‘Shows you how out of toueh Iam. What happened? Grace: Well, from what I understand, first they had a falling out about money, ‘and then one thing led to another, and the marriage started going downhill Margot: What a shame. It's incredible how little things can snowball... You know what, though? There's usually some bigger underlying issne when a marriage gets into trouble. Grace: Actually, I think you've hit the nail on the head. Emma’ ‘been making more money than Max for the last couple of years, and then about six months ago he lost his job. So they figured it, ‘would be economical for him be a stay-at-home dad. I mean, why pay a babysitter? Margot: Makes sense. Grace: But that’s just about the time things began to fall apart, and they started arguing about who should make financial decisions, And then the more they fought, the worse things got. Apparently, ‘the constant conflict affected the kids’ behavior. They just stopped ‘obeying family rules and started texting friends and playing on their phones during dinner—you know what kids do these days, Margot: You know, I'm feeling sort of like a gossip talking about them behind their backs. Let's just be thankful they're back together now. up! [By unpeRstanp IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS Choose the word or phrase with the same meaning. 1 I's hard to patch things up aftera breakup. 5 Anne hit the nail on the head when she figured repair a relationship ‘out the underlying problem, have financial problems fa realized what the real reason was € getadivorce became violent 2 [didn't realize they'd split up, € made a lot of money a separated 6 A husband and wife should discuss their b gotten back together problems before things start to fall apart © gotten out of touch a get bad 3 Lyn and Ed had a falling out about the children. bb get interesting a argued € get better b agreed not to talk 7 When you talk about people behind their backs, © made strict rules you are a gossip. 4 Ourrelationship started going downhill ast year. a so they know what you think about them a improving b so they don’t know what you say about them b getting worse € so they're thankful getting back together BB] Tiwi aNb EXPLAIN. answer the questions witha partner. Then discuss with the class 4 What is your opinion ofthe decision to have Max stay home to care forthe Kids? 2 Why do you think some couples get back together after breaking up? [EEENMINEN crovr work Tell your classmates about a time you or someone you know. + had a difference of opinion with a parent or child + had a falling out with a friend, relative, or colleague Provide specific examples and use language from Spotlight and Preview if possible, 8788 Describe family trends By > «22 Grawmar sroruicht Read the information inthe article. Notice the spotlighted grammar. FALLING BIRTHRATES | furrent trends show the size of fanless hanging, impacting societies worldwide Women are marrying la longer to have children, wait to hay ‘Two key factors that impact family size are the education and the employment of women, Studies show that the more etvcation wonten ge Tonger women stay in school, the etter their ‘opportunities for employment, Working women are less likely to marry young and have large families EB Par work viscuss the questions, children, the fewer children they have. Inadaition tothe falling birtheate there is ‘arising life expectancy, With people livin longer and longer, families are going 10 have to face the challenges posed by a ang population. The longer people ive ‘the more care they require. Traditionally, children have eared for thei elderly parents at home. Hawever, the more the birtheate falls, the harder the future may bye for the elderly. With fewer children, Failies may find it more and more lificult to care for their older members. 1 According to the article, what factors explain why more couples are having fewer children? 2 Why do you think populations are living longer? What problems ean be eaused by a larger elderly population? Repeated comparatives SEE [EJ GRAMMAR REPEATED COMPARATIVES AND DOUBLE COMPARATIVES Use repeated comparatives to describe continuing increases and decreases. ‘The birthrate is getting lower and lower. 8y the end of the twentieth century, couples were waiting longer and longer to marry. Changes are occurring faster and faster. Use repeated comparatives with more or less to modify adjectives or adverbs that don’t use {an -er comparative form. When the adjective or adverb Is understood, it may be omitted, W's becoming more and more difficult o predict ife expectancy. {ts less and less possible to raise birtrates in modem societies. That's happening more and more (often) these days, Use repeated comparatives with mor ‘understood, it may be omitted. ‘More and more people are marrying later 88, and fewer to compare nouns. When the noun Fewer and fewer (people) are having children before they are thirty, Double comparatives. Use double comparatives to describe a cause-and-effect process. The more education women get, the tater they marry. [Women are getting more education, so they're marrying later The less children studied, the more slowly they learned. [Cldren studied less, so they learned more slowiy] ‘The older one gets, the harder it can be to find a husband or wife, Note: When be is used in double comparatives, itis sometimes omitted. ‘The better the quality of health cate (is), the higher the life expectancy (is) uns. 37 | Making comparisons: oven + Other uses of eomparaties, suporates, and comparing Be carefull Don’t use the present or past continuous in either clause ‘of adouble comparative Statement. Use the simple present or the simple past {ense nstead. The longer couples wait to have children, the fewer children they have. NOT The longer couples are- ‘waiting to have children, the fever they've-hovingS53 B] NOTICE THE GRAMMAR. Find a sentence using a double comparative in Spotlight on page 87 FB) sas Listen 1o ACTIVATE GRAMMAR Listen to tree people taking about trends in mariage an family te. Tren listen again and complete each statement, according to what the speaker implies using double compaatves. 1 nnn eat jotlers uet, medical care they receive 2 couples dat they marry. 3 children stay in school their life expec Ney TH crammar pair Work Fist complete the statements logically, using the cues and double comparativs. Then, with a partner, discuss whether you agree or disagree with each statement, Support your opinién. 1 i people are when they marry, ee children they iz the life expectans the elderly populatio ‘ig ‘pectancy Wy po 3 ‘ people work, they are, 4 the quality of health ose thee death ra sii io 5 the country is, the life expectane “evsioped ” iow i a 6 — women are when they have children, .. wi they are to get higher education TE crammar PRACTICE on a separate sheet ot paper, rewrite te sentences, using repeated comparative forms. 1 (An increasing number of couples are having (a decreasing number of) children. 2 Divorces are taking place (with decreasing frequency). 3 People say t dren are growing up (wit a reasing speed). EE] cramman practice correct the errors inthe sentences. 1 The more I'm eating, the later I'm sleeping. 2 The fewer grammar mistakes 'm making when I speak English, the better [am communicating, Describe family trends BX Par WoRK With a partner, take turns making statements with repeated 44 Families have been getting ‘and double comparatives about the way families are changing in your country, smaller and smaller. 7 BB summarize on a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph developing cone ofthe statements you made in Exerelse A, Add details. Inthe last few decades, family size hes declined. Fewer ‘ond fewer people. ‘of living is higher. The higher the standard of living ir,the healthier the population willbe. 12 having big families 0 ther standord 2g [Discussion acrivaToR in small groups, discuss family ends in your country. Talk about how changing trends will impact the families of the futuee, Include the ideas below in your discussion, Say as much as you can. Ideas 44:t seems like more and more + birthrate “health + employment opportunities people are having fewer and ife expectancy education —_—_* generational ditferences faves children.‘This ould bes problem later because ... 99 sage at marriage + incomei) su VOCABULARY DESCRIBING PARENT AND TEEN BEHAVIOR Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat. Parents can sometimes be (too) strict (too) lenient overprotective ‘They set alot of restitions and expect They et their kids have ordo anything They worry ton much about ther Kes kids to obey rules. they want | Teenagers can sometimes be rebellious They refuse to obey family rules and just They expect to have or get whatever ‘Thoy are tude an often talk back to acts, «do whatever they want. they want. Ey vocaputary PRACTICE Complete each statement with one of the adjectives. Use too with the adjective f that represents your opinion 1 Parents who always allow their teenage children to stay out late are 2 Teenagers who d 3 When parents never lt their children do things because they are afraid they'l got sick or hurt, they are being ata heis nand that their parents buy everything they ask for are ther tells age son not to get a tattoo and he disobeys and gets one anyway, we say 5 Parents who c their teenage children clean their rooms every day are 6 Teens who act uninterested in class are ... 9 Une.IG] sie usteN To ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to the conversations about parent and teen behavior, Then listen again and determine which adjective from the Vocebulary best completes each statement. 1 She thinks he's 4 He'sangry be 2 She thinks he's acting 5 He thinks she’s 3 He thinks she's ise she's being, 6 She eriticizes him for being BD] make PERSONAL COMPARISONS Are you or anyone you know lke any ofthe speakers inthe conversations In Exercise C? Explain. BB PROVIDE EXAMPLES With a partner, describe people you know who exhibit the following kinds of behavior. Explain, providing real details 4 a parent who is too strict 4 atoonager whois rebellious 2 a parent stoi 100 lenient 5 a teenager who is spoiled 3 a parent who is overprotective 6 ateenager who Is disrespectful Discuss parent-teen issues [By a8 CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies. ‘A: What do you think parents should do if their teenage kids start smoking? wis peu eerie & Well impaciaear | erin b | pene! Why's hae? Tell cages canto Teieecahaany mipcrmiftoar crate rey ing ey 8 apeis beste ca gua ey aa wae Bh san RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen again and repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner. "= [@] CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR EE Greate a similar conversation. Use the Seonriarolbed beratior BR ecabuory examples of tod behavier — PONTSTUPL caninu oar aed from the Vist and language from Preview“ Guwecrameles ol your TS a mison on page 86. Sart lke this: What doyou —s oreurgoune 1 peng rade or drespectfl think parens [or teenagers] should do parent ven sues, 2 bocoeaiga wouddebaer tect Be ture wo chonge oo endthen | ¢Soyshimuchesyoucan. | «another exemple partners BD piscussion it you could sive parents ‘one piece of advice, what would it be? I you could give teenagers one piece of advice, what would it be? Provide easons. 1HS! BJ mie LISTENING WARM-UP WORD STUDY TRANSFORMING VERBS AND ADJECTIVES INTO NOUNS GOAL Compare generations Listen and repeat pect — expectation tse > tarweae csp = Sxplantion none ins —ebellonsness a trate — estat ssitsh = Selfabness pemit — pormiaion st + atietness ‘mest slop development sencrous + generonity inate — favolement wate — matarty z courteous = courtesy secure + security eatirsiht + Getta productive — productivity responsile — respons important ~ importance rile — etait nce ean siguiennce say Canale expats cnet > Independence denentahie — Sependabiity ion = lentence iste > davai ovedient = abedience By worn stupy PRACTICE Circle all the words that are nouns. eo Check dictionary i you ae not sre about he meaning of a word. ie 1 depeneney depend deendence dependent | apron: ve 2 confidence confident confide confidently [and surxes _ 4 diferent iferece ———aliferetiate—_diferentiation S attraction attract attractive attractiveness 6 impatient impatience impatiently 7 unfair unfairness unfairly Becloseness close closely 9 happily happy happiness 420) LISTEN FOR SUPPORTING INFORMATION Listen to Part 4 of a man's description of the eneration gap in his family. Then answer the questions. 1 How did Rimas grow up differently from his parents? 2 Why does Rimas's father think teenagers nowadays have mote problems than when he was growing up? By sar Listen FoR DETAILS Listen to Part 1 again. Then complete each statement. 4 Rimas grew up in + but his parents grew ip in 2 Rimass extended family inches meles on his mother's side. 3 When Rimas's mother was growing up, every evening she ate dinner However, when Rimas and his sister were kids, they sometimes had to eat[Bl > 422 LISTEN To COMPARE AND CONTRAST Now listen to Part 2. Then listen again and complete the chart by describing the differences between the two generations. Compare charts with a partner. 1as's generation imas's parents’ generation mobility influences from other cultures age at marriage and childbearing work experience closeness of family Id RELATE To PERSONAL EXPERIENCE. Discuss the questions. 1 mass parents worry about hin and thelr own future. From your exper parents worry about their children and the future? 2 In what ways isthe Vikas fanily’s story story similar to or different fom yours? vhy do you think Compare generations IB) norePappina compare your parents’ generation with your generation, Write your ideas. Discuss them with a partner. My parents’ generation My generation music style of clothes hairstyles / facial hair attitude toward elders family responsibility language (idioms, slang) marriage and childbearing values and beliefs Use of technology other: EI piscussion piscuss these questions with your classmates. Use information from your notepads for examples 4 In-vhat ways is your generation the most different from your parents’ generation? What do you like best or respect the most about your parents’ generation? 2 What contributions do you think your generation will make tothe next generation? How do you think the next generation will differ from youre? TED summarize your discussion in writing. Be gSEE! BB] ea READING Reac the report onthe increase in the global population of older shift be? people. What will some consequences of this demograpt WORLDWIDE GROWTH AGING POPULATION “rhe worlds facing a huge demographic shit without precedent. | Forthe frst time in history we soon will have more elderly people than children, and more extremely old people than ever before. As the Population of older people gets larger and larger, key questions arise wall aging be accompanied by alonger period of good health, social ‘engagement, and productivity or wilt be associated with more ines, dsablity, anc dependency? ‘What we do know is that the more elderly people there are in the population, the more cases of age-related diseases such as heart disease stroke, ciabetes, and cancer there wil be, Societies will have to find ways to address this growing need. And the older people ‘get, the higher the prevalence of dementi, especially Alzheimer's clisease;an estimated 25-30 percent of people aged 85 or older have dementia and lose their ability to remember, have difficulty reasoning, and undergo some personality changes Uniess new and more effective ways to treat or prevent Alzheimer’s disease ae found, cases ate expected to rise dramatically with the increased aging ofthe population worldwide. ‘And because most dementia patients eventually need constant care and help with the most basicactvities of daily ving, more institutions willneed to be built for their ‘are, more medications provided for their {teatment, and more caregivers trained to aid them in thelr dally fife. What aresome ofthe other socal and ‘economic consequences ofthis demographic shit? Even ifthey don’t have dementia, isin rehabilitation team fo walkafterastoke. Inthe coming decades ‘more and more elderly patients ke Mr Duarte | willrequite costly rehabilitation, IX] summarize in your own words, summarize te changes described inthe arte By unpenstano MEANING FROM CONTEXT. Paraphrase the statements, based on your understanding of the underlined words and phrases. 