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c. melodrama – arouses immediate & intense emotion and is usually sad but
there is happy ending for the principal character.

d. farce – exaggerated comedy

- seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines.

- situations are too ridiculous to be true

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Pre-Spanish Period – oral

- Own literature that reflects our own race

- Shows our customs & traditions in evereday life

- Own alphabet known as baybayin

- Records were written on leaves & bamboo cylinder, bark of trees

and caves

- Legend , folk tales, epics, folk songs , riddles, chants, proverbs &
sayings

- Epics –Hudhod & Alim- Ifugao

1. Ybalon – Bikolano

2. Biag ni Lam-Ang – Ilokano

3. Bidasari – Muslim
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Spanish Period

- Alibata was replaced by Roman alphabet

- Teachings of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious

practices

- Spanish language gave many of its words to our language

- European legends & traditions were assimilated in our songs,

corridos, Moro-Moro

- Ancient literature was collected & translated to Tagalog & other

dialects

- Grammar books were printed in Filipino

- Periodicals gained a religious tone

First Books

Doctrina Christiana – first book printed in the Phil. In 1593

-written by Fr. Juan de Placencia & Fr. Domingo Nieva

Barlaan at Josephat – first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines.

Pasion – life & sufferings of Jesus Christ

Urbana at Felisa – book by Modesto de Castro (Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog)

- Letters between two sisters dealing with good behavior.

Vocabulario Dela Lengua Tagala – first Tagalog dictionary by Fr. Pedro de San
Buenaventura
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Recreational Plays

1. Tibag – search of St. Helena for the cross on which Jesus died.

2. Cenaculo – dramatic performance to commemorate the passion & death of

Jesus Christ

3. Panunuluyan – presentation of the search of Virgin Mary & St. Joseph for an
inn to deliver the baby Jesus

4. Salubong – Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ & his
mother.

5. Zarzuela – father of drama musical comedy/melodrama dealing with man’s

passions & emotions.

6. Moro-moro – play about the fighting between Moros & Christians

7. Duplo/Karagatan – played during wakes for the dead

-princess who dropped her ring in the middl of the sea

8. Balagtasan – Debate in poetic verse; created during the American

Colonization of the Philippines.

9. Awit – Metrical romance that is sung or said in fast beat. Subject is mostly
about legends and fantasy.

Corrido or metrical romance that tackles in narrative form the life and adventures
of persons.
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Period of Enlightenment – nationalism

- Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church.

1. Propaganda Movement – leaders

Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena

A. Jose Rizal – Laong Laan & Dimasalang

-Noli and Fili

B. Marcelo H. del Pilar – Plaridel, pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores

Manapat

- Pag- ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Dasalan at Tuksuhan

C. Graciano Lopez Jaena

- first magazine – La Solidaridad

- Ang Fray Botod

D. Other Propagandists

-Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Pedro Paterno (Ninay-first social

novel im Spanish by a Filipino, Jose Panganiban.

Period of Active Revolution

- Reforms demanded by propagandists were not given attention

- No other way except to revolt

- Leaders were Andres Bonifacio – father of Filipino Democracy,

Father of Katipunan (KKK), Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
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- Emilio Jacinto- Brains of the Katipunan, Katrilya ng Katipunan,

Liwanag at dilim

- Apolinario Mabini – Sublime Paralytic brains of the Revolution

- Jose Palma – Phil. National Anthem

American Regime

- Literature had the theme of nationalism but was stopped due to

suppression done by the Americans

- English became the medium literary pieces

Writers – Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerero, Jesus balmori &

Claro M.Recto, Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Amado V.
Hernandez, Inigo Ed Regalado

- Severino Reyes – Father of the Tagalog drama – Walang Sugat

- Pedro Bukaned – Father of Ilocano Literature

- Claro Caluya – Prince of Ilocano poets

- Leon Pichay – best Bukanegero

- Sursum Corda (poem) first work to be published in English

In 1919 the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of

the first Filipino writers in English.

-Short Story – Dead Stars by Paz Marqueez benitez became the

model of perfection
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Japanese Literature

- Newspaper in English were stopped by the Japanese

LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance

- HAIKU , TANAGA

- Movie houses were closed showing American films

- Writers were Jose Ma. Hernandez, Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Julian

Cruz Balmaceda, NVM Gonzales, Liwayway Arceo, Carlos P.
Romulo and Carlos Bulosan

Rebirth of Freedom

1945 – American returned

- Proliferation of newspaper FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, Manila Times Philippine

Heral, Chronicle, Bulletin

-Poems, novel m short stories

-Without Seeing the Dawn by Javellana

Palanca Awards – Kuwento ni Mabuti-Genoveva Edroza (1950-51) (first award)

Period of Activism – because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms

- Martial Law

- Writings were rebellious

- Placards in red bearing the sign MAKIBAKA

- Period of terror % wrath

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New Society

Age of Ninoy Aquino’s martyrdom

People’s Power

- Rebirth of newspapers, books

- Songs – Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo/Bayan Ko

AFRO – ASIAN LITERATURE

Chinese Literature – one of the major cultural heritage of the world

Poetry – characterized by compactness & brevity

Confucius or Kung Fu-tze – first sage of China who wanted to make education available
to all men.

