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Signals & Systems

This document provides an introduction to signals and systems in 3 sections: 1. Signals can be continuous or discrete functions that carry information over independent variables like time, with examples including speech, images, and video. 2. Systems process signals through inputs and outputs, and can be either continuous-time or discrete-time. 3. Signals can be characterized as deterministic or non-deterministic, and systems can be connected in cascade, parallel, or feedback configurations to form more complex systems.

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Prince Raynal
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30 views10 pages

Signals & Systems

This document provides an introduction to signals and systems in 3 sections: 1. Signals can be continuous or discrete functions that carry information over independent variables like time, with examples including speech, images, and video. 2. Systems process signals through inputs and outputs, and can be either continuous-time or discrete-time. 3. Signals can be characterized as deterministic or non-deterministic, and systems can be connected in cascade, parallel, or feedback configurations to form more complex systems.

Uploaded by

Prince Raynal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signals & Systems

Lecture 1.0

1. Signals
2. Systems
3. Examples

1
Signals

A signal is a function of independent variables


that carries information. For example:
– Electrical signal: voltages or currents on wires or
circuits
– Speech signal: human voice, a dog’s bark, etc.
– Image signal: color shading or light intensity levels of
a photograph
– Video signal: an image signal with varying intensity
levels.

2
Independent variables
e.g. time, distance, position, temperature and
pressure.
– It can continuous or discrete.

– It can be one dimensional (1-D), two-dimensional (2-D) or


multidimensional (M-D).

– The speech signal has 1-D independent variable which is time.


An image signal has 2-D independent variables and they are the
two spatial variables. The black-and-white video signal can be
considered having 3-D independent variables which are the two
spatial variables and the time.

In this course we concentrate on 1-D independent variable which


we call time. 3
Characterization of signals

• Signal can be either a continuous or a discrete


function of independent variables.
– Continuous-Time (CT) signals
function of x(t) where t is a continuous value
– Discrete-Time (DT) signals
function of x[n], where n is a discrete value

4
Continuous-Time (CT) Signals

A CT signal is one which is defined at every instant of


time over some interval.

x(t)

An example of CT signal
5
Discrete-Time (DT) signals
A DT signal is defined only at discrete intervals of time over some
time interval.
x[n ]
x [ -4 ]
x [0] x [1]
x [ -3 ]

-2 -1 2 3
-4 -3 0 1
n
x [ -1 ] x [2]
x [ -2 ] x [3]

An example of DT signal

DT signal can be processed by digital computers and digital signal


processors (DSPs).

6
• Deterministic signal: a signal that can be uniquely derived by set of
mathematical functions. These signals can be predicted or
reproduced identically for arbitrary times.

• Non-deterministic signal: a signal that have a unique realization e.g.


speech signal, a word spoken by human.

7
Systems
A system processes the signal. It can be single
input-output or multi input-output. A system
reacts to the applied input signals at its output.

x(t) CT System y(t)

X[n] DT System Y[n]

8
• System could be an electrical circuit having an
input voltage and an output voltage.

• System could be a microphone that process


acoustic or speech signal to a computer or an
amplifier.

• System could be an air conditioner that controls


temperature of a room.

• System could be an engine of a car that controls


the rotation of car wheels.

9
Simpler systems can be connected together
to a make more complicated system. It can
be done in 3 basic ways:
Cascade S1 S2

S1

Parallel ±

S2

Feedback ± S1

S2

10
System interconnections

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