Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

The webinar will start at 12.30

Course Outline
Lecture Date Speaker Title
1 21 Sep Jenny Burridge Introduction, Background and Codes
2 28 Sep Charles Goodchild EC2 Background, Materials, Cover
and effective spans
3 5 Oct Paul Gregory Bending and Shear in Beams
4 12 Oct Charles Goodchild Analysis
5 19 Oct Paul Gregory Slabs and Flat Slabs
6 26 Oct Charles Goodchild Deflection and Crack Control
7 2 Nov Paul Gregory Columns
8 9 Nov Jenny Burridge Fire
9 16 Nov Paul Gregory Detailing
10 23 Nov Jenny Burridge Foundations

Week 8: Fire 1
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Fire Design

Lecture 8
9th November 2017

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Model answers for Lecture 7

Columns

Week 8: Fire 2
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Column Exercise

Assume the following:

• Axial load: 7146kN
• Top Moment: 95.7kN
• Bottom Moment: -95.7kN
• Nominal cover: 35mm
• Bay width is 6.0 m
• Elastic modulus is the same
for column and slab

Design the column C2

between 1st and 2nd floors
for bending about axis
parallel to line 2.

Solution - effective length & slenderness (M2)

Using PD 6687 method

Clear span is 4500 – 300 = 4200 mm and k1 = k2
EI c 500 4 12
Lc 4200
k = = = 0.41
2EI × 300 3 12 2 × 3000 × 300 3 12
∑ L b 2 × 3000
8600
+
9600
b

From Table (Table 4 of How to…Columns)

Take ‘beam’ width
as, say, half the
bay width

F = say 0.74
∴ lo = 0.74 x 4.2 = 3.108 m

Check slenderness:
λ = 3.46 lo/h
= 3.46 x 3.108 /0.5 = 21.5

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Solution- column moments

MEd = max[M02; M0Ed + M2; M01 + 0.5M2 ; e0NEd]
M02 = M + eiNEd
ei = l0/400 =3108/400 = 7.8 mm
NEd = 7146 kN
= 95.7 + 0.0078 x 7146 = 95.7 + 55.7 = 151.4 kNm
M0Ed = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) ≥ 0.4M02
= 0.6 × 151.4 + 0.4 × (− 40.0) ≥ 0.4 × 95.7 = 74.8 kNm
M01 = - 95.7 + 0.0078 x 7146 = -95.7 + 55.7 = - 40.0 kNm
e0NEd = 0.02 x 7146 = 142.9 kNm
e0 = Max[h/30,20mm]
= Max[500/30,20mm] = 20 mm
M2 =?

Solution – slenderness limit (M2)

Limiting slenderness:
A = 0.7 (use default value)
B = 1.1 (use default value)
C = 1.7 – rm = 1.7 – M01/M02 = 1.7 – (-40.0/151.4) = 1.96
n = NEd/Acfcd = 7146 x 1000/(5002 x 0.85 x 50/1.5) = 1.01
λlim = 20 ABC/√n
= 20 x 0.7 x 1.1 x 1.96/√1.01
= 30.0

Slenderness:
30.0 > 21.5 ...section is not slender . . . . M2 = 0

Week 8: Fire 4
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Solution- column moments

MEd = max[M02; M0Ed + M2; M01 + 0.5M2 ; e0NEd]
M02 = M + eiNEd
ei = l0/400 =3108/400 = 7.8 mm
NEd = 7146 kN
= 95.7 + 0.0078 x 7146 = 95.7 + 55.7 = 151.4 kNm
M0Ed = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) ≥ 0.4M02
= 0.6 × 151.4 + 0.4 × (− 40.0) ≥ 0.4 × 95.7 = 74.8 kNm
M01 = - 95.7 + 0.0078 x 7146 = -95.7 + 55.7 = - 40.0 kNm
e0NEd = 0.02 x 7146 = 142.9 kNm
e0 = Max[h/30,20mm]
= Max[500/30,20mm] = 20 mm
M2 =0
By inspection,
max[M02; M0Ed + M2; M01 + 0.5M2 ; e0NEd] = MEd = 151.4 kNm

Solution – determine As

d2 = cnom + link + ϕ/2 = 35 + 8 + 16 = 59 mm

d2/h = 59/500 = 0.118
MEd/(bh2fck) = 151.4 x 106/(5003 x 50) = 0.024
NEd/(bhfck) = 7146 x 1000/(5002 x 50) = 0.57