1 The world is facing.a huge demographic shift 2 These changes are withont preeedent We soon will have more elderly people than children. And the older people get, the higher the prevalence of dementia, Many require some form of longterm care, 3 4 5 Many of the olde 6 7 Institutional care for the elderly will represent 8 4 Discuss caring for the elderly BJ reapina warm-up in your country, how are older family members tadltionally cated for? of the elderly population lose their ability to live independently et livedon her own utils yest when her daughter foundherinthekitchen ooking what she thought ‘was soup, but which ‘was actually just potof boiling water. tbecame 1 obvious thatshe could na longer take care of herself She snow ling ina grou home foreldety people, ‘mary of the oldest-old lose thelr ability to live independently, and many require some form of long-term care, which can include nursing homes, assisted living facilities, In-home care and specialized hospitals The significant costs associated with providing this support may need to be borne by families and society, And as fewer and fewer adult children are able or want to stay home to care for older relatives, the shift to institutional care for elders wl Fepresent an immense socal change, especially in those cultures where older generations have traditionally ved with younger ‘ones. And! the more residents of developing countries seek jobs in tities or other areas far from where they grew up, the less access to informal family care their olde relatives back home will have. social change.GH crrmicat THniKine choose the best answer about the futre, based on information nthe report. 4 Who wil pay for longterm care of people who can no longer live independently? a Sta-ahome ada, b Fanulies and society € Older people themselves, 2 Why will ewer old people be able to get informal home care? a Because their younger relatives may have moved elsewhere B Because there will be more institutional care available For them € Because they will seok work cea [Hl DRAW CONCLUSIONS Based on information in the report, what challenges do ou tink “i you will face as the people in your immediate or extended family age? Discuss caring for the elderly IBN Frame your 1EAs witha partner, discuss these statements and check those you think are true about care forthe elderly in your country. CI Most eldery people are adequately cared for.) The government makes sure the eter have affordable’ care. 1 The way the elderly are cared for has been changing. G Younger people accept care for elderly relatives C0 The elderly usually live with younger family as their responsibility, members, C1 Older people generally prefer not to socialize 1 The elderly usually live in their own homes with younger people, or apartments, CO Other: 1 The elderly usually live in special nursing homes. Ey Pair work with a partner, discuss the challenges each person is facing and recommend solutions. Suzanne is divorced and has three young Peter's parents, who ive in daughters. Her mother died years ago, ‘another city, ae in their ‘and her seventy-five-year-old father can nineties. They continue no longer take care of hime. He often, ~ to have a full social forgets things. She worties that he might N@ if, and they still + get hurt enjoy traveling with ‘organized tours. But they are not as strong as they used to be ‘and need help David and his wife have two children and with cooking live ina small two-bedroom apartment. and cleering. They both work lang hours to make ends "meet. David's mother just tumed eighty and lives alone, David is concemed about his mother’s wel-being SESE [Gl Discussion How do you think the elderly will be cared for by the time you are old? How would you like to be cared for? Use Frame Your Ideas for support. 9896 BX weirs sKiue study the rules, Avoiding run-on sentences and comma splices Note two common errors that writers often make when joining two sentences: Run-on sentences (connecting sentences or independent clauses without using punctuation) INCORRECT: My grandmother was strict with my mom however, my mom isn’t at all strict with me. Comma splices (connecting two sentences or independent clauses with a comma and no conjunction) * INCORRECT: My dad and | used to have lots of arguments, now we get along great. To correct a run-on sentence or a comma splice, choose one of the following techniques: ‘+ Use a period, and capitalize My grandmother was strict with my momfiHlowever, my mom isn’t at all the following ward, strict with me, My dad and | used to have lots of argumentsliNow we get along great, Use # semicolon. My grandmother was strict with my mom my mom isn’t at all strict with me. My dad and | used to have lots of arguments} now we get along great, Use a comma and a My grandmother was strict with my momibut my mom isn't at all strict with me coordinating conjunction. — My dad and | used to have lots of argumentSiiBUt now we get along great. Coordinating conjunctions and for or yet. but nor 50 FRACTICE All the sentences have errors. Label each sentence R (for run-on) or € (for comma splice). Then, on a separate sheet of paper, correct each sentence, using one of the techniques, 1 Older people will use a lot of societal resources in the future, they will require ‘caregivers and special institutions. 2 Inthe future, there will be many more people in the oldest demographic however Wwe expect to have more treatments for some of their most common ailments, 3 Lworry a lot about my grandparents they both have had diabetes for many years. 4 Its very difficult for my mother to stay home to care for my great grandfather, hhe needs care because he has Alzheimer’s disease, TH Practice on a separate shoot of paper, rewrite the paragraph, correcting any run-on sentences or comma splices. uns My husband and I don't know what to do with our teenage daughter, Beth. Beth has always been a bit rebellious however, lately her behavior has really been going downhill. Yesterday, Beth's, teacher told us that she was disrespectful in class she hadn't done her homework. We're at our wits’ end with her. At home Beth has developed a spoiled attitude, she isn’t willing to help at all, She used to make her bed and clean up her room, recently she has been leaving her things ‘everywhere. My husband and | may have been too lenient with Beth as she was growing up, now that she's 2 teenager we have to get her to shape up. SSE By appuy te wrimine sine Wiite a blog post with advice for parents and teens who don't have a good relationship. Use the Vocabulary and expressions from this unit, Write at least three paragraphs, each one with a t opie sentence stating its main idea, 1 06 1 ais anon sentences ond comma do at the sentences support the tole 1 did use tho voesbulory an exoressons Heatned in bis wk?J 120 Listen tothe conversations about generational ssues, Then listen to each onvorsation again and complete the statement withthe corret comparative 1 Jordan has been spending ...... time on the Internet. ‘a more and more b less and less 2 soon the more her mother worries, ‘a The later Sandi stays out The older Sandi gets 3 The stricter Jilfs father gots, ...... she becomes. a the more rebellious b the more spoiled 4 The older the sisters get, .. a thesmarter they become —_b the more they appreciate their parents El write the adjective that best describes the behavior in each statement. 1 Mark’s parents don't allow him to watch more than two hours of TV a day, but ‘most of his friends can watch as much as they want. He feels that his parents are 2 Karen has a closet full of expensive clothes, yet she always complains about not having anything to wear, Her parents usually buy her whatever she wants. A lot of people think Karen is 3 Even though she has had her driver's license fora year and a half, Marissa’s parents worry about her driving at night. They say that it’s too dangerous, but Marissa thinks they're just being 4 When Clyde's grandfather asked him to turn down the volume of his music, he ignored him, Clyde's grandfather thought this was very 5 Rodney and Carolyn believe parents don’t need to be so concerned about their chikiren, ‘They rarely set rules for their kids, Carolyn’s sister thinks this is a bad idea. She feels theyre 6 Deanna wears clothing that her parents find shocking. She also has friends that her parents don't approve of. Her mother wishes she weren't so, Read the sentences. If the underlined word is in the incorrect part of speech, correct It. 1 Teenagers were given a lot more responsibility when Iwas young. 2 Tthink teenagers today lack the mature to make decisions for themselves. 3 The main reason young people are rebellious today is selfishness. 4 If kids today were taught about courteous, they would be better behaved. 5 ‘There's no question that teenagers today demand more independent than they did fifty years ago. 6 I's important for parents to be involved in their children’s development. id several generations ago. 7 Young people have a lot more mobile than they 8 It seems like there's a lot more rebellious among teenagers today. — } Web Project: Elder Care 0.188 ae Bae 7Facts, Theories, and Hoaxes PREVIEW COMMUNICATION GOALS 1. Speoulate about everyday situations 2 Present a theory 3 Discuss now believable a storys 4 Evaluate the trustworthiness of news sources BJ Frame Your EAS Take the quiz with @ partner and discuss your answers THE WORLO'S EASIEST OR ISIT? 11 How long did the Hundred Years’ War in Western Europe last? A 100 years: B 116 years © 50yea D 200 years Were do Panama hats come from? 2 A Panama c 3 ThePhippnes 0 3 From which animals do we get catgut for violin strings? A cats © sharks B sheep D dogs 4, The former U.S.S.R. used to celebrate the October Revolution in which month? A October © December B November D June Be careful: The answers may seem obvious, but they ee ee ‘quess” by closing your eyes and just choosing A, B,C, Ce eee eae rejecting the answers that can’t possibly be true? ‘The Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean are named after which animal? A the © the dog B theca D thecamel ary What was King George VI of 7 England's first name? A George © Joseph B Charles D Albert What color is a male purple finch? 8 Purp! A dark purple skyblue > B pinkish-red > What country do Chinese gooseberries ‘come from? A China © Sweden B Japan D Now Zealand tow tong id the Thirty Years 10 War in Central Europe last? 5, What Isa camel hair paintbrush made of? A AOyears —C 20years A camel hair © cathair B 40years D100 years 3 B squicrelhair human hair (991 01 g1e1 wos) jsunes yo ssea4 o¢ ot (uotsnjua2 prone O33 9 ways paueuass1apueyeaz man) pusjesz man 6 (UMoAq 5! ]eu2} But PUY) passysyatd gg (Sy awioneg au eu mae yoos Aenea sBurysnU8) ff s2q1¥ 2 (SB0p sueaw se1eve> 7 w) Bop a4 9 (}2ue) sem sweusns SoMa TAMERS IAM 5 soyuonu sig aus) sey yovandsg ¢(29p¥9}> ven a ash on pos suetssny) TOS TEENS '9c0300n gy (x79 302 Bunok e30p psoM aug UM! pasn4u0d auoaLio® pe MMR MME TIO unr Surueow sy—anbiry wor 3u0> any feu anbve> prem a4) daous ge re oe rar ere) (jeweveg wo; awe sieyaytsyuys auDKan9 Yeu ney sueVOpend3 PUY) PREM METSS TELM | 0pc7>35°2 svondnsiau yim eget Ze€t wou) seek ota T SUINSNY J viscussion id you have a reason for each answer you chose? Did you just take wild guesses, fF did you use the process of elimination? Which method do you think works better? Why? 98 UNSBH eeu sporuicit Read and sten toa conversation about a mystery. J sew tonsn Notes the spotigted language BB] UNDERSTAND IDIOMS AND EXPRESSIONS With a partner, find these expressions in Spotlight ‘nd discuss the meaning of each. Expain what it means when... 1 something “doesn't make sense” 4 someone “goes out on limb” 2 something “vanishes without a trace” 5 someone “doesn't buy” an idea 3 someone “barks up the wrong tree” 6 something seems “far-fetched” By piscussion piscuss the questions with a partner 1 Do you think Boris's theory is far-fetched? Why oF why not? 2-Do you generally believe what you hear or read inthe news? Why or why not? Eas BX PAIR WORK Read each rumor and discuss how believable you think itis. Explain your reasons, — using the expressions from Exercise D. mina eGR at tue. * betrue make seseforfetched 4 That vaccines cause physical harm to young children, So So Ce) 2. That the British monarchy controls the world’s economy = oO oO io 3 Thataliens from other planets have visited Barth 0 9 Ce. 4, That the 1969 moon landing never actually happened 5 Oo a) By piscusston which aid you find more dificult to do: express an opinion on the rumors in Exerelge A or answer the questions in the quiz on page 98° Why? 99Speculate about everyday situations By »se: VOCABULARY DEGREES OF CERTAINTY Read and listen. Then listen again and repeat Cleary tesoinions at) | esti ‘Thera question Chad) Most likely Probably Pu bet I suppose Maybe Its possible (that) | she gov stuck in traffic Iwoiider if got stuck in traffic wonder what happened to Clare. EX] son Listen To ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Listen to each conversation and circle the phrase that best completes the statement. Then explain your choices. 3 / nt certain) about the reason Jade got grounded, in/ not certain) about the reason Jade got grounded 1 She is (very certain / almost c He is (very certain / almost cert She is (very certain /almost certain / not certain) about the reason Jack is in debt, He is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) about the reason Jack is in debt, She is (very certain /almost certain / not certain) why Linda got her kids a puppy. He is (very certain / almost certain / not certain) why Linda got her kids a puppy. TH aprty THE VOCABULARY Write three sentences about each situation, each with a diffrent degree of certaimy, (2 = very certain, b= almost certain, c= not certain) Compare sentences with a partner, You yng to take the elevator donnstas to get some hich 1's 9:80, and your teacher has rive yet You've boon wating forthe eevator or ver en minutes. for your8:00 ass, a... Clearly, the.elevaterisn:t workings a b b 100 unsYou foto your favorite restaurant The lights are on ‘You expected a package to arive on Monday. but the doors oe lacked, ard there's na one inside Ie Fiay, ane it sil hasn't come, a a ‘Speculate about everyday situations EY ss conversation sporiicht Read and listen, Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies. A: Lwonder where Stacey is. She sei be here by ten 8: Do you think something happened? No dea, But I'm sure t's nothing Tl bet she gr stuck in tai suppose you're right, But Tm surprised she hasn't calle A La too B: There must be a good explanation. Maybe she left her phone at home, Could be, Horget mine all the tie > 00, Ways to say Pisar Responding to “Idon't know" speculation No idea. 60 No clue. Beats me. "suppose. EE) ss RHYTHM AND INTONATION Listen gain and repeat. Then practice the conversation wih a partner EY Fl CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR. Create similar conversation, using one of 1 the situations in Exercise C on pages 100-101 (or another situation, Start TH ike this: wonder ... Be sute to change roles ané then partners. DON'T STOP! RECYCLE THIS LAN m3 301Present a theory By sos Grammar SPOTLIGHT Read about Rapa Nui. Notice the spotlighted grammar. Rapa Nui (or Easter Island) isthe most ‘emote inhabited island in the word Its huge stone figures (called moa are world-famous, but ther origin, as well as ‘mush ofthe istan's history, is shrouded in mystery. Experts believe the stone figures may hhave been used to establish religious ‘and poltical authority and power, but no ‘one knows for sue. lslanders moved a total of 540 figures across the istand— ‘some as far as 22 klometers, Several ‘experts bolove the moal could have been “walked” upright, using ropes to rock the figures back an forth. Others ‘theorize the islanders must have laid the figures down flat and rolled them ‘over logs. They point out that moving each figure could not have been ‘accomplished without the help of 70 ‘or more people and probably ook days. to achieve. In the early twentieth century, Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl noticed cultural simiaritias between the people on Rapa Nui and the Incas in Re i Ane Ey paw conciusions which tneory of how the moa’ were moved seems most believable to you" Explain yout reasons Peru. He arqued that the island might hhave been inhabited by people who ‘came in boats from South America. To prove it was possible, he suecesstuly saled a raft called the Kon-Tikion that route. However, exerts citing more recent DNA evidence confirmed that the ‘original inhabitants had to have sailed from Polynesia, which les to the west The frst arrivals most likely foun an invting habitat lush with palm forests. However today, the native trees are extinct. Some experts believe that, 2a the population of this small sland increased, trees must have been cut ‘down to bud houses and boats and to ‘make logs for moving the huge moa ‘ihese are some ofthe theories ‘about Rapa Nui its stone figures, and the people who created them. Perhaps someday wo wil learn all the answers, Sal the Kon-Tiki i I Grammar PERFECT MODALS FOR SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Active voice You can form perfect modals using may, might, could, must, or had to to speculate with different degrees ‘of certainty about the past. Remember: A perfect modal is formed with a model + have and a past participle very certain: The islanders had to have come from Polynesia, They couldn't (or can't) have come fram Peru, The figures must have been very important. They must not have been easy to move ‘They might (or may) have moved the moai by “walking” them, However, they also could have laid the moai flat on logs. almost certain ot certain: Passive voice Use the passive voice ifthe performer of the action is unknown or if you want to focus on the receiver of the action. To form the passive voice with perfect modals, use a modal + have been ‘and a past participle. In negative statements, place not before the aus ‘The stone figures must have been moved using copes and logs. ary have The secrets of Rapa Nui might not have been lost if their writing system had survived. The island couldn't have been inhabited originally by people from South America. Tews "active voice. Underline those that are in the passive voice. 