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Cognitive Perception Summary

The document discusses different types of perception including form, color, depth, and motion perception. It describes factors that affect perception such as context, culture, and emotions. It explains gestalt laws of perceptual organization and theories of color vision. Depth perception arises from binocular cues like retinal disparity and convergence as well as monocular cues like retinal image size, relative size, linear perspective, and relative height.

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Mehar Khan
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42 views

Cognitive Perception Summary

The document discusses different types of perception including form, color, depth, and motion perception. It describes factors that affect perception such as context, culture, and emotions. It explains gestalt laws of perceptual organization and theories of color vision. Depth perception arises from binocular cues like retinal disparity and convergence as well as monocular cues like retinal image size, relative size, linear perspective, and relative height.

Uploaded by

Mehar Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Perception is the processing of information received from the senses

Types of Perception

 Form perception is the recognition of visual elements of objects, specifically those to do


with shapes, patterns and previously identified important characteristics. An object is
perceived by the retina as a two-dimensional image.
 Color perception is the process by which we distinguish colors of different objects.
Color perception is defined through the tri-chromatic theory of color vision, further
explained below.
 Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and
the distance of an object.
 Motion perception is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a
scene based on visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs.

Factors Affecting Perception

 Context: The environment or situation around the object affects how we perceive it.
 Culture: Every culture perceives objects and situations differently.
 Emotions and motives: We tend to perceive objects or situations differently depending
on our mood.

FORM PERCEPTION

the gestalt laws of perceptual organization:

 Law of proximity: Objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups.
 Law of similarity: The law of similarity suggests that things similar things tend to
appear grouped together.
 Figure and Ground: in perceiving a visual field, some objects take a prominent role (the
figures) while others recede into the background (the ground)
 Law of Pragnanz (Good figure): This law holds that objects in the environment are seen
in a way that makes them appear as simple as possible.
 Law of symmetry: when we perceive objects, we tend to perceive them as symmetrical
shapes. Most objects can be divided in two more or less symmetrical halves
 Law of closure: The law of closure applies when we tend to see complete figures even
when part of the information is missing
 Law of continuity: The law of continuity holds that points that are connected by straight
or curving lines are seen in a way that follows the smoothest path

PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT

Perception of movement means the cognition of moving objects


 Real Movement: Real movement occurs when objects or stimuli actually changes their
place as time elapses.
 Apparent Movement: Apparent movement takes place when a stimulus does not change
its place with the passage of time but appears to be moving.

Factors in Perception of Movement:

 Speed: If the stimulus moves very fast, its movement is not detected clearly.
 Size: The size of the stimulus also plays an important role in perception. A too small and
too big stimulus moving at the same speed will not be perceived in the same way.
 Distance: Apart from speed and size, distance also facilitates perception. The plane
flying very high in the sky looks to be moving slowly while the same plane flying at the
same speed but at lower altitude seems to be moving faster.

COLOR VISION

Color vision is the ability of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on


the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit.

Theories of Color Vision

 Trichromatic theory: Also called Young–Helmholtz theory, proposed in the 19th


century by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz, all colors in the spectrum can
be produced by combining red, green, and blue. The three types of cones are each
receptive to one of the colors.
 Opponent-process theory: According to this theory, color is coded in opponent pairs:
black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red. The basic idea is that some cells of the visual
system are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other. Hence, we
do not experience greenish-reds or yellowish-blues as colors.

The Purkinje Effect: The Purkinje effect (sometimes called the Purkinje shift, or dark
adaptation) is the tendency for the peak sensitivity of the human eye to shift toward the blue end
of the color spectrum at low illumination levels.

The visual cortex of the brain is that part of the cerebral cortex which processes visual


information. It is located in the occipital lobe. Visual nerves run straight from the eye to the
primary visual cortex to the Visual Association cortex.

DEPTH PERCEPTION

Depth perception is the ability of humans and other sighted animals to see objects as having
volume and to see the relative position of objects in a three-dimensional environment
Depth Cues: Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues. These are typically classified
into binocular cues and monocular cues.

Binocular Cues - are clues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes.

 Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. This refers to the fact that objects
within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so
the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object.
 Convergence: the inward turning of our eyes that is required to focus on objects that are
less than about 50 feet away from us. The visual cortex uses the size of the convergence
angle between the eyes to judge the object’s distance.

Monocular Cues - Cues processed by just one eye alone

 Retinal image: Retinal image size allows us to judge distance based on our past and
present experience and familiarity with similar objects. 
 Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller
retinal image to be farther away.
 Linear Perspective Linear perspective is a depth cue in which parallel lines, such as
railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the
greater their perceived distance.
 Relative Height: We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther
away than those that are lower.

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