Week 8: Fire 5
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Interaction Chart

0.09
0.57

0.024

Solution – determine As

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.09
As = 0.09 x 5002 x 50 / 500 = 2250 mm2 Try 8 H20 (2513 mm2)
But > 4 no bars so check d2/h
Average d2 = (3 x 59 + 1 x 250 [say] ) / 4 = 107 mm : d2/h = 0.214
Interpolating between charts for d2/h = 0.20 and d2/h = 0.25

Week 8: Fire 6
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Interaction Chart

Asfyk/bhfck

0.57 0.10

0.024

Solution – determine As

Asfyk/bhfck = 0.09
As = 0.09 x 5002 x 50 / 500 = 2250 mm2 Try 8 H20 (2513 mm2)
Check d2/h
Average d2 = (3 x 59 + 1 x 250 [say] ) / 4 = 107 mm : d2/h = 0.214
Using chart for d2/h = 0.20
Asfyk/bhfck = 0.10
As = 0.10 x 5002 x 50 / 500 = 2500 mm2
Use 8 H20 (2513 mm2)
Links
Diameter = max (6, 20/4) = 6 say 8mm diam
scl,tmax = min {12 φmin; 0.6b ; 240mm} = 240 mm
Bar centres = 500/2 -59 = 191 mm therefore each bar to be
restrained
With H8 links in 3 legs each way @ 225 cc

Week 8: Fire 7
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Fire Design

Fire

Week 8: Fire 8
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Structural Fire Design

Part 1-2, Fig 5.2 Figure 4.2

Scope

Part 1-2 Structural fire design gives several methods for fire engineering
Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5

Reinforcement cover
Axis distance, a, to centre of bar
a = c + φm/2 + φl

a Axis
Distance

Eurocode 2: Part 1.2 Structural

Fire Design
• General
• Basis of fire design
• Material properties
• Design procedures
– Simplified and advanced calculation methods
– Shear and torsion 100 Pages
– Spalling
– Joints
– Protective layers
• Tabulated data
• High strength concrete
• Annexes A, B, C, D and E

Week 8: Fire 9
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Chapter 2: Basis of Fire Design

• Requirements:
– Criteria considered are:
“R” Mechanical resistance (load bearing)
“E” Integrity (compartment separation)
“I” Insulation (where required)

“M” Impact resistance (where required)

• Actions - from BS EN 1991-1-2

– Nominal and Parametric Fire Curves

Chapter 2: Basis of Fire Design

• Verification methods Ed,fi ≤ Rd,fi(t)

• Member Analysis Ed,fi = ηfi Ed

Ed is the design value for normal temperature design
ηfi is the reduction factor for the fire situation
ηfi = (Gk + ψfi Qk.1)/(γGGk + γQ.1Qk.1) ψfi is taken as ψ 1 or ψ 2 (= ψ 1 - NA)

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Design Procedures

• Tabulated data (Chapter 5)

• Simplified calculation methods
• Advanced calculation method

Which method?

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Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Section 5. Tabulated Data

Cl. 5.1 -

Provides design solutions for the standard fire exposure up to 4

hours

• The tables have been developed on an empirical basis

confirmed by experience and theoretical evaluation of tests
• Values are given for normal weight concrete made with siliceous
aggregates
• For calcareous or lightweight aggregates minimum dimension
may be reduced by 10%
• No further checks are required for shear, torsion or anchorage
• No further checks are required for spalling up to an axis
distance of 70 mm
• For HSC (> C50/60) the minimum cross section dimension should
be increased

Elements
• Approach for Beams and Slabs very similar
– Separate tables for continuous members
– One way, two way spanning and flat slabs
treated separately

• Columns depend on load and slenderness

• Walls depend on exposure conditions

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Continuous Beams
Table 5.6 Table 4.6

Flat Slabs
1992-1-2 Table 5.9 Table 4.8

Week 8: Fire 13
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Columns Tabular Approach

Columns more Tricky!
• Two approaches
• Only for braced structures
• Unbraced structures – columns
can be considered braced if
there are columns outside the
fire zone

Columns: Method A
Table 5.2a Table 4.4A

The minimum
dimensions are
larger than
BS 8110

μfi = NEd,fi/ NRd = Gk + ψ1,1 Qk,1/(1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk) NEd/ NRd Conservatively 0.7
where NEd,fi is the design axial load in the fire condition
NRd is the design axial resistance at normal temperature

