IoT Applications

John Soldatos, PhD

([email protected]; [email protected])
Overview: Contents

IoT and Smart IoT and IoT and

Cities Manufacturing Wearables

IoT and
IoT and
Connected
HealthCare
Cars
Internet of Things and Smart
Cities
 Smart Cities Definitions
• “Use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components
and services of a city—which include city administration, education, healthcare, public
safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities—more intelligent, interconnected, and
efficient” (Forrester, 2011).
• “A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many
different subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed and translated into citizen and
commercial services. The city will act on this information flow to make its wider
ecosystem more resource-efficient and sustainable. The information exchange is based on
a smart governance operating framework designed for cities sustainable” (Gartner, 2011).
• “‘Smart city’ [refers to] a local entity—a district, city, region or small country—which takes
a holistic approach to employ[ing] information technologies with real-time analysis that
encourages sustainable economic development” (IDC, 2011).
 What is a Smart City?
Human Sustainable Participatory

toward
Invest in

Based on
capital development governance
Infrastructure Economy Improved
(including growth management
ICT) Quality of life of natural
resources
 Smart City Drivers
Urbanization Demographic changes Changing lifestyles Climate change

• Urban population • Number of seniors • Changes in family • Climate changes &

worldwide amounts aged 60 or over is patterns global warning
currently to approx. the fastest growing • New habits in work • Policies for efficient
3.7 billion people segment of the and mobility, e.g., use of water, energy,
• Expected to double population at a rate tele-working, and other resources
by 2050 of 3.26% vehicle sharing, & • Measures for
• Resource depletion; • Decline in infant renting sustainable growth
need for efficient mortality & high • Need for novel
management of fertility urban services in
resources • Proliferation of the support of these
• Exclusion, younger population changes
inequality, and rising • Need for
insecurity employment
challenges opportunities
 Smart Cities and IoT

Smart Cities are empowered by Relevant IoT technologies

IoT technologies • Connectivity: WiFi, 4G/LTE, 5G
• Empowers internet-based connectivity • Devices interaction: oneM2M, sensor,
across devices & IoT middleware
• IoT will generate up to $11.1 trillion a • Scalable processing: Cloud computing
year in economic value by 2025 • Data processing: Data mining, Data
• Smart cities are one of the IoT settings analytics, BigData
with the highest business value
 IoT and Smart Cities Standards
Relevant IoT (connectivity) IoT Standards for Vertical Smart city standards &
Standards Applications Outlook
• ZigBee • Smart home (e.g., UPnP, • ISO 37120:2014: “Indicators
• 3GPP KNX) for city services and quality
• LoRa • Manufacturing applications of life”
• oneM2M (e.g., Open Platform • Need for more integration
Communications (OPC) and and smart city
• IEEE (802.11) Wi-Fi
Industrial Internet interoperability standards
• …. Consortium (IIC) standards) (e.g., Hypercat)
• Transportation (e.g., • Relevant collaborations
Car2Car, standards of the between IEC, ISO, ITU, IEEE,
Open Automotive Alliance) CEN-CENELEC, and ETSI
(e.g., World Smart City
Forum in Singapore, July
2016)
Smart City: A rising market
 Smart City Maturity Model

Phase 1: Digital Phase 2: Services Phase 3: Services

Infrastructure Development Integration & Citizens
• Broadband networks • Smart Energy, Smart Participation
• Sensor networks Transport, urban mobility • Integration and reusability
• Public Open Data • Stakeholders’ of data & services
• Certification & validation Involvement • Citizens’ engagement
of infrastructures • “Smart City” • Integrated Smart City
• Digital city
NIST Smart Grid Framework
 Vertical Deployment “silos” in Smart Cities

Source: FP7 VITAL

project,
http://vital-iot.eu
 Bridging the silos: Smart City Operations
Center
Control center integrating all systems and projects
in the smart city

Control Center = Software middleware and

processes

Example #1: Integrated Performance

Management: Calculate CO2 saving across all
different energy projects

Example #2: Repurposing and reusing smart city

infrastructures across multiple applications
 Smart Cities and Open Data Sets Source: London Data Store,
https://data.london.gov.uk