102 unig PRONUNCIATION SM. 149 Reduction an inking | MEE o. 138 By onpeRstano rie Grammar Read the Grammar Spotlight again Circle the perfect modals that are in thei arammar practice On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the sentences with perfect modals in the active voice. 1 Scientists believe that it's possible some form of life existed ‘on the planet Mars billions of years ago. 2 Heyerdahl thought i was possible that. they had come on raft like the Kon-Tiki. 3 Some historians think that the Ray Scientists believe that some form of Ife could have ‘xitted on the planet Mars billions of years ago Nuiislanders probably didi 4 [It’s possible someone forced the pilot to fly the plane to a different location, 5 Experts suggest that originally the Rapa Nui people most likely wrote on banana 6 ‘There's no question that hunting was the cause of the carrier pigeon's extinction as a species. ove the moai using logs. Tl crammar practice complete the conversations, using perfect madals in the passive voice. Harvard Professor Claims Egyptian New Zealand Scientist Argues Pyramids Built by Aliens from Space Dinosaurs Killed by Giant Tsun: 1A: [suppose they 2. A: That sounds far-fetched to me, I think the dinosaurs by aliens. ‘by something else. ‘ome on! You don't really buy that, do you? B: I suppose you're right SHOCKING NEW REVELATION: Woman Attacked by’ “Artist Vincent van Gogh was actually Shopping in London ‘murdered by brother . 4 A: That just doesn’t make sense! 3 A: Do you think that's possible BeDontt beso wore, Someone B: OF course not. He : byalion by his brother. Everyone knows he killed hi roa tha 900, if it had escape Present a theory By FRAME YOUR IDEAS Read about each mystery, On a separate sheet of paper, write a theory to explain each one, using perfect models. Your theories can be believable of far-fetched. woes The Yeti Forcentuies, peolin sits | Sfonehenge stonehenge was The Nazca Lines remote Himalayan Mouninshave chimed | bit over 3.000 years agoin England. ff Those huge shapes Aohave soon ashy, ny, humane Exports say the huge stones came from [were carved intothe | = Creature. However, no one has ever captured | mountains 257 kilometers away. cart in Peru more than 1,500 years yet or taken ts photo. These sightings No one knows for sure how the ‘ago and can only be seen from an centinue tobe reported today stones were carried or put into airplane, No one know’ how they place. The purpose ofthe ‘were designed or made. stones is unknown. "um [BJ Discussion ACTIVATOR speculate about each mystery, using _ 44 believe the stones at Stonehenge active or passive perfect modals when possible. Use Degrees of fad fave open seal for rallies Certainty vocabulary trom page 100. Say as much as you can, mutpoaey, That wh [Gl PRESENTATION Choose one of the mysteries. Present the theory that you think best explains the mystery and tell the class why you believe it.whether or not a news story is true? or the least believable? FF (On June 25th 1947, pilot Kenneth Amold was tying a plane in themorthwest ofthe U.S. when he saw something strange: objects that looked ike plates, or saucers, fying across the sky ke 3 stall lock of birds. Hi story le to numerous ater nes stores in which people aimed to have seen sinilar unidentified fying objects (UFOS) —or “fying saucers." Shortly after, on July 8th, a secret military balloon crashed near Roswell, New "Mexico in the southwest However, the local newspaper reported that a fying ssucer hha cashed, andthe news media from al ‘over demanded more information. Because the balloon was a secret, the military made ‘an offical announcement: thatthe object ‘that had crashed was just an ordinary ‘weather ballon, Noone questioned that stor for more than thirty years—unti 1978, UFO lecturer Stanton Friedman interviewed aman who lame to have seen something stranger than a weather balloon inthe wreckage ofthe 1947 crash, and the story af a fying saucer ‘wasreborn, Although versions of hat story differ, most people ‘who believe there was a military conspiracy to hide the truth agree con these basic details a flying saucer crashed neat Rosielin 1947. And because didnt want anyone to know the truth the military kept the incident top secret and continues ta do so toda, However, many details have been added t the story over the years. Eleven additional “crash sites” have been identified. While ‘ome people aim that alien beings from ater planets must have been captured alive and imprisoned by the military ina secret CONFIRM POINT OF VIEW Write 8 8,07 10 clasiy the people or organizations based fon their point of view. ‘A.s0 skeptic of the military's version of the Roswell incident 8 =a skeptic of the Roswell conspiracy theory C= not enough information in the article to know for sure 1... Kenneth Arnold 2... Stanton Friedm 3... Roswell “experts” GOAL discuss how believable a story is READING WARNLUP What kind of information would you need to determine (iit [J sa8| READING Read the article. Which details do you think are the most questionable THE ROSWELL INCIDENT Roswell conspiracy fans CNN/Time B.D, Gildenberg Kal Korff location, others believe that aliens might have died in the crash and were most likely being kept frozen for research, Roswell Conspiracy fans meet at annual conferences to debate the various versions. ‘Tho military eventually admitted that ital been a secret military ballon, However, Rosell “experts” claim to have interviewed hundreds af witnesses who say they saw evidence of fying saucer, proving, therefore, that the conspiracy theory must be tue. 8.0. Gildenberg, who has examined such claims, beleves thatthe Roswell conspiracy stories are hoax—"the woe’ most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim.” Other skeptics ofthe conspiracy, sho accep the military’ version, point out that all the interviews occured ‘more than tity yeas after the crash and that many ofthe statements ‘made inthe interviews were highly questionable, For example, one witness's name was changed after it became clear that she dnt exst, Furthermore, witnesses often seemed to couse details with military plane crashes that had occurred inthe area at about the same time. oolerenesdebnt contieting ona UFOs. All the same, a CNN /Time pll inthe US. showed that a majtity of the people who responded found the UFO story very believable Conspiracy cttc Kal Koff admits, "Lats not pull ary punches hete: The Roswell UFO myth has been very good business for UFO groups, Dublshes, Hollywood, the town of Roswell, [and] the mediarer INFORMATION Based on information from the article, infer the answers to these questions. 1 What did Stanton Friedman's first witness probably tell him he saw in 1047? 2 When B.D. Gildenberg says the Roswell conspiracy is a “hoax.” what does he mean? 3 When Kal Korft's ray 4 When the military finally admitted years later that they hadn't told the truth about the weather oul ‘balloon in 1947, how would you guess Roswell conspiracy fans responded? the Roswell conspiracy Is “very good business,” what does he mean? S82) BB] isto: worD sTuDY ADJECTIVES WITH THE SUFFIX -ABLE Listen and repeat, believable can be accepted as true because it seems possible debatable more than one explanation is possible unprovable ‘cannot be shown to be true questionable likely to be untrue [i worp stupy PRACTICE Use the adjectives from Exercise E to complete each statement. nny of the details sound far-fetched, 1 His story is really -Som 2 I think she’s telling the truth, Her deseription of the events sounds very tome, 3 Your claims are oc It isn’t difficult co find another explination for what happened 4 That the military found a flying saucer is ‘There is no evidence to show that they dic. Discuss how believable a story is [ NoTEPADDING With a partner, create a story for each of two imaginary witnesses ofthe 4947 Roswell event: one supporting the conspiracy theory and one supporting the military version. what di the witness claim to have seen or hear? witness come inured aliens abut driver He saw a fying saucer onthe road. Some injured werelyng onthe ground neath. Some soldiers were witness ‘What did the witness claim to have seen or heard? Bi came “To TELL THE TRUTH” Divide the class into two opposing groups. Group A will argue that there tras a Roswell conspiracy. Group 8 wil defend the mltary’s version. Students from each group roleplay the wrtnesces, making ther stories as believable as possible. Students in the opposing group ask questions in trderto determine the witness teling the truth 44 How many aliens did you see? 77 z _ 64 What did they look like? 77 TW Discussion Vote to decide which witnesses told the most believable stories. Explain your reasons. Itdpesn't make sense. * don't buy that You'te barking up the wrong Wee {ou} teally went aut ona i. That’ jut facfetched, Theres no question 44 thought the frst witness's story was ‘questionable because he must have 108Evaluate the trustworthiness of news sources [BY usreNine WARM-UP DISCUSSION Look at the photo. Speculate about the purpose ofthe object behind the people. chit [B] sav LISTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Liston to Part 4 of this true story and discuss the questions, 1 What was the story that. was being sported in the news’ 2 Why did the Ieene family contact the authorities? ppened to the balloon? 4 What surprise did everyone discover afterward? Tp] >s12 USTEN 10 DRAW CONCLUSIONS Listen to Part 2 ofthe story. Complete the statements. Explain your choices, is about the story becaus a Falcon’s father answered interviewers’ questions. b 1 News agencies grew suspic ralcon got sick during the interv 2 Authorities grew suspicious when they learned about Falcon’s father's a interests b inventions 3 A publicity stunt is when someone tries to hide the truth from the authorities bb get the attention of the media 4 Falcon’ parents agreed to pay $36,000 as a adonation b apunishment Bi crrmican tuinxine biscuss tese questions, Listen to Part 2 again if necessary. 4 Do you think the authorities should have been less lenient or more lenient toward Falcons parents? Why or why nol? 2 Do you agree that the media probably made errors in judgment inthe way they reported the story? Explain your opinion 3 Do you think the media generally do a good job 00d or bad reporting porting the news? Provide examples of 108 UNITEvaluate the trustworthiness of news sources By Frame your IDEAS Complete the survey and calculate your score. Then compare results with a partner, Which one of you Is generally more skeptical? ARE YOU A rs Ri skeptic? <== en 6 10% 0 What percentage ofthe news you read in the newspaper do youthinkistwue? GQ @ eo°o What percentage of the news you hear on TV or radio do you think rue? ooo What percentage of what you see on the Internet do you think i tue? coo What percentage of what politicians say do you think is true? @@eee@ | wot percentage of what averter say do you think tue? e2ee00 | what percentage of what your family say do you thinks rue? 2eee0 | tage of what your friends say do you think is true? e@eee0e@ ol apnea an vou? cena eres aa ora averasescone [| By noterappina on the notepad, write news sources you tust and ones you don't Include sources from newspapers, magazines, TV radio, and the Internet. Explain your reasons. ‘The news sources | trust the most_| Some news sources | don't trust why? why not? {EEG TH piscussion wy do you trust some news sources and not others? ory Do you and your classmates agree on any? How can you determine if the information you read or hear is true or not? Tmsonyto There's no king up the wrong tee. EIST wits about news source trust, or one you don't trust. Explain your reasons. you trust, you don't trust. Explain y 107Avoiding sentence fragments BX warnne skint stucy the rules. poets An independent clse A sentence fragment isa group of words that does not express amaer saber ands verb, a compete thougnt. Here are two common fragments. ¢ Stprmer a cmplte oop ‘complete seen A dependent clause Sn s capa iter A dependent clause is group of words that contains both Hesinothapeteg a subject anda vero but bens with a suborinating conjunction, exprnter complete nought > ‘making it an incomplete thought, FRAGMENT: Because the-miltary hadn't told-the truth, FRAGMENT: After his-motheradmitted to lying: Subordinating conjunctions that A phrase begin a dependent clause Aphrase is a group of words that is not a complete sentence. after pace Common phrases are prepositional phrases, verb phrases, Becoure tnt embedded questions, infinitive phrases, relative clauses, etc. before when even though whenever FRAGMENT: The people-who-were at the-airport. # wile FRAGMENT: At-the enk-oF the year. FRAGMENT: Ate-very reliable, FRAGMENT: Where-the-balloon landed FRAGMENT: To-solve the-mystery: To conect a sentence fragment, do one of the following: ‘Attach a dependent clause to an independent clause to complete the thought. People believed the conspiracy theories because the military hadn't told the truth After his mother admitted to lying, everyone knew the story was a hoax. ‘+ Complete the thought by adling missing information to a phrase so it's a complete sentence. ‘The people who were at the airport couldn’t board thelr plar ‘They were freed from prison at the end of the year. Most newspapers are very reliable. That's where the balloon landed. To solve the mystery, they interviewed all the witnesses. EX practice uncertne the sentence ragments in" QB APPLY THE WRITING SKILL this paragraph, Then on a separate sheet of paper On a separate sheet of paper, write a short rewrite the paragraph corectly. news article about one of these toples: a Areal or imaginary mysterious, ‘When John Tyler did not appear at his wedding, event, such asa UFO sighting, a His bride and the wedding guests were worried, Aisappearance, or the discovery of a They called the police for help. The police used helicopters, previously unknown place ‘To search for John’s car. An hour later, John called his bride by phone. She was shocked. Because John told her that he hhad been carjacked. According to his story. The earjackers b Areal or imaginary story in which the media succeeded at telling, or failed to tell, the truth hhad locked him inthe trunk of his ar. Meanwhile, the police had found John’s car. In the parking lat ofa —a hotel. Furthermore, ohn was found ina hotel room, En] Speaking with his wife on the phone. Apparently, he had 1 Coal my scones exross emote trove? been having doubts about getting married and had made up the whole story about the carjacking, John had to repay the town the $3,000 spent trying to rescue him during his carjacking hoax. He and his bride were married two ‘weeks later, bit avis sentence ragments? oi acid ton sentences? 10s NTBY 15 Listen tothe conversations. Then listen to each conversation again and choose the Statement that Is closer in meaning to what each person sad. 1 The woman says a it's possible Bill overslept b Bill couldn't possibly have overslept 2 The woman says, a it’s possible the wallet is Gina's b it's almost certain that the wallet is Gina's 3 The man thinks 1a the president may have been involved in the scandal b the president had clearly heen involved inthe scandal °C 4-The man thinks 2 the story could possibly be a hoax b the story couldn't possibly be true RE EX Rewrite each statement in the passive voice. 4 The military must have moved the aliens’ bodies to a secret place. 2 Witnesses might have seen evidence of the event. 3 Stanton Friedman must have written the first account of the Roswell conspiracy. 4 They couldn't have moved the stones without lots of help. 5 Richard Heene had to have asked Falcon to lie to the authorities. 6 The islanders might not have used the stone figures for religious purposes. TH ona separate sheet of paper, write your own response to each question, using varying degrees of certainty Explain your theories 4 Do you thinkit's possible that there could really be a | Tavepse posi but relly dont belive if becave. human-like creature in the Himalayas called a yeti? _ 2 Do you think the conspiracy theory about the Roswell incident could be true? 3 Does it make sense to you thatthe Bermuda Triangle might cause ships and planes to disappear? 