Important Questions

DCOM

Question An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of Ws = 400 MHz and an individual
channel bandwidth of 100 Hz. What is the minimum number of PN bits required for each
frequency hop?
Hint
The total number of tones, or individual channels is:
Ws/fd = (400 MHz)/(100 Hz) = 4 x 106.
The minimum number of PN bits = Èlog2 (4 ¥ 106)˘ = 22
Where x indicates the smallest integer value not less than x.
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Question An FHSS system using MFSK with M=4 employs 1000 different frequencies.
What is the processing gain?
Hint
Ws = 1000 fd; Wd = 4 fd; Using Equation 7.3 , Gp = Ws/Wd = 250 = 24 dB

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Question The following table illustrates the operation of an FHSS system for one complete
period of the PN sequence.

a. What is the period of the PN sequence, in terms of bits in the sequence?

b. The system makes use of a form of FSK.
What form of FSK is it?
c. What is the number of bits per signal element?
d. What is the number of FSK frequencies?
e. What is the length of a PN sequence per hop?
f. Is this a slow or fast FH system?
g. What is the total number of possible carrier frequencies?
h. Show the variation of the base, or demodulated, frequency with time.

Hint
a. Period of the PN sequence is 24 – 1 = 15
b. MFSK
c. L = 2
d.M = 2L = 4
e. k = 3
f. slow FHSS
g. 2k = 8
h.

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Question The following table illustrates the operation of a FHSS system using the same PN
sequence as Problem 9.4.

a. What is the period of the PN sequence?

b. The system makes use of a form of FSK. What form of FSK is it?
c. What is the number of bits per signal element?
d. What is the number of FSK frequencies?
e. What is the length of a PN sequence per hop?
f. Is this a slow or fast FH system?
g. What is the total number of possible carrier frequencies?
h. Show the variation of the base, or demodulated, frequency with time.
Hint
a. Period of the PN sequence is 24 – 1 = 15
b. MFSK
c. L = 2
d.M = 2L = 4
e. k = 3
f. fast FHSS
g. 2k = 8
h. Same as for Problem 9.4
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Question Figure 9.12, based on one in [BELL00], depicts a simplified scheme for CDMA
encoding and decoding. There are seven logical channels, all using DSSS with a spreading
code of 7 bits. Assume that all sources are synchronized. If all seven sources transmit a data
bit, in the form of a 7-bit sequence, the signals from all sources combine at the receiver so that
two positive or two negative values reinforce and a positive and negative value cancel. To
decode a given channel, the receiver multiplies the incoming composite signal by the spreading
code for that channel, sums the result, and assigns binary 1 for a positive value and binary 0
for a negative value.

a. What are the spreading codes for the seven channels?

b. Determine the receiver output measurement for channel 1 and the bit value assigned.
c. Repeat part (b) for channel 2.
Hint
a. C0 = 1110010; C1 = 0111001; C2 = 1011100; C3 = 0101110; C4 = 0010111;
C5 = 1001011; C6 = 1100101
b. C1 output = –7; bit value = 0
c. C2 output = +9; bit value = 1
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Question
a. In a CRC error-detecting scheme, choose P(x)=x4+x=1 Encode the bits
10010011011.
b. Suppose the channel introduces an error pattern 100010000000000 (i.e., a flip
from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1 in position 1 and 5). What is received? Can the error be
detected?
c. Repeat part (b) with error pattern 100110000000000.

Solution1:

a. Divide X10 + X7 + X4 + X3 + X + 1 by X4 + X + 1. The remainder is X3 + X2. The

CRC bits are 1100. The string 100100110111100 is sent.
b. The string 000110110111100 is received, corresponding to X11 + X10 + X8 + X7 +
X5 + X4 + X3 + X2. The remainder after division by X4 + X + 1 is X3 + X2 + X ,
which is nonzero. The errors are detected.
c. The string 000010110111100 is received, corresponding to X10 + X8 + X7 + X5 + X4
+ X3 + X2. The remainder after division by X4 + X + 1 is zero. The errors are not
detected.
 Solve it using Digital Logic Also.