Great Techer – proponent of Chinese Literature

SHIH CHING – first anthology of Chinese poetry

Five Books

1. Yiking (Book of Chnges) divination

2. Liking (Book of Ceremonies) etiquette

3. Shuking (Book of Historical Documents) political ideas & fundamentals of good

government

4. Shiking (Book of Poetry) best poems

5. Chun Chiu (Spring & Autumn) history of Confucius native provinc

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Teachings

Principles of courage & prudence

Filial duty

Selecting friends

- Good human relations

- Good government

- Value of education & self-criticis,

Analects – are selection or parts of literary works

Ex.

1. If a man in the morning hear the right way, he may die in the evening without regret

2. I am not concerned that I am not know but I seek to ve worthy to be known.

3. When we see men of worth, we should think of equaling them, when we see men of

Contrary character, we should turn inwards & examine ourselves.

4. Give man a fish & you feed him for a day, teach man to fish and you feed him for life.

Arabia

A Thousand & One nights – a collection of stores and folk tales compiled in
Arabic.

Ex. Aladdin, Ali Baba and Forty Thieves and Sinbad the Sailor

- Kahlil Gibran – great poet

Indian Literature – oldest sacred literature is found in four VEDAS (knowledge)

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a. Rigveda – oldest – Veda of Praise

b. Brahmanas – rituals & prayers

c. Upanishads – discoursesbetween teachers & pupils

d. Puranas – history of the Aryan race

Mahabharata (Hindu Epic) – Cosmology, statecraft, philosophy, science of war

- Longest poem in the world about the bitter quarrel of two brothers – Pandu &
Karu (Pandavas are unjustly deprived of the ancestral kingdom of their woicked sons)

Hindu proverb – I weep because I have no shoes, unitl I saw a man without feet

Ramayana (Hindu epic) – It depicts the duties of relationship portraying ideal

characters like the ideal servant, ideal brother, ideal wife and ideal king

Kalidasa – poet know for Sakuntala/greatest Sanskrit playwright ang poets

Rabindranath Tagore – best know of all recent writers in India

- Masterpiece – Gitanjali

Hebrew Literature

Bible – book of all books, 39 books Old Testatament/27 books – New Testament

- Literature that provokes another literature

- Most famous works in the hebew literature is the Old Testament

- Genesis

- Ten Commandments

- David & Goliath

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- Ecclesiates- To everything there is season and a time to every purpose under

heaven; a time to love and a time to hate, a time of war & a time of peace

Psalm of David (Psalm 23)

The Lord is my shepherd I shall not want.

Story of Joseph and Story of Ruth

Persian Literature – Iran

Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyam (tent-maker) poem of high divine and spiritual

meaning. The beauty and simplicity of this poem is so immaculate that is why people of
all faiths seek divine solace.

Egyptian Literature – Pharaog, pyramids, mummies, papyrus Book of the Dead,

Hymns to the Sun- Godm Rosetta Stone- reveals the antiquity of Egypt

Egyptian writing – hieroglyphics

Poem- To Whom Should I Speak Today

Japanese Literature

1. NOH DRAMA – dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and masked actors

2. HAIKU – 7 syllable poetic form usually about nature

3. WAKA – 31 syllable classical poetry

4. KABUKI – Japanese dance drama

5. KOJIKI – (Record of Ancient Matters) earliest surving work in Japan

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ENGLISH / AMERICAN LITERATURE

- Jutes, Angles, Saxons

- Language – Anglo Saxon

-Angleland – Stone age people

Gaels/Britons

Romans

BEOWULF (England) - Epic of more than 3,000 lines

CHAUCER – Canterbury Tales

-greatest English writer of the middle ages

-St.Thomas a Becket

-Through Harry BAilly – innkeeper – Tabard Inn

Ex. Paradoners Tale

King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table

-Sir Gawaine

-Sir Thomas Malory- Le Morte de Arthur

-rise & decline of the Round Table, quest for the Holy Grail & establishment of the first
printing press in English by William Caxton.

-Sir Thomas More – Utopia

-Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe – The Passionate Shepherd to His Love

“Come Live with me and “Be my Love” I will make thee bed of roses

Sis Walter Raleigh – The nymphs Reply to the Shepherd” If all the world and love were
young and truyth in every shepherd’s tounge

William Shakespeare – greatest writer of all times

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-Venus and Adonis / Romeo and Juliet / Hamlet/Macbeth

-Sonnets

Sonnet 18 – Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Shall I compare thee to a
summer’s day?