4 Doyou think ts possible that the Nazca Lines were designed by aliens? Web Project: Mysteries [ ».as0 | ee, 109COMMUNICATION GOALS 4 Suggest ways to reduce stress 2 Deserve how you got interested in a hobby 3. Discuss how mobile devices atfect us 4 Compare attitudes about taking risks Your Free Time PREVIEW Bi) FRAME YouR IDEAS. Compete the survey about your free time. Sea Soe peer) spending time with my family hanging out with my friends spending time alone relaxing and doing nathing immersing myself in my work or studies seeking excitement engaging in quiet activities at home participating in sports working out to stayin shape rooting for my favorite teams attending cultural events enjoying my hobbies and other interests El Pair work compare your survey responses. Ask questions about your partner's free time. sis VOCABULARY WAYS TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE Listen and repeat. Then use the words and the survey to describe your partner. + sociable: likes being around other peopl + aloner: prefers being alone or hanging out with close friends or family + active: enjoys doing lots of activities, has lots of interests + sedentary: somewhat inactive physically id back: relaxed, easygoing + other 110 uNTa0 ‘My partner is realy sociable, ‘She likes to spend time with her family and hang out with her friends.By esis) sporuicHt Read and listen to a conversation between two friends after work. Notice the spotlighted language. [phone rings} Don't you need to take that? : Nah. I's my new boss, It ean wait till tomorrow. Really? What if i's urgent? 1: She needs to know I'm not always on eal And besides, my workday ended ‘over two hours ago... Thave a life! Ava: Well, you're a lot more laid back than Iam, T've got a lot on my plate at work these days. I'd worry my boss might think I was slacking off. that’s not true! You work really hard. do, But I feel like [need to take my work home with me, OrI'llnever be able to keep up. Erin: Well, my previous boss was always calling me on the weekend. Finally, I had to put a stop to it. just decided I wouldn't take any more calls after hours. You just have to draw the line somewhere, right?” Ava: I suppose so. But if I did that, 'd be a nervous wreck that I might. lose my job. Erin: Me, lear‘t live like that. When I'm at work, I give it my all. ‘But my free time is mine ... (phone rings) Is that yours ‘Ava: I guess 50 ... Olino .. [forgot I was Supposed {0 call my boss ‘at 7.00, Excuse me fora minute Erin: Come on! Don't tell me you're going to take that! Ava: Stop that! Shh! BH unperstano 1DIoMs AND EXPRESSIONS Find these expressions in Spotlight. Match each with ts corect meaning 1 be on call a not work as hard as one should 2 have alot on one’s plate bb finish everything that needs to get done 3 slack off ¢ make it clear that something is unacceptable 4 keep up d be anxious or worried about something 5 draw the line @ make oneself available for someone to contact any time 6 beanervous wreck £ do something with maximum effort 7 give something one's all 4g have lots of things that need to get done Bi piscussion whose philosophy about taking work calls after hours makes the most sense to you — Ava's or Erin's? Explain your reasons. . (Unfortunately, Crisis lle IEENAINER air work complete the chart. Then tell your partner sedentary because he's alays ‘about the people. Use the Vocabulary from page 110. immersed in his studies. |» erent ea Name Relationship to you is alws .ys immersed in his or her work or studies hhas a lot on his or her plate right now {is good at drawing the line between work and private time ains a very active life slacks off alittle too often ives everything his or atJ BBY > ste VOCABULARY WAYS TO REDUCE STRESS Read and listen to the suggestions {or reducing the stess of work. Then listen again and repeat. TAKE A BREATHER SLOW DOWN, Soe Cyne entice doing from time to Schedule time that’s just fast. Take time to thie * time Takeo rest or for you so you con focus about what you'e get some exercise on eloxing doing ond do it right REDUCING THE S/S OF WORK SET LIMITS, e KE UP A HOBBY. Learn to draw the Gs) Start doing something you'd ling ond soy no to Stop taking things so enjoy in your Free time, such others’ demands on | Seriously. Remember to see ‘es moking, collecting, fixing, your private time. | the humor in everything, (or taking care of things. EE] >s17 uisten To ACTIVATE VOCABULARY Read the suggestions, The listen to six people's complaints. Write the number of a speaker in the box next tothe suggestion you'd give him or her. (“Itt were you, Ia take a breather every few hours” 7 “You should set aside some down time each week.” C1 *Stow down a bit so you ean do the job right. (1 *If1 were you, Id try to set some limits. . Why dont to laugh things off at work” should take up a hobby.” ‘Be suposed a expansion ‘'GEy I] GRAMMAR EXPRESSING AN EXPECTATION WITH BE SUPPOSED TO - Use be supposed to + a base form to express expectation, Use a present form of be for Note: The negative form a preset ftre expectation. Use a past iarm fe ren expectation nthe pas. i eae sd Wt supose to anv on tne tay. (Someone expect) ae! lai Mary I supposed fo rng snacks tomo, Someone vl expect) ns ‘You were supposed to come yesterday. (Someone expected it.) ‘Negative statements: They aren't sappesd to know about hepa . ‘She wasn't supposed to stay past 5:00. be careful ‘Yes / no questions Don't use auxiliary verbs or modals with be supposed to. I: Pa mappoosd gh 6 cette oma Dots Macy witbe supposed wing Nenad ‘Was the school supposed to pay you a refund? Don't confuse be supposed to with the verb suppose. Infomation questions faethe eat ere When were we sppasd to uy the tole? nt do you space weng? hat you gues Who's suposed tcl ws tooo)? ‘5 [B] UNDERSTAND THE GRAMMAR Speculate about who might nave an expectation. 4 Jeftis supposed to call home before he leavesthe office. 4s wife might expect 99 2 Our teacher is supposed to tell us our final grades today. - 7 ip after thet eal 3 Customers are supposed (0 leave a 42 UNTOTH ennor conRECTION On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite these sentences cortecty 1 You don't suppose to smoke clgarettes inside the office. 2 Wastit everyone suppose to turnoff these phones during the talk? 3 Lena and Gil didn’t supposed to finish their report before the meeting yesterday 4 When will he be supposed to let his boss know he's taking tne off? 5 What we suppose todo for tomorrow's class? my I crammar practice Rewrite each instruction to express an expectation, Ea ,. 10 using be supposed to. Make any other necessary changes Veet sound i ad i 1 “Please bring your homework with you tomorrow.” (we /bring) 2 “Please tell Sara to call her mother after class” a) 3 “Please inform Walter that he needs to pay his bill by Friday.” (Walter / pay) 4 “Dont tell anyone /telt) 5 “Don't tip people for their service when (vou/tip) pout Tom's surprise birthday party on Sunday. fou're traveling in Japan.” 6 “All of our store clerks should be friendly, helpful, and courteous” (Our store clerks / be) Suggest ways to reduce stress ps8) CONVERSATION SPOTLIGHT Read and listen. Notice the spotlighted conversation strategies. A: Uh-oh. [really messed up. B: Why? What did you do? A: Tjust realized we were supposed to turn in our reports this morning. It completely slipped amy mind, Well, frankly, I'm not surprised : What do you mean? It’s just that you've been working so hard lately, Let's face it . you need a break. A: You're probably right. I've got way too much on. uy plate, B: You know what? It’s time to slow down a litle epee EX > sis rivrim ano InTONATION Listen again and repeat. Then practice the conversation with a partner. 5 [MJ CONVERSATION ACTIVATOR Create a similar za conversation in which one of you is stressed out about SH forgetting to do something. Start like this: Uh-oh. really messed up... Be sure to change roles and then partners Some ideas You were supposed to + get someone a birthday gift DONT STOP! + pick someone up at the aigport + Suggest and discuss other on cal + finish your homework Ways to reduce stress. bea nervous wreck «draw the tine * be at a meeting at work or school. + Say as much as you can. cantheen wp + prepate a presentation for an eventGOAL Describe how you got interested in a hobby BN >:20 GRAMMAR SPOTLIGHT Read about how these people got intrested in thelr hobbies. Notice the spotightes grammar ‘When | was a kid, I was crazy about airplanes, My dad did a lot of traveling for his ob, so he would bring me back mode! kits from different airlines. Pd assemble them and paint them, and it was fun. My dad was always showing ‘off my work to his friends, so | decided to get serious and ‘make it areal hobby. Now I build my own models with engines that can really fy, QUILTING ‘When | was young, my mom was always collecting old pieces ‘of colorful cloth. At some point, she would sew them together into shapes, and then she would combine the shapes together to make a huge bed cover. | used to think it was embarrassing to have my friends come over and see all those pieces of cloth lying around, But today 'm really proud of the quilts my mom made, PRACTICING A MARTIAL ART é ‘When | was about eight, my friends were all earning ‘martial arts, They'd walk past my house in their uniforms on their way to karate clas, and| really wanted to join them. So told my mom, and she agreed to let me. ve been practicing now for more than ten years. Its helped me to fee! really confident physically. Bi parr work witha partner ciscuss which hobby in Exercise Ais the most appealing £9 you Explain your reasons. EEE » <0 ‘Sz KS GRAMMAR DESCRIBING PAST REPEATED OR HABITUAL ACTIONS “You can use would + a base form to describe past repeated or habitual actions. When Iwas a kid, my mom would sew pieces of cloth together to make quits Every weekend, | would walk around the neighborhood and take photos, You can also use the past continuous withthe frequency adverb always to describe a past habitual action, ‘ur grandfather was alway fixing things in his garage We were always taking care af other people's pes. nena With non-action verbs that don describe Remember: You can also use used to + a base form to describe Tepid acorn ue wad ot nal sth at ae no longer tre. We used to be interested in martial ars a Ones NOT We would-be interested in martial arts. My mom used to make quits. [But she doesn't anymore, Shee eee oe | used to love assembling model cars. (But don'thave the tie now] “NOT She would alike Serng, na uw8 BE] Norice THE GRAMMAR Find an example of the past continuous with always in Spotlight on paye 144. Restate the sentence, using used to. Ey crammar practice Write an x next to the statements that cannot be rewtten using would for past repeated of habitual actions. Explain your decision for each item, (111 Nick used to like everything about going to school 44 item like isa non-action verb (12 My brother used to collect soda cat can ee eo ore C3 we ful old things. ~ — al (114 The prices of the model cars Hiked the best used to be astronomical (15 My family used to live next door to a karate s (16 When Jan tin (517 When Twas. teenager, I used to seck excitement by taking risks when we were kids, ) sed to visit antique stores to look for beau hool st started her new job, she used (o immerse herself in her work Ei crammar PRACTICE on a seperate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement from Exercise E that ean be rewritten with would. | ry brother would collect soda cans when we Were Kd. TE crammar PRACTICE With a partner, take tuins restating each apy sez a pr ena statement from Exercise Fusing the past continuous with always. sods cans when we were Kids 9 Describe how you got interested in a hobby BB NorePappINa Using tne Grammar What isyour hobby? Spotlight as a guide, write statements about one of your hobbies Use would or the past continuous for past repeated or habitual actions when possible How did you first get interested init? Say BB] DISCUSSION ACTIVATOR Using your How did your interest change overtime? notepad, discuss your hobby with a partner. Find out about your partner's hobby. Say as much as you can. IG PRESENTATION With your partner, tell your class about how you each got interested in your hobbies, DTN write avout how your partner got interested in his or her hobby.16 BJ READING WARM-UP. Do you thnk technology increases or reduces stress in your fe? Provide examples. By] > sar READING Read the article. How would you summarize the author's main points about technology today? ALWAYS CONNECTED? The Consequences of Never Switching Off Alison Murphy Neen eS Oe cede efficiency, making us more time to relax and enjoy our leisure Da Cena Re een te Rieter ae ice) ete a ee Re eine’ Bore ors Next time you're in a public place, look around. Odds are you'll soe a large percentage of people on their phones or tablets texting, chatting, checking messages, or surfing the net, We're more connected to our mobile devices than ever before, which provides us 24/7 contact with our work, social media, and the Internat. The devices even follow us into our bedrooms, where we use technology as ameans to unwind at the end of a long day. According to 2 recent poll, a majority of respondents said they use their devices right before going to bod. Most also reported that using their devices keeps them tp at night and that they don’t get enough sleep. Zack Panaters, 8 student at Stanford University complained, "I'l take a quick look at something interesting, and the next thing I knows I've spent a few hours online.” According to psychiatrist Kyla Greenham, "The ight from ourdevices throws off cour normal sleep cycle and actually reduces production of the sleep hormone melatonin." She advises, Switch off any kind of technology at least an hour before going to bed.” Lack of sleep may not seem 50 important, but it ean have a huge effect on one’s performance the next day, making it harder to pay attention or remember things. ‘At work, technology isin fact » contributing factor in grawing trend toward longer hours and less time off, When we lave the ofc, weconioue toreyjconmeced ‘We are inviting our work world into |) urpivetelnesinvonstrecnever I Mold tea seer eee hel post Wereconstantyroncale cea insenanr autre cm, Welustoontnovbows, I rate cnecirweet er eee a Inour leisure time, technology | appears to be reducing the face-to- | {ce human ineraetion thot we've traditionally enjoyed. For example, | the trend has been away from the shared experiences of going out | tothe movies or shopping atthe | mall toward the more private acts ‘of watching movies at home or Shopping online, Common lisure actvties ofthe past such as participating in lube, took place Inthe community and provided txtended time to communicate with others and develop rlationshipe in contrast, today's online poste and tweets with foil, fignds and colleagues are shorter, more Superficial andless satisfying. | Recent research hos infact suggested that face-to-face fay time f decreasing inhomes with Internet connections. No one wishes to turn back the clack on what technology can do. However, switching off our devices from time to time may be one of, the most important decisions we an make to ensure that we are ving ful, satisfying lives, UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT With a partner, find these words and phrases in the article, Match each one with its correct meaning, 1 switeh off 224n 3 ameans to unwind 4 keeps [someone] up at night 5 lack of 6 throws off 7 tace-to-tace un 10 a away to relax b all day and night ¢ insufficient amount or quantity d prevents from sleeping € by talking to someone directly, in person £ tum off 9 makes something not work rightBi Wenriry supPORTING DETAILS Answer the question, according to the article Find examples or information in the article t support your answers. 4 What is wrong with always being “on cal” for an employer? 2 What are the consequences of checking one’s devices before going to sl 3 Why ist a problem (o rely on technology for social interaction? BB inren point oF VIEW Answer the following questions. Explain your reasons. 1 What kinds of leisure activities do you think the author would recommend? 2 Do you think the author's opinion of electronic devices is more positive or negative? Explain. a Discuss how mobile devices affect us = Frequently 1 Semeuhat requemiy [Frame your EAS Complete the survey. Then compare answers with = Once ins wie a partner. Describe your habits and explain why you do what you do. e ae panera | eee septs a oles 0 REED not sure text to connect with other people. O o.O°0 ¢ ° Oo oO | make cals to other peopk {stop whetever fm doing to respond to calls or texts I check my messages as soon as | wake up. | check my messages as soon as get home 1 check my messages before going to sleep. the night and check my messages | witch off my devices dking the day. | switch off my devices at night BASED ON YOUR SURVEY RESPONSES, WHICH STATEMENT BELOW BEST DESCRIBES YOU? Roe aC Se Ce eee era ers | think it’s important to be connected, but | know when to switch off my devices. \'m hardly ever connected, but I wish | were more often. eee eee) DISCUSSION Discuss the following questions in small groups. Then share your ideas with the class. 