Week 8: Fire 14
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Limitations to Table 5.2a

Limitations to Table 5.2a for Method A:

• Effective length of the column under fire conditions

l0,fi <= 3m.
• First order eccentricity under fire conditions:
e = M0Ed,fi / N0Ed,fi <= emax = 0.15 h
• Amount of reinforcement:
As < 0.04 Ac

Method A
.
120 (Exp 5.7)

where:
1 ω
83 1.0 μ
0.85⁄α"" ω
(as αcc = 0.85 in the UK, Rηfi = 83(1.0-μfi))

Ra = 1.6(a-30)
where a is the axis distance

Week 8: Fire 15
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Method A
.
120 (Exp 5.7)

Rl = 9.6 (5 - l0,fi)
where l0,fi is the effective length in fire.
For an insitu column in a braced structure this can be
taken is 0.5 l for lower storeys and 0.7 l for the top
storey. (2 m ≤ l0,fi ≤ 6m)

Method A
.
120 (Exp 5.7)

Rb = 0.09b’
b’ is the width or the diameter of a square or circular
column.
For a rectangular column:
b’ = 2Ac/(b+h)
200mm ≤ b’ ≤ 450mm
h ≤ 1.5 b’

Week 8: Fire 16
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Method A
.
120 (Exp 5.7)

Rn = 0 where n=4 (corner bars only)

Rn = 12 where n>4
(n is the number of longitudinal bars)

Method A
$ % & ' .
120
120
What is the fire resistance period of a 3.5m long, 300 x 600 column,
NEd = 2950kN, NRd = 3600kN, with 25mm bars, 10mm links, cover
25mm?
μfi = 0.7 x 2950/3600 = 0.57 Rηfi = 83(1-0.57) = 35.4
a = 25+10+25/2 = 47mm Ra = 1.6(47-30) = 27.2
l0,fi = 0.5 x 3.5 = 1.75, so l0,fi = 2m Rl = 9.6(5-2) = 28.8
b’ = 2 x b x 1.5b/(b + 1.5b) = 360mm Rb = 0.09 x 360 = 32.4
n>4 Rn = 12
R = 120((35.4 + 27.2 + 28.8 + 32.4 + 12)/120)1.8 = 150 minutes
(from table

Week 8: Fire 17
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Method A
$ % & ' .
120
120
What is the fire resistance period of a 3.5m long, 300 x 600 column,
NEd = 2950kN, NRd = 3600kN, with 25mm bars, 10mm links, cover
25mm?
μfi = 0.7 x 2950/3600 = 0.57 Rηfi = 83(1-0.57) = 35.4
a = 25+10+25/2 = 47mm Ra = 1.6(47-30) = 27.2
l0,fi = 0.5 x 3.5 = 1.75, so l0,fi = 2m Rl = 9.6(5-2) = 28.8
b’ = 2 x b x 1.5b/(b + 1.5b) = 360mm Rb = 0.09 x 360 = 32.4
n>4 Rn = 12
R = 120((35.4 + 27.2 + 28.8 + 32.4 + 12)/120)1.8 = 150 minutes
(from table: 90 minutes)

Week 8: Fire 18
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Columns: Method B

ω = 0.1 0.4% steel

ω = 0.5 2.0% steel
ω = 1.0 4.0% steel
(fck = 30MPa, fyk = 500MPa)

Limitations to Table 5.2b

• l/h (or l/b) ≤ 17.3 for rectangular column (λfi ≤ 30)

• First order eccentricity under fire conditions:

e/b = M0Ed,fi /b N0Ed,fi ≤ 0.25 with emax= 100 mm

• Amount of reinforcement, ω = As fyd / Ac fcd ≤ 1

For other values of these parameters see Annex C

(e/b ≤ 0.5, emax ≤ 200 mm)

Week 8: Fire 19
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Spalling
• EC2 distinguishes between explosive spalling that can occur
in concrete under compressive conditions, such as in
columns, and the concrete falling off the soffit in the
tension zones of beams and slabs.
• Explosive spalling occurs early on in the fire exposure and is
mainly caused by the expansion of the water/steam particles
trapped in the matrix of the concrete. The denser the
concrete, the greater the explosive force.
− Unlikely if moisture content is less than 3% (NDP) by
weight. The assumption is that in exposure class X0 or
XC1 the moisture class is less than 3%
− Tabular data OK for axis distance up to 70 mm
• Falling off of concrete occurs in the latter stage of fire
exposure