• Open Data Sets == Key enabler for

open innovation/novel apps
• Examples: London Data Store,
Glagow Data

Source: Glasgow, Open Data,

https://data.glasgow.gov.uk
 IoT & Smart Cities Services Trends
Public Private
Interoperability Citizen Engagement
Partnerships
• Integrating silo • Engagement in • Preferred
deployments IoT Services financing model
• Use of IoT design (e.g., co- • E.g., public sector
technologies (e.g., creation, deploys
Hypercat, integration of connectivity
IoT+Semantics) artistic concepts) infrastructure
• Citizen-centric (Wifi); private
services sector deploys
services
Internet of Things and
Wearables
 Introducing Wearables
Wearables’ Characteristics Connectivity

• Small electronic devices • Wearable devices are not always connected to the
• Comprised of one or more sensors Internet
• Associated with clothing or worn accessories, such • Offer connectivity, such as Bluetooth or NFC (Near
as watches, wristbands, glasses, and jewelry Field Communications), based connectivity to
• Have some sort of computational capability smartphones
• Capture and process data about the physical world • Connect to smartphone applications
• Some presenting data in some sort of display
Wearable System Building Blocks
Input Device Display Device

Com port VGA out

Frame grabber

Network card
Wireless
Network
Video Camera Main Unit

Parallel port Back plane

Low Power Indicator Power Supply

Wearables Input & Output Devices
Input Devices Output Devices

• Keyboard alternative, included chording keyboards • Head mounted displays (HMDs)

and special purpose keyboards • Flat panels, text-to-speech
• Mouse alternatives, including trackballs and • Tactile output
joysticks • Non-speech auditory output
• Tab alternatives, including buttons and dials • Paper and olfactory output (scent)
• Eye trackers
• Head trackers
• Pens
• Gesturing
• Bar code readers
• Textiles
• Video capture devices, microphones, GPS locators
• Speech recognition
• Other devices (e.g., skin sensors)
Wearables’ Functionalities and Application Areas

Consumer-oriented Non-consumer-
Sensors
applications oriented applications
• Light • Fitness and sports • Defense and
• Sound • Fashion and security
• Speed/acceleration apparel • Manufacturing and
• Humidity • Home automation industry
• Etc. • Gaming • Healthcare
Introducing Internet of Things Wearables
IoT Wearables

• Adding information &

value to wearables’
capabilities
• More sensors and
functionalities
• Integration with services
and data provided by
other devices (including
other wearables)
Wearables Examples (1)
Apple Watch Sensoria Fitness T-shirt Adidas Smart Run

• Includes a heart rate • Comprised of • Wrist device that

sensor, GPS, and an embedded textile monitors the wearer's
accelerometer sensors heart rate and
• Fully integrated into • Enables tracking of location data
the Apple ecosystem heart rate • Blended into Adidas
miCoach system
Wearables Examples (2)
FitBit’s Flex Google Glass Nike+ Sportwatch

• Sleek wristband • Head-mounted • Measures the

• Provides real-time wearable computer distance traveled
statistics on a user's • Projects a • Measures pace and
daily fitness activity transparent screen speed of the
in front of the user’s wearer's run
field of vision
Wearables Examples (3)
Samsung’s Galaxy Gear Sony Core Garmin SmartWatch

• Android-based smart • Wrist-worn • Built-in sports apps

watch waterproof wearable • Smart scales with
• Synchronizes with a smart band with a wireless connectivity
cellphone to achieve built-in sensor • Enables a more active
smartphone-like • Records activity levels lifestyle
capabilities throughout the day
Future Trends
Wearables
Interoperability Novel IoT Services
Ecosystems
• Complete • Across devices of • Integrated IoT
programming and different types and wearables services
application from different combining data and
development vendors services from
environments • Across different multiple
beyond the device ecosystems ecosystems
level • Single entry point • Driven by
• Wearables as parts for managing innovation for
of the IoT personal data fitness, healthcare,
ecosystem industry, etc.
Internet of Things and
Manufacturing
 Drivers of Future Manufacturing
From capacity to Profitable proximity
New production models Workforce engagement
capability sourcing and production
• Manufacturing • Moving away from • Modular products • People will remain at
flexibility mass production based on common the center of the
• Respond to variable • From make-to-stock platforms and factory of the future
market demand and (MTS) to make-to-order configurable options • People will provide the
achieve high levels of (MTO), configure-to- • Adopt hybrid degree of flexibility and
customer fulfillment order (CTO), and production and decision-making
engineer-to-order sourcing strategies capabilities required to
(ETO) production • Produce modular deal with increasing
• Becoming more platforms centrally, operational complexity
demand driven while leveraging • Higher levels of
suppliers, distributors, collaboration
or retailers to tailor
final products locally to
better serve local
customer demands
Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industrie 4.0):
Role of IoT & Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
Source: Recommendations for
implementing the strategic initiative
INDUSTRIE 4.0 by The Industry-
Science Research Alliance &
Sponsored by the German Federal
Ministry of Education and Research

www.fiwareforindustry.eu 11
 IoT vs. CPS
Evolution from Embedded Systems to CPS Internet of