1 In your opinion, do technological advances save us time or waste more of our time? How? 2 What are your recommendations for the best ways: to use our devices at work or school? In public ete te) ‘Ad Texting keeps me in touch with more of my 3 Do you think technology adds to or interferes with friends and makes it easier to get together. ? ; {don’t think it interferes with my leisure ‘your leisure time? Explain how are omGOAL Compare attitudes about taking risks [By UsTeNING WARM-UP DISCUSSION Which ofthe following risks would you find the easiest to take? Which would you find the most dificult? Explain your reasons Cee eens eee By] »s2n UsTEN FOR MAIN IDEAS Listen tothe interview witha psychologlst. Then ten again and write a description for each ofthe two personality types the ayehologst describes 823) LISTEN FOR SUPPORTING DETAILS Read each summary of some of Franklin's main points. Listen again, and complete each explanation by providing details from the interview. 1 Fron cesta oe artsy dy people's pesos ster 100% "big or ‘smal 1” 2 She diiestbthoving og persy it anys apse it 3 She rush een your wilng oid on ale (ose yeu dr nash aig perocy. By) >s20) stew 10 UNDERSTAND MEANING FROM CONTEXT Listen to each of the following comments from the interview and complete the statements, 1 Ifyou are“faint of heart” and “wouldn't dare"to doce ig T/ small 9 personality 2 Aperson who “takes chances” and chooses to “live onthe edge” has more of a (big / small» personality 3 Iyou fel an “adrenaline rush” when you go “right up to the edge’ you have more ofa (big smal 9 personality ain things, you have more ofa 418 UNT10BE RELATE 10 PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Whore do you fit on the risk-taking continuum? 10 you have more of a “bg or “small t* personality? Explain your reasons [SS [J res woRD sTuoy AovERaS oF MANNER Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding iv to an acjectve, Listen and repeat. Adjective Adver confident > confidently mysterious + mysteriously quick > quickly quiet > quietly safe + safely Excoptions: If an adjective ends in . + sy change to comfortably) 1 (dangero 2 (fortunate) My niece climbed a live vote: 3 (easy) don’t like taking 4 (nervous) He 5 (sad) 6 (extreme) The hike through the desert is 8 (accidental) She 9 (inysterious) Our teacher was By norePapping Interview a partner about the fishies thing he or she has ever done, Take notes fon your notepad. Use adverbs of manner f you can, {EE iscussion in smal groups, compare your partners’ experiences. Then decide who Is the Digest risktaker ETN ite a paragraoh about why you think a person becomes a risk-taker ora risk-avoider. 7 (beautiful) The stories about her adventures are Compare attitudes about taking risks Usage note Use an adverb of manner to modify a verb or adjective. Rish-taking affects you physically. modifies the verb: describes how it affects youl ''m afraid of activities that are physically dangerous modifies the adjective: describes how they are dangerous) Some adverbs such as luckily, fortunately, unfortunately, and sadly express the speaker's attiade. They ave ‘generally used at the beginning or end of a sentence. Luckily, no one was hurt. | was really frightened, unfortunately, [Fl worn stuoy PRACTICE complete cach statement, using an adverb of manner 5 Many people who seek excitement like to live 0. Nothing terrible happened sks when Idrive, Someone could got hurt checked his parachute before he jumped out of the plane, he was badly injured when he jumped off the cliff challenging ked into a high-erime neighborhood. absent over the last week, Description of what happened Name ‘Time and place Where?Presenting and supporting opinions clearly BY waitin sxint study the rues. When you write to critique or comment on another person’s ideas, itis important to present and support your own opinions clearly. Use connecting words and phrases to present your ideas logically, and support your ideas with reasons. Citing the waiters words Use direct speech to quote short statements For example: Present your ideas logically Purely soy, Temay | First of all, | agree with Alison Murphy's main point, beoneof the mor? Im addition, she makes a good point about modern technology. lopattentserisentia Furthermore, she’s right about its effect on sleep. canmeke.” For longer statements, | Finally, | believe we need to decide what we want technology to do for us. use Indirect speech 0 paraphrase wha | ‘Support your ideas with reasons mire Since they are able to work from home, people have more free time. arenyaraerin Because of the Internet, people are working more efficiently. Sechoologyiaterdeing ‘Actually, new technology increases leisure time. That is wh | think the author “?*eer ‘Heer: is wrong. Due to new technological advances, people are more connected than ever. EX Practice wate statomonts using the connecting wore. 1s hart phones are so convenient. It seems like everyone needs to have one. (since) 2 Online shopping is the reason fewer people shop at the mall these days, (because of) 3 Murphy's arguments are very strong. agree with her opinions. (that is why) 4 The light from their devices is the reason people aren’t getting enough sleep, (due to) words and phrases. Use a comma where necessary, 1... Teompletely agree with Murphy when she suggests we switch off our devices more often. It's just common sense.2 ....... agree with her argument that our devices are keeping us up at night.3 ...... lalways check my messages before going to bed, I now exactly what she means. 4 ...... she makes a good i point when she says that people are interacting face-to-face less and less. My family is trying to change that by setting aside family time. ...... I think she's right when she says, “Switching off our devices may be one of the most important decisions we can make. "6 ...... 've decided to switch off my phone every evening at 7:00 Pam. | | [i Practice on a separate shoot of paper, rewrite this paragraph by adding connecting (So BB) APPLY THE WRITING SKILL Write a ique of the article “Always = ESE Connected?" on page 116. Begin by stating your opinion. To comment (ws connect wor on proses on the articles point of view, and to support yours, use quotes or ect co mnt eae paraphrase what the writer says. Write atleast two paragraphs. Dis na peoreseactrarane Idea: fst, underline sentences inthe article you want to comment on. 2s ovotton max | Co ott pratase te waters words whon 20 unio Teja one drt spe?I san Listen to tne conversations. Complete each statement withthe correct dlom or expression. 1) He has decided to «1 asucko! bdravtheline -_¢ beoncall 2 She's a slacking off b gotalotonherplate c giving itherall 3 He's managing to a keep up. b bean call ¢ slack off 4 Her boss might think she was .. a keepingup —b givingither all ¢ slacking off EB Use the prompts to write questions using be supposed to. 1 (we /read// the article before class tomorrow) 2 (why/I/contact/ the authorities tomorrow morning) 3 (what /they /bring /to the party later tonight) 4 (what time / we / call /the office next Friday) 5 (how long /Daniel/ stay at the library this afternoon) 6 (where /Lisa / go /tomorrow) [dl Respond to each statement in your own words, tsing expressions from Preview or Lesson 4, 4&6 Uh-oh, really nested —|-2 61 msosonry forgot tocall | 3 | bALet's facet. You're up oul K completely sipped ‘working too hard 9 ying You Tox poe You BB Write an adverb form for each adjective. : 1 angry 6 preferable 2 busy 7 respectful 3 responsible 8 honest 4 appropriate 9 polite 5 happy. ». 180 ic rj: Exee Spars rtJ 221 Listen tothe conversations. Complete each statement withthe correct idiom or expression. 1 He has decided to ... a slack off. b draw theline € be on call 2 She's a slackingoff b gotalotonherplate c giving it herall 3 He's managing to a keep up. b beon call slack off 4 Her boss might think she was a keeping up —_b givingither all slacking off EB Use te prompts to write questions using be supposed to, 4 (we/ read /the article before class tomorrow) 2 (why /I/ contact the authorities tomorrow morning) 3 (what / they / bring /to the party later tonight) 4 (what time / we / call /the office next Friday) 5 (how long /Daniel /stay at the library this afternoon) 6 (where / Lisa/ go / tomorrow) TB espond to each statement in your own words, using expressions from Preview or Lesson 3. 1) bbuh-oh really messed —|-2. fA tmsosomy forgot tocall | 3) &ALet'sfaceit. Youre op. yout ircompletey sipped working to hard: tind BB wate an adverb torm for each adjective. : 1 angry 6 preferable 2 busy a 7 respectful 3 responsible 8 honest 4 appropriate 9 polite 5 happy ‘Web Project: Extreme Sports vww.engish.com,/summit3e yaReference Charts These are the pronunciation symbols used in Summit 1. Vowels Consonants Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word Symbol Key Word beat, feed 3 banana, among P pack, happy 2 zip, please, goes 1 bit, dic > shirt, murder b back, rubber J ship, machine, er date, paid ar bite, cry, buy, eye to tie station, special, © bet, bed av about, how a die discussion = bat, bad 21 voice, boy k came, key, quick 5 measure, vision © BOX, 0d, father beer y game, guest hot, who 29 bought, dog bare Y church, nature, men, some ou boat, road bar watch n sun, know, 0 book, good or door judge, general, ‘pneumonia boot, food, student ur tour major n sung, ringing but, mud, mother fan, photograph =” sw wet, white v van 1 ight, tong 0 thing, breath Fight, wrong 9 then, breathe y yes, use, music Ss sip, city, { butter, bottle psychology button ‘base form Simple past be was / were beat beat become became gin began bend bent bet bet bite bit bleed bled blow blew break broke breed bred bring brought buile built burn burned / burnt burst burst buy bought eaten ‘caught choose chase. come. ‘came cost cost creep ‘rept cut cut deal deait The manager sid tobe atthe meeting at 2:15 sharp, She told us, "Don't call before cox” > She told us nat to call befoe dinner. BB on a separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence, changing the subject infinitive toa subject complement. 1 To be successful is every new graduate's wish, 4 To rescue hikers lost in the woods is the responsibility of the park polic 2 To cook dinner is my chore for the evening. 3 To win the game is every player's dream. 5 To.win the clection is every candidate's task. EX Rowse each sentence, beginning with an impérsonal it 1 To de disciplined about an exercise program is 6 ‘To pass the examination is not the easiest thing in difficult for an easygoing person, the world, 2 To get to work on time isa good idea, 7 Tolive in an English-speaking country might be an, 3 To be outgoing in new situations is helpful exciting experience. 4 To act friendly is always worthwhile. 8 To know when to use an infinitive and when to use a 5 To be 100 talkative can sometimes be a problem. gerund is pretty confusing TB insert a phrase with fr in each ofthe following sentences. fer oa drivers 41 tes hard fo drive in a lot of traffic. 4-1ts too late to make the early show. 2 Wsimportant to remember that some difficult 5 Us essential o use insect repellent when you camp things are just apart of ie. inthe woods 3 Is sinart to realize that it’s better to be safe 6 i's good to avoid being 100 outgoing when youre than sorry starting a new job. GRAMMAR BOOSTER 125,128 B] ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement in indirect speech. 1 Coline said, “Don't be late for the meeting.” 3 My sister said, “Don’t eall me before 7:00 4.4" 2 Last night they told me, “Always take care when you 4 The tour guide told them, “Just roll with the go out in the evening.” punches.” Meee ives ‘A cominon error in frm wrttn English i mixing gerunds and itntves when sting items ina series. Ais of tems should be either al gerunds oral infintves, When take time of fram wor, | preter relaxing t home, spending tne with my fami and getting ‘ings done around the house. [NOT 1 preter relaxng at nome, spending ime wih my family and t-get tings done around the house | ‘can't stand geting up late ond missing the bus. NOT can't stand gating up late and to mis the bus, Ina series, eter use to with all the infinves or use it only with the first one. When tak time of fom work, | prefer t relax at home, spend time wit my fami and get things done ‘round the house. NOT When | take time off fm wor, | prefer to relax at home, spend tne with my family and to get things done around te nouse GH ona separate sheet of paper, corect the ero in paraleism inthe following sentences. 1 After she arrived in London, she began to write long letters home and calling her parents at all hours of the night. 2 There are two things I really can’t stand doing: speaking in front of large audiences and ‘chat with people I don't know at parties. 3 Right before midnight, everyone began to sing, dance, and to welcome in the new year 4 There's no question I prefer using all my vacation time and take a long vacation, Ei Complete the following sentences, using appropriate gerund or Infintve forms. Refer to pages 122-124 in the Reference Charts Itnecessary. 1 Pvould 5 oy the form immediately and... i te copy for your records, 2 Did you remember. sesso Of the stove, -.- the Windows, and ores the turn ‘dose’ wack door before you left? 3 Its obvious from her eamails that she really loves. sone the culture, new people, ‘experience meet and just econ HOT, be 4 They prohibit photographs or ... a recorder, ‘aie ‘ise 5 Lreally wouldn't mind them out to dinner oF ... them around if you'd like ‘ke ‘how meto, : 6 He promised . the report homey... it carefully, and to any ‘ake ‘ead ‘espera ‘questions by the next day. enn Use te simple past tense or the past of befor an action finished ata specified time inthe past. They watched some movies yesterday Use the present perfect for an action finished at an unspecified time inthe past. } ‘They ve watched tat movie tree times, (GRAMMAR BOOSTERUse the past perfect for an action that was fished before another action inthe past } When | arved, they had already watched the movie Note: aithovgh the continuous aspect is used for actions in progress, the prosont perfect continuous Is sometimes used fr very recently completed actions, especially to emphasize duration ‘They've been watching movies all afternoon, but theye dane now, Untinished actions Use the past continuous for unfinished actions that continued fora period of ime or during specific time inthe past. | was relaxing at ome all morning, Ac noon, was watching 3 move, Use the present perfect OR the present perfect continuous for unfinished actions that began inthe past and may ‘continu into the future. Use the present perfect continuous to further emphasize that the action is continuous, ‘She's listened to RUB for years. [And she may cominve.) (OR She's been listening to RAB for years, [And she may continue] | IY complete the article, using the simple past tense, the past of be, or the present perfect. World Music is not really a true genre of music—it is a combination of musical genwes' from around the World, More recently recording companies. the term to describe the music of atts who they felt could appeal to new audiences across cultures. The concept of World Music. fist created after U.S. singer/ songwriter Paul Simon his iugely suecessful Graceland album in 1986, At that time, he South Aficas male choir Ladysmith Black Mambazo and rock «group Savuka to accompany him on the recording. Both groups later with him around the word. This exctng collaboration immediately to European and North American Sappeai audiences, who were attracted to this different sound. " Since that time, as more artists sosnne tO Feach new audiences, there . an Fs Sie increased amount of “crossover’—that is, musicians influencing each other across cultures. Enthusiasm for music from other cultures steadily, Artists such as Angélique Kidjo and Carlos Vives, who Sse were well-known within specific regions such as Africa or Latin America, international iobecome stars, and mainstream music ous Many of the features of these artists. iv incorporate Ey Read each statement. Then decide which description is closer in meaning. 1 By the time Theard about it, the concert had sold out. a First [heard about the concert. Then it sold out. b First the concert sold out. Then I heard about it, : 2 After he'd won the award, he got a big recording contract. a First he got the recording contract. Then he won the award. b First he won the award. ‘Then he got the recording contract. 3 We wanted to go to his performance because we'd heard his new album. a First we heard his album. Then we wanted to go to his performance. bb First we wanted to go to his performance. Then we heard his album. 4 He'd played at-a lot of different halls before he performed at Camegie Hall a First he performed at Carnegie Hall, Then he played at alot of different halls, b First he played at alot of different halls. Then he performed at Camegie Hall. GRAMMAR BOOSTER 127Seen Remember: & noun clause functions as a noun and soften introduced wit that When a noun clause is a direct object, use of that is optional. » meta par t us pee eons order in noun Umer eae (at) at thar cou be 30 etal Tesi ie ar a ta pao, Ide 0 ave th forenoon, | "ROT Ident ering, Uae pono vor eer tat anand maton ees Deer mona te hep nears {Does she come from the U,S,7} Do you know if she comes from the U.S.? NOT Does he understand what-do-the iyies mean? INaen ose ore bgt teu han oer bg Ue dst id dint tin Teen nace inci soso find Aaa een se a gun rar ih an enbetied Iwaver ihe ewes word eo aoe reenact freak ceria tat eal voor) moesting (0) Dat hoor That sho’ a therapist surprises me, (subject) Teaching children s what Hove. (subject complement) Ti Complete each noun clause with that, if (or whether), or a question word. (Some have more than cone possible answer) . 