Thomas Campion – My Sweetest LEsbia- “Let us live & love”

Francis Bacon – Father of English Essay

Of Studies – Studies serve for delight, fir ornament & for ability

Ben Johnson- Song to Celia “Drink to me only with thines eyes and I will pledge with
mine or leave a kiss but in the cup and I’ll not look for mine.”

John Miltom – Paradise: Lost, On his Blindness

Thomas Gray – Elegy Written in Country Churchyard

Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Thyme of the Ancient Mariner

Percy Bysshe Shelley – Ode to the West Wind

Alfred Lord Tennyson – Break, Break, Break

Robert Browning – Last Duchess

Elizabeth Barrett Browning – Hpw Do I Love Thee?”

Matthew Arnold – Dover Beach

Rudyard Kipling – Madalay/Recessional

John Masefield – Sea Fever

David Herbert Lawrence – Lady Chatterly’s Lover

American Literature

- Captain Jong Smith (Pocahontas)

- Vitginia
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Thomas Jefferson – Declaration of Independence of the 13th United States of America

Patrick Henry – Hive me liberty or give me death

Washington Irving - Legend of Sleepy Hollow

- Rip Van Winkle

- Ichabod Crane and Rose of Alhambra

Edgar Allan Poe – Annabel Lee, Tell-Tale Heart

-Father of Horror Stories

Ralph Waldo Emerson- Self – Reliance

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – A Psalm of life

- “Tell me not in mournfull numbers”

-“Life is but an empty dream”

Samuel Lamghorne Clemens (Mark Twain) – Afventures of Tom Sawyer

Henry James- Tree of Knowledge

Stephen Crane – Blades of Grass

Ernest Hemingway – Old Man & the Sea

Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken

William Ernest Henley – Invictus

Walt Whitman – O captain, My Captain

Charles Dickens – Christman Carol

Greek Literature

1. Pre Homeric and Homeric Age

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2. Anthenian period – Alexander the Great

3. Period of Decline

Qualities:

1. Permanence & universality

2. Essentially full of artistry

3. Originality

4. Diversity of talent

5. Intellectual quality

Homer – blind poet of Greece/great epics – Illiad & Odyssey

Theme- Man’s fate is the result of his actions.

Mythological background of Iliad

Achilles – greatest Greek warrior

Thetis and Peleus (Parents)

Eris – Goddess of mischief was not invited

Golden Apple – to the fairies of the Goddess

-Hera – promised power

Athena – wisdom

Aphrodite – most beautiful woman in the world

Helen – married to Menelaos

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- Alexandros abducted Helen and brought her to Troy

- Greeks (Achaians) banded together to restore Helen of Menealos

-10 year war – Trojan war

Iliad

-violent quarrel between Agamemnon & Achilles

-Briseis was unjustly taken by Agamemnon

-Achilles bowed not to fight & stayed on his tent; because of his absemce, the
Trojans led by prince Hecor were winning & Greeks were driven back

Patroclus – dear friend of Achilles begged to fight

-was killed by Hector

- and because of this, Achilles killed the Trojans in order to marry Penelope

-Story of Penelope

Because of Athena, he reached Ogygia

- met the nympj Calypso, fallen in love with him

-kept for seven years

-Hermes ordered Calypso to realease Odysseus

-Poseidon got angry and Odysseus met several dangers before reaching Ithaca

Dramatist of the Athenian Age

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1. Aeschylus – father of tragedy

- theological poet

- soldier playwright

- Battle of Marathon/Salamy

2. Sophocles

-Oedipus Rex

-Parent Laius & Jocasta (Thebe)

- Childless – Apollo at Delphi

- received a prophecy that Jocasta would have a son, but will murder his father
and marry his mother

- Oedipus was born

-exposed in the mountain

-given to the childless King& Queen of Corinth

-went to oracle of Delphi and learned the truth

-left Corinth

- on his way , he met an old man & insulted him & tried to beat him

- killed the man

-reached Thebe

- people were suffering under great misfortune in the form of a Sphinx

Riddle – morning walks in 4 legs; noon – 2 legs – night – 3 legs

Oedipus – solved the riddle

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-became king of Thebe & married Jocasta

-plague came to the land

-Theban went to oracle of Delphi

-Apollo saod that they must look for the murdere of their King Lauis & punish him

People sought the help of Oedipus & promised to look for the murderer

He learned the truth and Jocasta & Oedipus realized that they were mother and son.