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Question
A sender uses the stop and wait ARQ protocol for reliable transmission of frames. Frames are
of size 1000 bytes and the transmission rate at the sender is 80 Kbps. Size of an
acknowledgement is 100 bytes and the transmission rate at the receiver is 8 Kbps. The one
way propagation delay is 100 msec.
Assuming no frame is lost, the sender throughput is __________ bytes/sec.
Solution
Given-
• Frame size = 1000 bytes
• Sender bandwidth = 80 Kbps
• Acknowledgement size = 100 bytes
• Receiver bandwidth = 8 Kbps
• Propagation delay (Tp) = 100 msec
Calculating Transmission Delay Of Data Frame-
Transmission delay (Tt)
= Frame size / Sender bandwidth
= 1000 bytes / 80 Kbps
= (1000 x 8 bits) / (80 x 103 bits per sec)
= 0.1 sec
= 100 msec
Calculating Transmission Delay Of Acknowledgement-
Transmission delay (Tt)
= Acknowledgement size / Receiver bandwidth
= 100 bytes / 8 Kbps
= (100 x 8 bits) / (8 x 103 bits per sec)
= 100 msec
Calculating Useful Time-
Useful Time
= Transmission delay of data frame
= 100 msec
Calculating Total Time-
Total Time
= Transmission delay of data frame + Propagation delay of data frame + Transmission delay
of acknowledgement + Propagation delay of acknowledgement
= 100 msec + 100 msec + 100 msec + 100 msec
= 400 msec
Calculating Efficiency-
Efficiency (η)
= Useful time / Total time
= 100 msec / 400 msec
=1/4
= 25%
Calculating Sender Throughput-
Sender throughput
= Efficiency (η) x Sender bandwidth
= 0.25 x 80 Kbps
= 20 Kbps
= (20 x 1000 / 8) bytes per sec
= 2500 bytes/sec
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Question: Why should PCM be preferable to DM for encoding analog signals that represent
digital data?
Hint: As was mentioned in the text, analog signals in the voice band that represent
digital data have more high frequency components than analog voice signals.
These higher components cause the signal to change more rapidly over time.
Hence, DM will suffer from a high level of slope overload noise. PCM, on the
other hand, does not estimate changes in signals, but rather the absolute value of
the signal, and is less affected than DM.
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Question
Given a 100-Watt power source, what is the maximum allowable length for the following
transmission media if a signal of 1 Watt is to be received?
a. 24-gauge (0.5 mm) twisted pair operating at 300 kHz
b. 24-gauge (0.5 mm) twisted pair operating at 1 MHz
c. 0.375-inch (9.5 mm) coaxial cable operating at 1 MHz
d. 0.375-inch (9.5 mm) coaxial cable operating at 25 MHz
e. optical fiber operating at its optimal frequency
Hint:
The allowable power loss is 10 x log 100 = 20 dB
a. From Figure 4.3, the attenuation is about 13 dB per km.
Length = (20 dB)/(13 dB per km) = 1.5 km
b. Length = (20 dB)/(20 dB per km) = 1 km
c. Length = (20 dB)/(2.5 dB per km) = 8 km
d. Length = (20 dB)/(10 dB per km) = 2 km
e. Length = (20 dB)/(0.2 dB per km) = 100 km

Question: In satellite communications, different frequency bands are used for the uplink and
the downlink. Discuss why this pattern occurs.
Hint:

Question: Study the works of Shannon and Nyquist on channel capacity. Each places an
upper limit
on the bit rate of a channel based on two different approaches. How are the two related?
Hint; Nyquist analyzed the theoretical capacity of a noiseless channel; therefore, in that case,
the signaling rate is limited solely by channel bandwidth. Shannon addressed the question of
what signaling rate can be achieved over a channel with a given bandwidth, a given signal
power, and in the presence of noise.