1 She thinks classical music is boring, 2 Catching up with friends on social media is soos spend Saturday mornings, 3 Idon't remember cose bands we saw in concert last year, 4 crcsseennenss Like most is electronic pop. 5 Did anyone tell you T'm showing my paintings at the Henderson gallery? 6 Robert asked me wn. os Thad bought tickets for the ballet yer. 7 Lean't imagine .... life would be like without the arts. 8 Ldonte really KNOW oss to cook very well, 9 New York is con the Empire State Building is located, 10 Lwonder .eseescenceos tle concert begins, BB compete each statement, using noun clause based onthe question in parentheses. 4 (Where did Mozart tive?) I don't now 2 (What type of music does our teacher like?) I have no idea 3 (When did the Black Eyed Peas recently perform in Chicago?) She asked me 4 (Are ballet tickets really expensive?) [ don't know 5 (How long is the musical Annie?) Pm not sure... 6 (Will the movie end before 6:002) He's asking As adjective complements To more formally make a point, use [t+ be or another linking verb + an adjective with noun clause beginning with that. That is optional tis clear (that) Hensley has done alt of research ‘Some adjectives used in expressions with I+ be oF ‘another linking ver: Hace sb (ath bend nts en ed Sa. ae | iewas suprising (that they never perfomed tose ai te (tie fesertal | ay snow complements true | ume | ‘To more formally focus on an issue or topic, complete the meaning of a noun phrase rem: interesting with a noun clause. Thats necessary. “The fact that her songs were extremely popular marie her very wealthy, ‘The bee that vaccines might be harmful led some people to ese them ‘Some noun phrases used to introduce noun clauses The announcement that The ida that The argument that The news that The beliet tat The possibility that ‘Te chance that The propel that The claim thet ‘The teeommendation that The demand that The report that, The fact that ‘The suggestion tht 128 GRAMNAR BOOSTERBi ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence, using It + be (or a linking verb) + an adjective and @ noun clause as an adjective complement. 1 That developing countries address the problems caused by global warming is extremely important, 2 That the president plans on resigning appears obvious to everyone, 3 That not providing disaster relief will only worsen the situation seems quite clear. 4 That a cure for cancer will be discovered in the next twenty years is certainly possible, 5 That the governments of Argentina and Chile will reach an agreement looks very likely. 6 That Max Bianchi won't be participating in the Olympics next year is not important Bil Read each quote from a radio news program. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, complete ‘each statement, using the noun clause as a noun complement. Example: “Volkswagen announced that they would unveil a new car design early next year. This is causing lot of excitement in the auto industry.” [The announcement... cine neaoeene penal easter Miers early next years causing a lot of excitement in the auto industry. 1 “The Health Ministry announced that they will begin vaccinating all infants for measles. ‘This was greeted with criticism from the opposition party.” (The announcement...) 2 “The president said it was possible that he would resign by the end of this year. This has taken everyone by surps ‘ding the news media.” [The possibility ..] 3 “The London Sun reports that Dr. Regina Blair of the Glasgow Medical Center has discovered a new protein, This is attracting much interest in the world of science.” [The report ...] 4 “The Auckland Times claimed that a ninety-five-year-old New Zealand man had broken the world record for growing the longest beard. This has triggered similar claims actoss three continents.” [The claim ...] ‘Be careful! Don't contract ot with had in inverted negative cat Had they not been there, they inverting had and the subject ofthe clause, Clauses using inverted word order are more formal than ‘those using usual (non-inverted) word order. wouldnt have known the truth, Usual word order Inverted word order NOT Hac they been there, they 11 nad know would take up so much room, Had known it would tae up so much rout heve i TM would have bought it ‘oom, wouldn't ave CouEht | might have goten another brand if had realized > | mighthave gtten another brand had | realized it mould be so had 10 operat, itwould be so nard to operate Wwe hadnt beon so busy. we could have shopped + Had we not been so bus. we coud haveshopped around ‘aun. {she had told me ts thing wouldnt operate + Had she told me tis thing wouldn't operate wthout ‘without batteries, | would never have considered battenes, | would never have considered geting it eting it TY on a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the folowing past unreal conditional sentences, using the Inverted form. 1 They would have lent her thei ea if she had asked, 2 If Thad spent so much money on my vacation, I would have considered buying a stationary bicycle. moved into such a small apartment, they would have bought a treadmill 4 Could you have goten the car if they had raised the price? 3 If the Carsons had! GRAMMAR BOOSTER 129,Ed ona separate sheet of paper, complete the statements of buyers remorse, using the Inverted form and the Vocabulary from page 28. 1... Lwould never have gotten that espresso maker. _ we never would have bought such a large sofa. - [could have gotten an entertainment center with fewer pieces _ we probably would have bought a more economical car. would have gotten a DVR with simpler directions. wawn To form te future continuous, use wil» be + a present participle OR be going to + be + a present participle, eet tis ume no oak, Sn a bach in Hoa. fete ne nineties if" Engh i Usted Sates for out vo yeas. peo one {impee) ieee j Sometnessetences in he imple future and he ature comiavous Rae almost same meaning, Choose the {uur continuous to emphasize a continous or iteruped act | Not ea study Erlsh nthe Unted Sates. No ea: be thing gis i te Unted Sates. Will ou be working at nome? Ys, wil. No, | wont Use the future continuous and atime clause with while or when to describe a continuous activity | verbs ‘that will cur atthe same time as another activity. Do not useafutue form inthe time clause. |" DONT SAY By next month, H-be Aaving FW be looking fora ob while my wie continues her stuces. anew ca. NOT be oking fra jb while my wife will be contig he tutes. / When the teacher Is speaking, wel NOT When the teacher wil be speaking well be listening carey | Peon a seperate sheet of paper, caret he eros inthe allowing sentences. | 1 She'll be staying atthe Nevston Hotel when she's going to be attending the meeting i 2 We won't be spending much time sightseeing while we'll be visiting London. 3 When he's going to stayin town, he's going to be meeting with some frends 4 She! be corecting homework wile the students wil ake the test. 5 While Michele will be serving dessert, Randy wll already be washing the dishes. 6 Won't they be gong to slep in New York when youl be getting up in Talpe!? BD complete te fotowing sentences using the future continuous with will when possible, ifthe future continuous fs nt possible, use the simple future with wl, | 4 After ve completed my studies, for ajob, cal 2 SMe wan historic sits white sein Turkey itr 3 Ina few years, they seg alte problems they had 4 he eon very long between flights? 5 I'm sure she when you call tonight. wot sleep 130 GRAMMAR BOOSTER Use the fature continuous for actions that wil bein progress ata specific ime or over a period f time inthe future. Remember: Dont use a continuous Seetarnend ticcommere {orm with a stative verb. Stative verbs are “nonaction” verbs such ase, haw, kan, ‘Are ou going to be working at home? Yes, lam. / No, 'm not semember lke, seem, annecite ec. Do not use the continuous with statve Fora complete ist of tative vrbs, see stoning caelly. page 123 inthe Reerence Chars,CO poets m Use the future perfect continuous to emphasize the continuous quality ofan action that began before a specie time inthe future. o form the future perfect continuous, use wl (or wont) + have been and a present participle. By next yar, have been studying Engst fr ve years. [Desenbes an action that began before “next year and ‘may sil eortinue| Combine a statement using the future perfect continuous with time clause to show the relationship between two future actions. Use the simple present tens in the ime clause. By the ime | ative in New Yor, have been sitting in a plane for over ten hours, [NOT fy the time Fk artve in New York nae been siting na plane for ver ten nous, A complete the postcard, using the future continuous or the future perfect continuous. Dear Ido, Venice war great, but finally on to Pari! By tomorrow afternoon, anmnsessesnennns dobtn the Champs Elysées and in the beautiful sights of that great Inthe evening, ssn vn: an opera by Bizet in the city where he Was born. Just think, by Saturday, Aelicious French food for a whole week! Plus, 5 my French with real native speakers, Then, after Paris, its off the Riviera, where around on the beaches of Nice and Saint Trop fora week. By that time, for three weeks, and itwill almost +e come homea long trip for a homebody like me! See you soon! Pavel Use afew with plural count nouns and ile with non-count nouns to mean "some" Use few with plural count nouns nd tle with non-count nouns to mean “not many” ort much" Afew / few (Quantifiers used without referents ‘few companies ae alloing teir employes to dress casually on Fridays. |= some companies) | Quantifirs can be used without the noun they Few companies are allowing ter employees to cress easily on Fridays, (= not many companies | destibe 2 ong a5 the content has heen tie / Mast people don't think well find fe on Employes ae showing a ttle intrest n this new cess code, [= some interest} ther olanets in our ifetime, but a few do Enns te showing tintin is ev des code [= ot uch nse Several waters ais hk sap 3 ‘should dress down every day, but most ont I) chonge the underlined quantier to a fey ew, a Ile, o litle alittle 1 Would you like to listen to Some music? 2 We actually eat almost no meat 3 There were several new students in may class today: 4 I've seen hardly any movi in the last month, 5 Lenjoy visiting Ames, but there’ not much to do there, 6 Iryou look in the fridge, there should be some eggs. GRAMMAR BOOSTER 131,Use when aun preceded ya poses eect, pases ou, demonstrative ace, orthe | Sebel —— mio ets ceome trae mipeanan ‘some studerts, ‘some of his students demonstrative adjectives = this, that, these, those Serna Sa en Poon ‘only, However, the meaning ofboth expressions i stl singular. anject pronoun, ne student = ‘ne ofthe stucents both of them NOT both them Each cass = neh ofthe classes ‘Some quantitors must include of when they modify 2 noun or noun phrase, alotot a majority ot ‘a couple of abit los of plenty of a number of a grat deal of | EF oniy one of each pair of sentences is corect. Check the correct sentence and correct the mistake inthe other one. 1a She went with several of her classmates. b [1 Several bf classmates went out for coffee. 2a [_] Most of companies in the world are fairly formal. CJ Most ofthe companies in the United States have dress-down days 3 a Allofhot appetizers were delicious, b C1] Everyone tried all of the cold appetizers 4. C] Alot of my friends have traveled to exotie places. b [There ate alot places I'd like to see. 5 aL] [read a few of Steinbeck’s novels last year b [A few of novels by Steinbeck take place in Mexico. 6 a [_] Several managers were interviewed, and many them liked the new policy. b [| Many of the employees we spoke with liked the new policy. . In quantifiers with of, the verb must agree withthe noun that comes ater af Some ofthe movie Is in Engi, — Some of the moves are in Engi ‘at ofthe muse was jaz = Alotof the musieans were young, In formal writen English, none os traitionaly followed by a singular ver. However, in spoken English itis almost abways used with a plural verb. The plural verb fs acceptable and corect. Be carefull The quantifiers ona Formal: None ofthe students was at for class, sacl.o, and everyone of are lays follavad ty a plural noun, but they ‘always take a singular verb, ‘One of the students likes rap music Informa: None ofthe students were late fr cass 132. GRAMMAR BOOSTERTH choose the ve that agrees with each subject. 1 Bvery one ofthese choices (sound / sounds) terfie! 2 One of the teachers (was / were) going to stay after class. 3 Alotof the problem (is/are) that noone wants to workeso hard 4 Bach of the employees (want / wants) to work overtime. 5. Half of the city (was / were) flooded in the storm. 6 None ofthe players (is coming are coming) tothe game. 7 Only 8 percent oftheir workers prefer shorter work weeks, while atleast 9 percent (dont doesnt) Notice the subjectverb order, aso tering. to0 to join afimative statements that are sii, ar ering esto ‘Spitting on the tet offensive, and soi litering. OR .., and iterng is too, “ane neither does littering Paying loud muse bothers me, and so does smoking, OR and smoking does, oo and tering doesnt either Use and nether or and. nt either to oin negative statements that ae sila. ss Paying loud music kn olte, and nelthors smoking, OR ... and smoking isn't elther, Be careful! ‘on the soet doesnt btter me, and nelther does ite and itetng doesn either, | Sea negntive verb, auriary vero, oF Siting on the set doesn bo DR. «an Rte ‘modal with ether aan atfiemative th If the frst clause uses the verb be, an auxllary verb, ora modal, use the same nether structure inthe second clause. and itoring doesn't ether. Tako sa huge cy, and sos Sao Paulo. ‘NOT and itering does ether : and neither does itr NewYork doesn't have alot of industry, and nether does London o Tad nether does teri Mesico City has grown alt, ad so has Los Angeles NOT eciand petieraeentd moe: Nanoy ean't oleate lowd musi, and neither ean Tom. With 29 ond gether, the ver fr auxin ‘verb or modal goes before the subject | nave’t been to Toyo, and neither have you. Oe eas Ifthe frst clause is an afimative statement inthe simple present or Paulo, simple past tense, use do, does, or did in the second clause. NOT. and so Sie Pautors Joh thinks gait a big probe, and so does Hele, Naney can't stand loud music, and nether ean Tom, NOT .. neither Yom can, Ny fe enjoyed visting Paris, and so did By Find and underline the nine errors. On a separate sheet of paper, write each sentence correctly. New York is one of the most famous cities in the world, and so does London. While these two cities differ in many ways, they also share a number of characteristics. Here's a quick comparison: * If you're looking for peace and quiet, New York is not the place to be, and neither London is. They are: both exciting and noisy places. If you're not used to it, New York's traffic can be deafening at times, and so does London's. ‘The best way to get around in both cities is the subway (or the Tube if London). New York's subway system is quite old and elaborate, and is London's, too. + If you're looking for first-rate entertainment, New York is filled with theaters, and so London does. ‘* Hungry? London's restaurants feature exciting dishes from around the world, and New York's are, too. + Both cities offer a huge choice of museums to visit, The museums in New York can't possibly be seen ina day, and either London's can't. * New York offers some of the world’s most famous tourist sites—for example, the Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building—and so is London, with Buckingham Palace and the Millennium Whee! It's clear that New York shouldn't be missed, and neither London shouldn't! ‘GRAMMAR BOOSTER 133By ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement, using the word in parentheses. Make any necessary changes in verbs or possessive adjectives, Example: Both Quito and Cuenca have large historie sections. (so) 1 Both Bangkok and Sao Paulo face many problems caused by too nmuch traffic. (50) 2 Both Beijing and London have hosted the Olympic Games in the past. (100) 3 Vancouver and Taipei don't ever get very cold. (neither) 4 Seoul and Jakarta won't experience a decrease in their populations any time soon, (not either) 5 Both Hong Kong and Rio de Janeiro are famous for their physical beauty, (60) 6 Prague and Krakow attract people who like old historic architecture. (t00) 7 ‘The Prado Museum in Madrid and the Louvre in Paris shouldn't be missed, (neither) 8 Tokyo and Mexico City haven’ lost their places among the world’s largest cities yet. (not either) Quite hos a large historic section, nd fo does Cuenca. Perera ee at Use 30, 00, nether, of not either in short responses to express agreement. hate litering, ‘I cant stand smoking, B Sodol. OF Io, too, an olther. OR Nelther can | NOT So dol ate do hate, too. NOT | cant stand either. / Neither can| stand, Itis common to express agreement wth Me, too or Me neither. At nate linen ‘I can't stand smoking, B: Me, too. ‘Me neither. [Gj Agree with each statement three ways, using short responses with so, toe, neither, or (not) either, 1 “Tve never been to Ulan Baton.” 