IoT CPS and IoT

Cyber-
Physical
Systems
Things (e.g.,
Smart City
Transport)
Networked (e.g.,
Control of Embedded networked
Sensing of the combined Systems (e.g., distributed
physical world organizational and Autonomous traffic
physical processes Embedded Vehicle) management
Systems
system)
(e.g.,
Tight human Board)
Internet
machine
connectivity
interaction

Used in China and Used in USA and

EU EU (Industry 4.0)
IoT Interconnects Factories and the
Manufacturing Chain
Source: Cognizant.com
Vision of Informed Manufacturing Plant
Source: Cognizant.com
Connected Supply Chain
Connected Supply Chain Concept Case Study: Dell

• Connecting the production line to suppliers • Employees are engaged with customers to
• Stakeholders understand help them find the best customized choice
interdependencies, the flow of materials, that fits their needs
and process cycle times • Orders translated to OptiPlex
• Location tracking, remote inventory level manufacturing facility, which is able to build
monitoring, and automatic reporting of more than 20,000 custom-built products
material consumption • Orders arrive and are consolidated at the
• Predictive analytics based on real-time data part level via real-time factory scheduling
helps manufacturers identify issues before and inventory management
they happen, lowers inventory costs, and • Churns out a revised manufacturing
potentially reduces capital requirements schedule every two hours
• Enables communications (with time
stamps) to suppliers to ensure that required
materials are delivered to specific buildings,
dock doors, and manufacturing lines
Connected Supply Chain

Source: Cognizant.com
 IoT and Manufacturing Maintenance Activities
Preventative and condition-
Predictive Maintenance
based monitoring
• Prevent malfunctions • Leverage multiple
• Equipment that needs to modalities to predict when
operate within a certain maintenance will be
temperature range, the required
company can use sensors to • E.g., vibration analysis, oil
actively monitor when it analysis, thermal imaging,
goes out of range etc.
• Measuring vibrations to
detect operations that are
out of spec
• Leverages Big Data
Analytics, including
predictive modelling
 Asset Monitoring and Management

Asset Management Example Business Models Industry example

• Monitoring assets for their status • Models around hours of • GE’s maintenance cost per (flight)
(including predictive operation rather than equipment hour model for its aviation
maintenance) sale; buyers use the equipment in business
• New service offerings and an “as-a-service” offering
business models for equipment • New and very closely linked
suppliers business relationships between
manufacturers and their suppliers
Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0
(RAMI 4.0)
Source: Vdi Vde Gesellschaft Mess
und Automatisierungstechnik,
“Reference Architecture Model
Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0)”, July 2015
Challenges for Future (IoT-based) Manufacturing
Standardization for CPS
Security and Privacy Analytics
Manufacturing
• Interfaces should be standardized • IoT Data ranges from big to colossal • Need to convert data into
and solutions made interoperable at and from high-velocity to actionable insight
various levels (e.g., communication supersonic, and it spans multiple • Biggest challenge for many
and service levels) categories (e.g., structured, manufacturers, given the growth of
• International Standard for Metadata unstructured, and semi-structured) Internet of data
Registries (ISO/ IEC 11179) and its • Devices must be secured on the • No wonder that organizations are
implementation (e.g., the Universal network investing in getting things on the
Data Element Framework, or UDEF, • Users need to feel confident both Internet, as they see the potential
from OpenGroup) are aimed at about their personal data and for generating business-critical
supporting semantic sensitive organizational data insight from this data
interoperability between structured
data
• RAMI and Industrial Internet
Consortium specify IoT
Architectures for Industrial
Automation
 IoT Manufacturing Applications Development
Process

Focus on Rapid Developing

Initiate
application deployment, product
Analyze sensory Create an IoT engagement
development monitoring, and features and
architecture vision and employee
and modification embedded
communication
infrastructure planning sensors
Internet of Things and
HealthCare
 IoT in Healthcare
• Sensors collect patient data
• Microcontrollers process, analyze, and wirelessly communicate the data
• Microprocessors enable rich graphical user interfaces
• Healthcare-specific gateways through which sensor data is further
analyzed and sent to the cloud
Example: Patient Monitoring Source: www.mouser.com
 IoT and Clinical Care