High Strength Concrete -

Tabulated Data
Minimum cross section should be increased:

• For walls and slabs exposed on one side only by:

For Class 1: 0.1a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.3a for C70/85 to C80/95

• For all other structural members by:

For Class 1: 0.2a for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 0.6a for C70/85 to C80/95

Axis distance, a, increased by factor:

For Class 1: 1.1 for C55/67 to C60/75
For Class 2: 1.3 for C70/85 to C80/95

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Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

High Strength Concrete -

Spalling

• For C 55/67 to C 80/95 the rules for normal strength concrete apply.
provided that the maximum content of silica fume is less than 6% by
weight.

• For C 80/95 to C 90/105 there is a risk of spalling and at least

one of the following should be provided (NA):

Method A: A reinforcement mesh

Method B: A type of concrete which resists spalling

Method C: Protective layers which prevent spalling

Method D: Monofilament polypropylene fibres.

Other Methods

• Simplified calculation method for beams, slabs

and columns
• Full Non-linear temperature dependent ……..
• But all of these must have the caveat that they
are unproven for shear and torsion.

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Annex E: Simplified Calculation

Method for Beams and Slabs
MRd1,fi
MRd2,fi

MEd,fi = wEd,fileff / 8

1
MRd,fi,Span

1 - Free moment diagram for UDL under fire conditions

Annex E: Simplified Calculation

Method for Beams and Slabs
Free bending moment in
fire condition MEd,fi:
MEd,fi = wEd,fileff2/8
where
wEd,fi = gk + ψ1qk

Moments of resistance in fire condition:

MRd,fi,Span = (γs /γs,fi ) ks(θ) MEd (As,prov /As,req)
MRd,fi,Support = (γs /γs,fi ) MEd (As,prov /As,req) (d-a)/d
Where a is the required bottom axis distance given in Section 5
As,prov /As,req should not be taken greater than 1.3

Week 8: Fire 22
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500°C Isotherm Method

Ignore concrete > 500°C

Strength of rebar
dependent on steel
temperature

500°C Isotherm Method

Charts in BS EN 1992-1-2

Week 8: Fire 23
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Decrease in strength of
reinforcement (Figure 4.2)

Zone Method

Zones

Divide concrete into zones and work out average

temperature of each zone, to calculate strength

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Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Zone Method

Factors for
concrete
strength

Zone Method

Calculate compression forces in zones

Balance forces with Fst,fi to calculate MRd,fi

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Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Worked Example
• NEd= 1824kN
• Myy,Ed= 78.5kNm
• Mzz,Ed= 76.8kNm
• 2 hour fire resistance
required
• External, but no de-icing
salts
• fck = 30MPa

Worked Example
Cover:
cmin,b = diameter of bar (assume 25mm bars with 8mm links)
cmin,dur = (XC3/XC4) 25mm
say Δcdev = 10mm
cnom (to main bars) = max{(25+10),(25+8+10)} = 43mm
Use cnom = 35mm to 8 mm links

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Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Worked Example
Check fire resistance of R120 to Method A
eccentricity e < 0.15b
e = MEd/NEd = 78.5x103/1824 = 43mm
0.15 x 350 = 52.5mm ∴ OK
Assume 8 bars ∴ OK
l0,fi = 0.7l = 2.8m < 3m ∴ OK
From Table 5.2a: min dimensions = 350/57
Column is 350mm, axis distance required = 57mm
Check cover – 35mm + 8 (link) + φ/2 = 55.5mm
∴ Increase links to 10 mm diam
or increase nominal cover to 40mm.

Design exercise for next week

Using Equation 5.7, work out the fire resistance of a 250
x 750 column with an axial capacity of 3750kN and an
axial load in cold conditions of 3500kN. The column is on
the ground floor of a three storey building and the length
is 4.5m. The cover is 30mm, main bars are 20mm and
the links are 10mm diameter.

Week 8: Fire 27
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Autumn 2017

Design Exercise
$ % & ' .
120
120
μfi = Rηfi =
a= Ra =
l0,fi = Rl =
b’ = Rb =
n= Rn =
R = 120((Rηfi + Ra + Rl + Rb + Rn)/120)1.8 =

End of Lecture 8

Week 8: Fire 28