5 “I'm getting really tired.” You 7 one You + 2 “Lean figure this out.” 6 “used to travel more.” Yow os YoU aca 3 “Iloved going there!” -7 “Tl eall her tomorrow." You 7 You 4 “Thave to get some cash.” 8 “Tin not going to tell her she's late.” You 7 You Ui Penns wn Make polite requests Give or ask for permission {ive a warming ‘Could! get our phone number? ‘ou ean open the window if ou want, Your moter had better see a doctor Hint ‘Can: son have jut ne more cookie? Can leave this here? nay. Wouldyou please old tis fora second? | You may leave ealyifyou need to. formal) | YOU had better not forget about your (ith you on) May! leave my coat here? {fom wth |r ‘appointment May nave a cup of coffe? (formal, wih | we onl) hhavo called this morning ‘or we ony) ter not hae hut any animals Express ability oF lack of ability when they made that move. Express preferences He ean complete the job for ou in an hour | would tke to se that moi Can yu we welin English? Note: Had beter is general not used Would yu ike to go running? \We could’ fish the report yesterday | in question, In spoken Engh the Id rather not see @ move | coulant jou tnd te rstaurane? | |_santeetion aati mast tay used. | would rather have left eas Ny gandmatner it able to walk any moe. | Isshe abl to take care of here? | She was able to doa lot more when she ‘as younger 134 GRAMMAR BOOSTERExpress possibilty ‘may rain this aternoon. He may notte able to come this moming. ‘She may have forgotten to lock the door ‘She may nat have remembered, Temight be nosy a that restaurant ‘She might ot want to eat aryting. He might have gone home already He might not have paid yt. Iu rain tomor, ‘Give suggestions Express lack of necessity ‘You don't have to have a passport. She didn’t have to ay a ate fe. ‘They tally should tink about staying nee He shoulda’ have waked 0 make 8 resenation ‘hey should have cad fst You shouldnt stay at that hotel ‘hey really ought to thnk about staying Tonge. Express prohibition or deny permission New employees cannot (OR shouldn't) park ‘their ar inthe garage New employees must aot park their cas in the garage [oa They oust to have calls fis New employees may not park theca in Should we have cal tt? the garage to) ‘We could have pis less. Draw conclusions ‘Your father must be very smart. Note: Qught io not usually used in negative statements or questions. Use shouldn't or shoud instead, "Note: In questions, have {0 generally used. Questions wth must ae very formal and nol very common, Past necessity is ‘She must nt think it's import ‘They must have been exhausted when they int home. Ho must not have sent Suggest alternatives "You eould take te next in Express necessity ‘expressed with hal to Does overyone have to take the test? Must everyone take the test Alrstudents had to take the test, We hav to take the test tomorow. Weve go to are on time, informal spoken) ‘MI students must take te tes. [frm IBN cross out the one modal thot cannot be used in each sentence or question, 1 (May / Can / Could) your mother please call me tonight? 2 T (wasn’t able to / couldn't / shouldn't) get there on time because the traffic was so bad, 3 She (may / had better /can) be able to complete the job by tomorrow. 4 (Can/ Should / Ought to) my students listen in while you practice? 5 Shoppers (may / have to / must) not park their cars in front of the main entrance. 6 Thank goodness she (doesn't have to / must not / was able to) renew her passport for another five years. 7 You (could / had better / should) let them know you won't be able to make it on time, or you may not get the job. 1A: Why didn't you come to the party last night? B: I (had to / have to / must / have got to) study for atest 2 A: You really (can't / should / mustn't / are able to) call more often. B: You're right. 'm sorry. 3 A: She (4 better not have / should have /had to have / ‘must have) forgotten the tickets! B: Uh-oh, Thate (0 tell you this, but I think she did. 4 A: Do you think I (‘m able to /must / would / could) get your phone number? B: Sure. 1 Cicle the one modal that best completes each conversation. 8 This restaurant is So good we (ought to / might / would rather) come here more often, 5 A: Did you get to go to the movies? Yeah, But I (must have /'d rather have / should not have / would have) stayed at home, 6 A: Unfortunately, the doctor (shouldn't /hass to / won't be able to / had better) see you until tomorrow. B: That's OK+No problem. 7 A: What do you think happened to Judy? B: She (must not have / shouldn't have / isn't able to / didn’t have to) known we were starting so early. [GRAMMAR BOOSTER 135‘Verbs can be transtve or intransitive. A transitive verb can have a direct abject. An intransitive verb eannot nave a direct object. With an intransitive verb, there can't be a “receiver” ofan action. “Yanstive: We bought a cat. (@ car= a iet objec) Invanstve: We slept wel [The verb sie cant have an abject.) Remember: Inthe active voice, the subject ofa sentence performs the action ofthe ver, Inthe passive voice, the subject ofthe sentence isthe receiver ofthe action ofa verb. Form the passive voice witha form of be and 8 past paticinle, or wth a modal + aform of be anda past participle Statements The simp present tense The ad i Seen by atleast a millon people 3 das ‘The simple past tense At the meeting, people were called by ter ist names. ‘The present continuous Every house Is being painted wit, ‘The future with be going to Mautito's new fashions are going to be shown on V tong ‘The future portoet If wear this dessbetore the event it wl have been seen by ‘reryne and ic want seem newt ‘Common intransitive verbs ie st fal sleep 2 stand happen stay laugh valk | | | ve ‘The past continous Belore we had equations, dangerous products were being tested ‘on small animals ‘The present perfect | ‘We've been helped alot by our fends | The past perfect . | The aloha shit had been worn ony on Fridays fora couple of years before people started wearing them vor day. | Modats Sometimes the vith ean’t be easly seen, ‘My teacher said my essiy should be rewritten fo make it clear, Note:The passive vice ofthe future continuous ard the present perfect continuous ae rarely usd, so they arene in this ist. Questions Invert the subject and the aunty verb (the form of be or have) o the massa | Russian spoken by many peop in Chicago? as your unce been hired by an advertising company? Wien wil ste be given a new ofce? ‘Who have you been called by? ete should we be married? How ean this house be painted in ony two days? BA write a check mark next to the three sentences that have an intransitive verb. 11 Valentino's new lin stores next week, of women's purses arrives in (112 Models are wearing very short dresses this season, (13 My parents are opening a new restaurant downtown, (114 The owner of the boutique lived in an apartment above the shop. [15 People speak French in Quebec. 116 ttrained realty hard last night, (17 Advertisers never tell the complete story about defective products. Ey ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite in the passive voice the four sentences from Exercise A that have transitive verbs, [Gy ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement in the passive voice. 1 Joan Sastow and Allen Ascher wrote this book, 2 Students practice English online in most language schools today. 3 Ads can persuade people to buy products. 4 Some ads have manipulated people's emotions. 5 My friend was driving the car when the accident occurred, By ona separate sheet of paper. rewrite the sentences you wrote for Exercise C as yes / no questions. Ei ona separate sheet of paper, write information questions, using the question words and phases in parentheses. 1 That new shampoo was endorsed by Larissa La Rue. (when) 2 Those beauty products are being manutuctured. (where) 3 The car can be bought at the sale price, (for now Tong) 4 The winner of the election willbe known, (what time) 5 The new school was being built, (in what-year) 136 GRAMMAR BOOSTER| | pari ere Comparative forms af adjectives and adverbs show now two |, Comparisons with as. a8 show how two things are ake. things are diferent, | Tom is just as tal as Georg | Johns taller than Fob (i). She sil sings as beautflly as se did wen she was young, This movie was less interesting than the last one (was), My nephew now weighs as much a | do, My sister types a lt faster than! (do). | have as much money inte bank as id last yar ‘Superative forms of adjectives and adverbs show how one thing's | Useas...as with almost, about, and nt quite to show how two things ferent from everything ose ‘are similar, but not equal | ‘She was the nleest person | ever met Mynephew weighs almost as much as do. I weigh abt more} That was the least entertaining oi | ever sa The move is about as ong as his last one. [Butt 2 bit shorter] Ota he actors, she sang the mast beautiful ‘Among my ends, Ned and Stacey defintely have the most money. (fail the cars we looked at, the Lihus costs the mest. This coat isn't quite as expensive ast looks. [Is actualy cheaper] Use as as with twice, 8 te, to sho that tings a6 not eral at al, Use me determiners more, the most, leas ile, the least, ‘Links sedan s about twles as exponsie as 2 Mats. with nouns to compare quantities and amounts. | jy new compute is tn times as fast as my old one ‘There sles corupion nthe government than there used tobe | ant to be heathy, seat fewer sweets than most people Few people went to see Horror Cit, but ast iit ha the fewest ‘people in th audience. Note: n informal spoken English itis more common to say". 95 tal ‘as me" instead of he more fm. asta as (am) Ge cares ti wihaspetae orm (rem forme |. Her sce a adjective avers compute superaive ch tet the east OF alles food wel beter tha) thesest eee ene | eg’ Badly ere ta towers Beater ther tan) the rest /rtbest BX Read each quoted statement, Then complete each sentence using a comparative, superlative, fr comparison with as ... a5. 1 “The textbook we are using now is very good, The texthook we were using last year was also very good.” ‘The textbook we're using now iS «0. a the one we were using last year 2 “Star shampoo costs about $6.00. Ravel shampoo cosis about $7.00 Sanabel shampoo costs about $5.00. Among the three shampoos, Sanabel is 3 “We paid four hundred euros each for our ti ‘kets. They paid three hundred euros.” We paid sevens they did 4 “Matt has only a little experience working with children, Naney has a lot of experience Matt has... - Nancy. 5 “John’s laptop weighs 2 kilos. Gerry's laptop weighs 2.1 kilos.” John’s laptop isn't osneense GOETY'S IS, . 6 “Mark knows only a little Japanese, Jonah knows a Tot.” Mark knows Jonah does. 7 “Bart ate a lot for lunch, Susan ate a lot for lunch, too.” Susan ate id for lunch, For emphasis The Nile River is more than 5.500 kilometers long, Jemphasizes that the rer is very long The Dickens School now has fewer than GOD students. emphasizes that this isa velatvey small number] That was the worst movie ever. [emphasizes that tis was 2 bad movie] This meal was the best of alltime! [emphasizes that this was a great meal] ‘GRAMMAR BOOSTER 137‘Anowbom Asian elephant can weigh as much as 150 kilos. emphasizes that this is ait hes] ‘As many 25.200 of these animals are ile every year, emphasizes that thsi a high number] ton Academy is one ofthe best schools in the ery. Pret Gupta is among the most intelligent commentators onary TV news program today, ‘Tne lon in the Cental Z00 ate some ofthe finest examples of Arcan willie you can see without ing to Aire. To show progression Myson is geting tallor every day. (Hes growing.) The eoonomy is stronger now. Is improving | To shaw tendencies or preferences We eat out more than in. [We tend to eat ou.) | ‘Sara likes being slone mare than socialing. (She prefers to spend time alone] Toelanty He's ot render than you would think, [You may think he's nt ent, but infact he i.) ‘She's moro ofa singer than a dancer. [People may think she's mainly a dancer, bu in fact she's mainly a singer.) ‘The movie's more annoying than scary. (You may think ths movie wl be sear, but in fac i’ just annoying | Looks more tke snow than rin. [You may think going to ran, but in act Rooks ike it’s going to snow By Use a comparative, a superiative, or a comparison with as ... as to complete each statement so it has a similar ‘meaning to the information in quotes. 4 “Our meal lastnight was really inexpensive. It only cost 48 euros for the two of us.” Our meal last night cost 50 euros, 2 “Our reading club meetings are getting pretty big. On some nights there are thirty students." Our reading elub meetings sometimes have students 3 “Ithink our teacher is really great!” Our teacher is cn .. ever! 4 “The garden you planted last month has become so beautiful!” Your garden i getting ... so every day! 5 “You might think snails would taste strange, but they actually taste quite good.” Shall taste neon ‘you may think. 6 “You may think Kate is shy, but she's actually very talkative.” Kate is ‘than you might think: 7 “There were a lot of great new movies this year: Coo! Water was one of them.” Cool Water was new movies this year. ‘Compare shor responses with perfect modas inthe active voice and passive voice. Active vee ‘De you tink he st Inpabtants ofthe island Twonder ifthe ‘stone was moved * i Sereda “Itmight have boon? ae Ste Sere “They must hve! “Iimust have been” “They had to have? “Ithad to have been” “They could't have” “It coulda’ have been” Be careful! In a short response toa question (or statement) wih a past form of the verb be, always include been, ‘Ac ios the story ofthe yet just a joke? B: it must have been, NOT It must have 138 GRAMMAR BOOSTERRespond to each statement or question with a short response, using a perfect modal. 1A: Is it most likely the Nazea Lines were created by humans? (must) 2 A: Lwonder if the dinosaurs were killed by a meteor, too. BE scamnaamanes (may) 3 A: Did Europeans eat potatoes before the discovery of America? (couldn't) ‘guess people didn’t realize that the carrier pigeon would become extinct B: (Gust not) 4 5 A: The settlers in the westem part of the U.S. must have known the buffalo were in danger. 8 oes (hha (0) It must not have been easy to move those huge stones. + (can’t) Be suppo: ean You ean also use be supposes toto express a broadly eld opinion. tis similar to “Everyone says Green tea ice cream fs supposed to taste eal good, Te new cloum wasn't supposed tobe very g00d, but | ved it. John was supposed to have beon rude dung the dinner, bt | ust don't belie it I) ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each statement, using be sunposed to. Example: They say the new Fernando Meirelles movie fs very violent, 4 Everyone thinks our new manager is really nice. ee ereatel eae 2 Many people believe acupuncture is an effective treatment for pain. |r supposed tobe very violent: 3 Thaven't heard Ashley Morgan sing, but they say 4 ve never hal Ethiopian food, but everyone say 5 They say Paulo Coolho’ latest novel is his best yet 6 Everyone says Myanmar is fase she has a beautiful delicious, fing place to visit. 7 Its said that coruption is one of the biggest problems in our city right now, Remember: The madal would canbe used to talk about the present | The modal would ean also be use inthe following ways to talk or tuture | about the past. For palte requests in the present or future To expres past repeated o habitua actions Would you please elase te door? As ehildren, we would payin the park every Saturday AeA Pek Wp cE Kor soot Bom) As the past form ofthe future with wil ‘To express a present or future result of an unreal condition He sad he would get ee before noon. (He sai, got thre ‘She wouldnt be so tied i she tok a nap, ‘before noon’) | would go see them in concert if te ticket pices werent so ‘She promised she wouldn't forget. (She sald" promise I wont astronomical forget") To expross past intentions or plans that changod [thought | would marry Harr, ut changed my ming Wi dct think we would enjoy eating alizator, butt was dius GRAMMAR BOOSTER 139i Write a check mark next to each sentence that expresses a past repeated or habitual action 1 Ithought we would go skiing in Chile, but we didnt. 2 In the summer, they would sit outside and reacl books or just take naps. 3 Thad agreed that would make breakfast that morning. 4 Bvory night, he would lie awake for hours thinking about her 5 She warmed them that Jake would forget to bring the keys, and she was right. 6 When Kyle was stil living with his parents, he would work on weekdays and study on weekends 7 Leila didn't think English would be useful on her trip to Moscow, but she was wrong 8 Asastudent, I would stay up late every night studying for exams. 