Target Benefits Implementation

• Replace the process of having a • Improve quality of care • Constant monitoring using IoT-
health professional come by at • Lowers the cost of care by driven, noninvasive sensors
regular intervals to check the eliminating the need for a • Collect comprehensive
patient’s vital signs caregiver to actively engage in physiological information
data collection and analysis • Uses gateways and the Cloud to
analyze and store the information
• Send the analyzed data wirelessly
to caregivers for further analysis
and review
Internet of Things and
Connected Cars
Connected Car and Smart Transport Sensors
Source: Application Developers Alliance, “Internet of Things: Automotive as a Microcosm of IoT”, White Paper,
2015
 Five Ways to Develop Apps for Vehicles

#1 #2 #3 #4 #5

• Run apps in the • Use a link to a • Remote access to • Access to data • New and
in-vehicle smartphone the vehicle through the on- emerging
entertainment • Airbiquity, through an API board diagnostics initiatives
systems OpenCar, • OnStar, General port called OBD- • W3C Automotive
• Blackberry QNX CloudCar, Motors API, Ford ‐II and Web Platform
CAR, Windows SmartDeviceLink/ Remote API, • Dash Labs, Mojio, Business Group
Embedded AppLink, Airbiquity, reverse Carvoyant, and OpenXC
Automotive, MirrorLink, Apple engineering of MetroMile, and
Automotive CarPlay, Google vehicle protocols smartdrive.io
Grade Linux, and Open Automotive
Android Alliance, and
Windows in the
car
 Example: Apple Car Play (www.apple.com/ios/carplay)
• Allows iPhone owners to use the features they want in
their cars without creating dangerous distractions; no
wireless Bluetooth option
• To pair an iPhone with a vehicle plug it into the
dashboard with a lightning cable:
• Car automatically pops up the CarPlay icon and
updates compatible apps
• Phone screen will be locked to eliminate any
temptation to use it while driving
• Early supporters
• Ferrari
• Hyundai
• Mercedes-Benz
• Volvo
Source: www.apple.com/ios.carplay
• Ford
 Connected Car: Indicative Applications (1)
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)
Infotainment
communication communication
• Brings information functions (i.e., • Wireless exchange of the position, • Wireless exchange of information
navigation, location-based services, speed, and location data between between vehicles and roadside
rear seat web browsing, social nearby vehicles infrastructure
networking, etc.) into the vehicle’s • E.g., toward improving the safety of • Communicate with the roads,
entertainment system. commuters digital signage, traffic lights, safety,
• E.g., CarPlay for using iTunes, watch and control systems
videos, run navigation apps on the • E.g., avoid crashes and traffic
in-dash display with a touch screen congestion
interface & Apple’s voice-
companion Siri (vocal commands)
• Bring the entire apps ecosystem to
the dashboard and present endless
possibilities for an in-car experience
• Examples: Read out email &
calendar reminders, order food,
switch on the heater, etc.
 Connected Car: Indicative Applications (2)
On-Board diagnostics for on-device
Vehicles and Smartphones Smartphone sensors for driving insights
analytics
• Ιnformation exchange will be two-way: • Commercial smartphones commonly • The on-board Diagnostics (OBD/OBD-II)
Smartphone to vehicle and vice versa have sensors, such as accelerometer, port is commonly used in automobile
• On-Board Diagnostics (OBD/OBD-II) gyroscope, or orientation sensor and service and maintenance
data: Information regarding engine and GPS. • Faults, vehicle, and engine speed,
other crucial vehicle parameters can be • Docking the smartphone to the vehicle; engine temperature, fluid levels, gear
displayed on the driver’s smartphone data from these sensors can be used to shifts, battery status, etc. is accessed
and the same can be sent to service detect driving patterns, such as sharp regularly at vehicle repair shops
provider for analysis turns, sudden acceleration, hard • Up-to-date: Used for post-facto analysis
• Alerts: Open doors, Lights ON, Hand braking, drifting, and speeding • Can be made available to the vehicle
brake ON • Profile the driver as safe or aggressive owners, giving them a better picture of
• Actions: Lock/Un-lock vehicle doors, to rate and compare different drivers the car’s performance
Roll windows up/down, AC and share such data with insurance • Monitoring these parameters actively
temperature +/- providers for customized premiums and with some level of on-device
• Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) and Pay-How- analytics, drivers can get proactive
You-Drive (PHYD) are the upcoming service alerts on their smartphones and
offerings from auto insurance potential faults can be identified for
companies that reward safe drivers and early diagnosis and care
penalize rash ones with differential
premiums