In the end Jocasta committed suicide while Oedipusblinded his eyes

3. Euripides – modern playwright

4. Aristophanes – master of Greek comedy

Rome – Virgil – ggreatest writer that Rome produced

Aeneid – Aeneas (Trojan hero)

-burning troy

-went to Latium

-landed in Carthage and welcomed by Queen Dido

-queen fell in love with Aeneas

-Aeneas great destiny was to be the founder of Rome

-oracle – only daughter Lavinia would marry a foreigner- king

Nibelungelied – Siegfred/epic/of Germany

Song of Roland – epic of France

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El Cid – epics of Spain

Diving Comedy – Dante – Father of Italian Literatiore

-greatest literary production of the middle Ages

GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES

Zeus – In Greek mythology, the father of gods and men, and most powerful of
immortals. He was pre-Hellenic and was worshipped as the sky-deity, whose presence
was marked by lightning, thunder, and rain, He was theson of Kronos and Rhea:
Poseidon.

Hades, Hestia, Demeter, JHera were his brothers and sisters, Hera being also
his wife, When the world was distributed among them after the overhrow of Kronos,
Poseidong obtained the sea, Hades the underworld and Zeus the heavens and upper
regions, the earth being common of them all.

Thetis – sea goddess, mother of Achilles

Poseidon- Fierce god of the sea and of earthquakes, brother of Zeus and
Hades, defender of Greeks

Hermes – Son of Zeus and Maia. He is familiar in Roman myhology as

Mercurius

His best know role was that of messenger of the gods, for which he carried a herald’s
wand. He also conducted the dead to Hades. He was commonly represented in art asa
a head supported by a tapering pillar with a phallus affixed to it. Such images were
known as Hermae.

Hera – Pre-Hellenic goddess whose Greek name is no more than the title, lady.
The daughter of Kronos and Rhea, she figures in Greek mythology as wife and sister
Zeus and patroness of female life in general and of marriage in particular. Her children
included Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus. According to Homer she was jealous and
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quarrelsome; Zeus himself quailed at her tounge. Argos seems to have been the most
ancient place for her worship.

Hephaestus – Also called Hephaistos, in Greek Religon, the God of fire.

Originally a deity of Asia Minor and the adjoining islands, he had an important place of
worship at the Lycian Olympus, where natural gas provided both his image and his
sanctuary. As god of fire, Hephaestus became the divine smith and patron of craftsmen,
the naturalvolcanic or gaseous fires already connected with him were often considered
to be his workshops.

Athena – Sometimes called Pallas. She spramg fully grown and armed from the
head of Zeus, who had swallowed her mother MEITIS (wise counsel). Although pre-
Hellenic, she became patron goddess of Athems, and personified wisdom. In Roman
mythology is identified with Minerva.

Artemis – Originally a primitive earg-goddess; she appears in Greek mythology

as daughter if Zeus and Leto and sister of Apollo; a virgin huntress and patroness of
chastity.

Aphrodite – The Goddess of Beauty and Love, who beguiled all, Gods and men
alik; the laughter-loving Goddess, who stole away even the wits of the wise. She is the
daughyer of Zeus and Dione in the Iliad. She was also known as Venus in the Roman
mythology.

Apollo – Archer god, main protector of the Trojans.

Ceres- Roman goddess of corn, identified with Greek Demeter

Ares – He presented the distasteful aspects of brutal warfare and slaughter.

From at least the time of Homer, who established him as the son of the chief god, Zeus
amd Hera his consort, he was of the Olympiam deities, buthis fellow gods and even his
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parents were not fond of him. HE was accompanied in battle, however, by his sister Eris
(Strife) and his sins (by Aphrodite) DEimos and Phobos (panic and Rout).

Achilles – was the son of Peleus and Thetis and hero of Homers Iliad by whom
Greek valor and its mightiest was exemplified in Trojan War. He was educated in war
and eloquence by phoenis amd in hunting, riding, music and medicine by Chiron. He
was the greatest and bravest warrior among the Greeks.

Agamemnon – Son of Atreus and brother of Menelaus. He was the legendary

king of Mycenae. In Homer, he appears to be commander in chief of the Greek
expedition against Troy. He was personally brave but somewhat irresolute and
despondent. His quarrel with Achilles is principal motif of the Illiad.

The Odyssey relates, on his return from the wars, he and his followers were
treacherously murdered by his wife Clythemnestra and her lover Aegisthus, Clymnestra
also killed Cassandra, thedaughter of Prian, king if Troy, whom agamemno had brought
back with him.

Neptune, Neptunus – Roman god of water; later elevated to God of the Sea
after his identification with the Greek Poseidon

Vulcan – Roman God of fire and in Particular of furnaces; his festival, the
Vulcania, was observed on 23’rd August. He was identified with the Greek
Hephaesthus.