9 She asked me if would help her with her homework that aflemoon, F710 She wouldn't have such a hard time doing her homework if she studied harder 2111 When Iwas younger, my dad would always help me with my homework. 11 12 I wouldn't go see that new ‘Tom Cruise movie if | were you 1 13 Would you buy an electric car itt were affordable? TJ 14 My brother thought he would be late. oooo000o00o0 PAT ee eee Be carefull Dont place adverbs of manner without before a main verb He drives fast. NOT He fast drives, ‘She can sing really well NOT She can realy wel'sing. Adverbs of manner modify adjectives or verbs. When they modify adjectives, they xo before the adjective The path canbe dangerousy sper. “he architecture fs Incredibly beaut, ‘Don't place an adverb of manner between a transitive verb and is direct objec, He drank his tea quickly. OR He quickly drank his tea NOT He drank quiehy his tea. When they modify transite verbs, adverbs of manner ending in ly often go before the main ver, They can also go after a ver and its direct object. ‘She slowy opened the doc, OR She opened the doc slomly. ‘She should sty open the ce, OR She should open the door stom, often go after Other adverbs of manner When they modify intransitive vers, adverbs of manner ending in the main verb. They can also go after a ver and an indcect object angry poorly badly auietly espa ang stut arson. OR He pe abut coupon any = o ee ——— = happily slowly hate oy TB wirte a check mark tthe adverb is correcty placed. Then, on a separate sheet fey Sey of pape, rewsite the sentences that you didn't check. rsh wal 1 When the game was over, he left quickly the court. 2 Asshe drove into town, she sang to herself softly. (13 The meeting was suddenly postponed after the CEO arrived. (114 They washed noisily the dishes after dinner, 15 Tom replied angrily to the text message, 16 They entered quietly the room and sat in the comer. c Bi on a separate sheet of paper, rewrte each sentence with one or more adverbs of mann Choose from the ist above and on page 119. 4 watched the snake unit moved. 2 We chatted nti the sun came up the next morning. 3 She speaks Malian, but she does reall understand it 4 Te wrote about his experiences living in Cambodia. 5 A.cow walked onto the rou, and the bus stopped 140 GRAMMAR BOOSTERPronunciation Booster ‘The Pronunciation Booster is optional. It provides @ pronunciation lesson and practice to support speaking in each unit, ‘making students’ speech more comprehensible. UNIT ‘In English, content words are generally stressed, Function words are generaly unstressed My BOSS isa PAIN inte NECK! Content words ‘verbs adjectives adverbs possessive pronouns ‘demonstrative pronouns reflexive pronouns interrogative pronouns boss, Jule, happiness find, meet, call talkative, small, green auietly, again, very mine, yours, His this, hose, tat ourceves, heselt wat, who, where He's REALLY TERRIFIC BOSS. [MARK is SUCH 9 SMART GUY. |'m SURE shel be @ GREAT MANAGER. Stress in compound nouns [Many compound nouns are made up of two nouns, withthe frst one moditying the second one. In these compounds, stress usvally falls on the frst noun However when a aaun s modified by an adjective, stress is equal on both word. Function words prepositions conjunctions ‘determiners personal pronouns possessive adjectives ‘auxiliary verbs (fom, at ‘and, bu oF 2, the, some he, she, they ry, he, ter have «(past participle) be + [present partcipie} own» noun adicive + noun | cink APPLE juice. UT ie RED APPLES. Be carefull When an alia ver is negative Shes @ PEOPLE person, BUT She's a NICE PERSON, ‘orused in short ansmes, its general stressed Its an APARTMENT building. BUT its TALL BUILDING, NANT 60. He WON'T LIKE it Theyre EXERCISE machines. BLT Theyre NEW MACHINES. Necter DOT, __SesrI HAVE BY 601 Listen ans practice. 1 My BOSS is « PAIN in the NECK 2 He's REALLY a TERRIFIC BOSS, 3 MARK is SUCH a SMART GUY. 4 Tim SURE she'll be a GREAT MANAGER. i Circle the content words. 1 Learn to live in the present. 3 He asked me to work faster. 2 He reminded me to call my mother. 4 I profer to stick closer to hone. 602 Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to compare.* (Note that your choices may differ from what you hear on the audio.) Tl 605 Listen and practice 1 Tarink APPLE juice. like RED APPLES, 2 She's PEOPLE person. She's a NICE PERSON, 3 I'san APARTMENT building I's a TALL BUILDING. 4 ‘They're EXERCISE machines. They'te NEW MACHINES. By 600 Practice reading each compound noun aloud and then listen to check.* 1 global warming 4 atelephone directory cam 2 tennis courts 5 office managers vo 3 areliable person 6 the bullet train “Note: Whenever you se a listening activity with an asterisk 9, say each word, phrase, pause ater you hear each number. Then listen fr confirmation or sentence inthe PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 14a TS In statements, commands, and information question, lower pitch after the stressed sylablein the last stressed word I te lost syllabi inthe sentence is stressed, ower pitch onthe vowel by lengthening it. "havent been going io many concen ttl ‘Dont orget to watch them on Youtube tng. How long hae you been sein o that song? ‘She's been practicing fr several montis. Raise pitch after the stressed syllable inthe ast stressed word In yes / no questions and requests. the last syllable i the sentence is stressed, aise pitoh onthe vowel by lengthening it —— —— Have yu been listening to Chstina Per ately? Could you pick up the ets for me? Do you tink she nas. ance vice? Has he been checking online? By 05 Listen and practice, 1 Thaven' been going to many concerts lately 2 Don't forget to watch them on YouTube tonight 3 How long have you been listening to that song? 4 She's been practicing for several months, 5 Have you been isting to Christina Perr lately? 6 Could you pick up the tickets for me? 7 Do you think she has a nice voice? 8 Has he been checking online? EX Cirle the ist stressed content word In each of the fllowing sentences. I that word has more than one syllable, underline the stressed slable. 1 That song has a great beat you can dance to 2 Her catchy tyres make you want to sing along, 3 Did you ike that songs melody? 4 Whar time do you thnk the concert willbe finished? 5 How long has she been dancing to that song? zal 606 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, using the intonation patterns you have leamed. Listen to check.* 1142 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTEReee Examples of thought groups ‘subject + vorb | con't know ‘noun phrases my short term goal prepositional phrases by the end ofthe month Drodieates drowning in debe. noun clauses where the maney goes adjective clauses thot | pac off lst year adverbial clauses whe I've finshed my repart Longer sentences are usvally vided by rythm into smaller "thought groups" _10ups of words that naturally or logically go together. Exactly how statements may be divided into thought graups wil vary among speakers, My shor-term gol / sto starving whiny meens, NOT My-shor-tem-- goats to storing wn my means | don’t plan / ta be fnancilly dependent / forthe resto my if, By next year/ hope to ave goten fa good job / aa ‘nancial constant Pitch in longer sentences. 1m longer sentences, pitch may fall~orrse~after the last stossod syllable in each thought group, with no change in ‘meaning =. > — =, (Once he ties keeping / a wealste budget / hel nd it easy / to sake money. OR —— — ~_ (once he ties Keeping /avelste budget / hel fd it easy / to save money, BY > 607 Listen and practice. 1 My short-term goals o start living within my means 2 [don't plan to be financially dependent for the rest of my life. 3 By next year, hope to have gotten a good job asa financial consultant. 4 a Once he tries keeping a realistic budge, he'l find it easy to save money. 4 b Once he tries keeping a realistic budge, he'l find it easy to save money. BB eas the fotowing sentences. Decide how you might break each sentence into thought groups. 1 By the end ofthis month, hope to have finished paying off mi student loans. 2 Imtwo months, when we've finally pad off our house, we're going to have abt party to celebrate 3 "Toe perfectly honest, I coulda ell you where the money goes 4 By next year; wll have completed my ste, but I dont think I wil have gotten married ‘[=uB _p608 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to pitch, Listen to compare.* (Note that your wat choices may differ from what you hear on the audio.) LLL TTY Linking with vowels . When the final consonant sound ota word is followed by a vowel sound, link the sounds together, It’Jn sie now ‘She bought nim an_piegant te Ve alieady nougnt anew suit Linking idonticat consonants When the final consonant sound ofa wad is followed bythe same sound, link the sounds together as one sound. The blouse stipes “hey pretered_dark suits, What an attractive yest! PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 143BY) 600 ston and practice. 1 sin style now: 2 She bought him an elegant te 3 Te already bought a new suit 4 The blouse is striped. 5 They preferred dark suits. 6 What anattinctive vest! i ondertine ait the places where you think the sounds should be linked, 1 She wants Susan ¢o dress up next ti 2 Is fashionable and elegant. 3 Is out of syle 4 L wish she preferred dressing down, 5 That blouse isnt trendy enough for my taste. : 6 [think Kyle has stylish taste. S338 »610/ Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to check.* Tis In conversation, the vowels in unstressed syllables ae often reduced to the sound The vowel sound a! occurs ‘more oftem in English than any other vowel sound and contributes to maintaining the mnythm of English. scoeptable + iok'septah: Inesponsipie + ara'spansahal! considerate + kon'sidarat/ po ite + potlane isobeden — + —_|disoPbidiont! respectful "+ fra'spektfat inexcusable + jmak’skyuzabal! ‘idle vious + vnkyatas? BY 650 usten and practice. 1 acceptable 4 inexcusable 7 respectful 2 considerate 5 irresponsible 8 ridiculous 3 disobedient 6 polite Ey] >a: Listen to each word and circle the unstressed syllables that have the sound / 1 unacceptable 4/un pleas ant 7 unimaginable 2 incon side rate 5 irrational 8 dis re speet ful 3 impolite 6 immature 9 inap pro priate ‘=I 68 Now practice reading each word aloud and listen again to check.* 144 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTERRE eee In everyday speech, sounds in unstressed words are often “reduced”; that f, vowels change to oF in! ‘or ennsonants are dropped. Von eton Thu senate fon aie ten a : Ceca bp er a Be aril Fon ord he crate Ws tem to two. /1ay What a beautiful bird you are! /ece/ iat oooh at ys at ta eg ‘The i! sound in many one-yllabe function word soften reduced to a Look at tat. Jot? I saw an ease. (on! Thats more than I need. don The (ar! ant se sounds in function words are often reduced to i> Pats are no trouble. /7/ Is black or wit? Jaf heres your paar? iy! He's boen gone for days. if) ‘we i it nt i uA Rooms ton wd adit ean whe Rn etfieoreciininatemmenin Detwean 9 js, bes, mos wes, or eis red oan ie Toya reson fo Ee cae Sg ne er sn ee icant oT We stayed out ate and went dancing. fon ‘Te intial’ sound is usualy dropped in function words. What does Ho mean? dazit Ising bag, inez! BN > Listen and practice. 1 Pll be going to the airport after dinner. 9 He's been gone for days. 2 Isten to two. + 10 They have long arms and legs. 3 Look at that 11 She laughed and cried when she heard the news. 4 Tsaw an eagle 12 We stayed out late and went dancing. 5 That's more than I need, 13 He wore a black suit, and she wore a green dress, 6 Pets are no trouble, 14 What does he mean? 7 Isit black or white? 45 Is in his bag. 8 Wheres your parrot? BB inthe fotiowing sentences, circle the words you think willbe reduced. + 1 Alternatives can be fond for medical research on animals 2 Alot canbe done to make coneltions better on factory Farms 3 Some animals are raised tobe use for medical research 4 Dowe have to ban hunting and bullfighting? (Hy P'615) Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to check.* PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 145eT Th sound sg ans foe yen he one. Te on ones an! ihe cond ister ané tet eure ee Te ows on ‘e i crore ioe os i iy = "d te ey te % = 7 : = = ai ze im a a 2 mie se ‘ie vovesont ao ope evn nese sie ci, a atom “ ae wei inane la oes BX >: Liston and practice. . Tleave live 4 steal still Zteam Tim 5 feet it Biel fill Ey 627 tisten ana practice. 1 places 2 market 3 minute 4 women [Gy aie Listen to each pair of words. Circle if they are the same or different. same different S same — different Zsame different 6 same different + 3same — different 7 same different 4 same different B same different Bi] ea usten and check which sound you hearin the stressed sylable. al At Ait iv 100 800 200 900 300 wO0 400 nOO sOO nOO 6OO0 BOO . 700 “wO0O0 [3 1620 Now listen again and practice. 146 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTERtu ‘tress placement does not change when most prefies and suffixes are ‘aided toa nord inpornt unimportant importance importay obeciont abecience cisabesience chedenty apo unhapo happiness apo However, adding the sutfines the sable before the suis, sy, sical, anti general shits stress to acto + edveaton photogaoh hotographic . dependable > opondabiiy poltis pala! music + rusian Some nouns and verbs have the same speling. When the word ls 2 noun, the stress Ison the first stable, When the word isa ver, the stress ison the second sllable. verbs ‘Other words inthis category she ‘bel conduct cone — — contrat prot brotst oon _ - permit present present record suvey = . = | Stree abies cojet srogess pings BY > 621 Listen and practice 1 important unimportant importance importantly 2 obedient obedience disobedience obediently . 3 happy unhappy happiness happily Ey 622 Listen and practice. 4 edueate exlucation 2 photograph —_ photographie 3 dependable dependability 4 polities political 5 music ‘musician PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 7TH Look atthe stressed syllable ofeach word In Colum A, According othe rules given inthe chart on page 147, mark the stressed syllable of each word in Column B A 8 1 fa mil iar fa mil jar 4 gy 2 mo tional © mo tion al ly 3 reg u late reg u ta tion. 4 ap pre cia tive ap pre cia tive ly 5 sym pa thy som pat thet ie 6 hy poth e size hy po thet i eal : 7 beau ty beau ti fy 8 his t0 my his tor i eal 9 mate nial ist mate ral is tic 10 pol i ties pol 4 ti cian 1623) Now practice reading each word aloud and listen to check.* By 620 tisten and practice Nouns Verbs Nouns Verbs 1 rebel rebel 8 contrast contrast 2 protest, protest 9 convert. convert 3 present present 10 permit permit 4 object object 11 record record, 5 progress progress 12 survey survey 6 conduet conduet, 13 suspect. suspect 7 conflict conflict, Gi Circle the syltable you think will be stressed in each blue word. 4A summer fishing permit permits you to fish all you want. 2 The protest was organized to protest government spending. 3 All the employees were surveyed so the results ofthe survey would be useful 4 The contrast between them now is not great compared to how much they eontrast at other times of the year. 5 We strongly object to the decision to sell art objects outside the museum. 625 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to words that are both nouns and verbs. Listen to check.* 148 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTERere Ee oe ee In perfect modas inthe passive voice, the modal andthe auxiliary verbs have been are said together ‘sone ual, Note that stress falls on the modal and the main verb. In everyday speech, the /h’ sound ‘nthe awiliany ave is dropped an la is reduced tn ‘kadovbany Trey COULD have been KILLED, Pmaitovbn! ‘They MIGHT have beon LOST. Pmastovbin/ ‘They MUST have been MOVED. F'meiyavbun ‘They MAY have been DISCOVERED. With nag to, sess had and the main ver, Say had to and have been as one unit . Phastuavbin They HAD to have been STOLEN, In negative perfect modals, stress falls onthe modal, the word not, and! the main verb. In everday speech, ‘ot and the ailiary verbs have been are generally said as one un. *natovban ‘They MIGHT NOT have been LOST. ‘They MUST NOT have been MOVED. BY) 626 Listen and practice. 1 They could have been killed. 2 ‘They might have been lost. 3 They must have been moved. 4 They may have been discovered. 5 They had to have been stolen, 6 They might not have been lost. 7 They must not have been moved. [i Undertne where you think the words shouldbe linked and which sounds should be reduced. 4 The damage may have been caused by a storm 2 The billing could have been destroyed bya fre. 3 The gold figures couldnt have been stolen. 4The stone statues must have been moved sing animals 5 The drawings must not have been discovered until later. 6 The islands had to have been inhabited by Polynesians. 7 The seeets of Rapa Nut ight not have been lost 627 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to reductions. Listen to check.* PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 144