ELEC9713

Tutorial 1 solutions

Question 1:

Factory → refer to column 3 of Table C2 (AS/NZS3000:2007). Assume 240V.

60
100 × 60W lights (load group A): I = × 100 = 25 A (1-φ) [full connected load]
240
50
20 × 50W exhaust fans (load group A): I = × 20 = 4.17 A (1-φ)
240
4800
=
4.8kW water heater (load group G): I = 20 A (1-φ) [full-load current]
240
10 x 15A sockets (load group B(iii)): I = 15 + 0.75 × 15 × 9 = 116.25 A
1000 + 79 × 750
80 x 10A sockets (load=group B(i)): I = 251.04 A
240
1 x 5.5kW/10A 3- φ rolling machine (group D): I = 10 A in each phase
1 x 4kW/8A 3- φ lathe (group D): =I 0.75 × = 8 6 A in each phase
1 x 4kW/8A 3- φ lathe (group D): I = 0.5 × 8= 4 A in each phase

Total current of single phase equipment:

25 + 4.17 + 20 + 116.25 + 251.04  416 A

Split 416A to ~140A in each phase. Hence, a possible arrangement:

Red phase White phase Blue phase

Rolling machine 10A 10A 10A
Lathe 6A 6A 6A
2nd lathe 4A 4A 4A
10x15A sockets 116.25A - -
45x10A sockets - 141.67A -
35x10A sockets - - 110.42A
100x60W lights - - 25A
4.8kW water heater 20A - -
20x50W exhaust fans - - 4.17A
Total 156A 162A 160A

Heaviest loaded-phase: white (162A)

Question 2:

Full-load current rating of the transformer:

106
=I FL = 1391.2A (at LV side)
3 × 415

Prospective short-circuit current:

= =
I SC 20 I FL 27.824 kA

Assumption made: upstream impedance is negligible.

Effective transformer impedance under short-circuit condition:

V 415 3
Z SC = = =8.6 × 10−3 Ω
I SC 27824

If transformer impedance is 6.5% (instead of 5%), prospective short-circuit current

would be:
100
=
I SC = I FL 21.403 kA
6.5

Observe that this corresponds to 23% reduction in the fault level, i.e. a significant
reduction.
 Question 3:
40A at 0.8 pf lag
=32-j24
B
A IAB
IDA IBC
D ICD
C
40A at unity pf
=40+j0

50A at 0.9 pf lag

=45-j22

Let: I AB  I
Then: I BC =I − ( 32 − j 24 ) =I − 32 + j 24
I CD =I BC − ( 45 − j 22 ) =I − 77 + j 46
I DA =I CD − ( 40 + j 0 ) =−
I 117 + j 46

Voltage drop around the ring main:

(
( 0.3 + j 0.1) I + ( 0.4 + j 0.2 ) I − 32 + j 24 )
+ ( 0.2 + j 0.1) ( I − 77 + j 46 ) + ( 0.2 + j 0.1) ( I − 117 + j 46 ) =
0

I ( 0.3 + j 0.1) + ( 0.4 + j 0.2 ) + ( 0.2 + j 0.1) + ( 0.2 + j 0.1)  +

( 0.4 + j 0.2 )( −32 + j 24 ) + ( 0.2 + j 0.1)( −77 + j 46 ) + ( 0.2 + j 0.1)( −117 + j 46 ) =
0

65.6 − j 2.2
=I = 48.67 − j 24.12
= 54.32∠ − 26.36o
1.1 + j 0.5

Hence:=
I BC 16.67 − j 0.123 ; I CD =
−28.33 + j 21.88 ; I DA =
−68.33 + j 21.88

and: =
VAB 17.014 − j 2.370
=
VBC 6.693 + j 3.285
VCD =
−7.853 + j1.543
VDA =
−15.853 − j 2.458

Obviously, C has the lowest voltage, and the drop below A is:

VAC = VAB + VBC = 23.707 + j 0.915 = 23.72∠2.21o volts

Question 4:

+ R X I +
VS load VR
_ _
( cos φ )

(a) Accurate method to calculate voltage drop:

Phase quantities:

=
* Phase voltage (at source): =
VS 424 3 244.8 volts
20 × 103
* Load power per phase:=P = 6667 W
3
* Power factor: cos φ = 0.9 ⇒ φ = 25.84o
6667 7407
* Current: P VR I cos φ ⇒ =
= I =
VR × 0.9 VR

Phasors: VR = VR ∠0o = VR
7407
=I ∠25.84o
VR
VS 244.8∠δ o
=

But: V=
S VR + IZ
Z =0.5 + j 0.7 =0.86∠54.46o
 7407 
∠25.84o  ( 0.86∠54.46o ) =
6372
244.8∠δ o = VR +  VR + ∠80.3o
 VR  VR

Equate real and imaginary parts:

6372 6372
244.8cos δ= VR + cos80.3o ; 244.8sin δ = sin80.3o
VR VR
2 2
 6372   6372 
Thus: 244.8 =
2
 VR + cos80.3o  +  sin80.3o 
 VR   VR 

= =
Solve: VR 238.9V and VR 26.67V . Discard the low value (unrealistic).
Hence:
VR = 238.9V (phase voltage)
= 238.9 × 3=413.8V (line voltage)
 Voltage drop is:

VS − VR = 244.8 − 238.9= 5.9 volts

5.9
i.e. % voltage drop = × 100% = 2.4% , within the limits of ±6%
244.8

(b) Approximate voltage drop:

V=
S VR + IZ

But: VR = VR ∠0o = VR
I = I ∠φ = I ( cos φ + j sin φ )
Z= R + jX

VR + IR cos φ − IX sin φ + j ( IR sin φ + IX cos φ )

Thus: VS =
VS =(VR + IR cos φ − IX sin φ ) + ( IR sin φ + IX cos φ )
2 2
And:

Approximate by just use the real part:

VS  VR + IR cos φ − IX sin φ (eq.1)

i.e. VS − V=
R IR cos φ − IX sin φ (eq.2)

From (1):
7407 7407
244.8 =VR + × 0.5 × 0.9 − × 0.7 × 0.436
VR VR
VR2 − 244.8VR + 1073 =
0

Solve: VR = 240.34 volts or VR = 4.46 volts

Discard the low value (unrealistic). Hence, voltage drop is:

VS − VR = 244.8 − 240.34= 4.46 volts

4.46
i.e. % voltage drop = × 100% = 1.82% (cf. 2.4%)
244.8
Question 5:

(a) Maximum voltage drop:

∆V IR cos φ + IX sin φ
=
d ∆V X
=− IR sin φ + IX cos φ = 0 ⇒ φ= tan -1  
dφ R
d ∆V
2
Also: = − IR cos φ − IX sin φ < 0
dφ 2
X
Hence, ∆V is maximum when φ = tan -1  
R

(b) Zero voltage drop:

R
∆V =IR cos φ + IX sin φ =0 ⇒ φ=− tan −1 
X
i.e. this corresponds to a leading power factor at the load.

 R X 
V IR cos φ + IX sin=
∆= φ I R2 + X 2  cos φ + sin φ 
 R +X R2 + X 2 
2 2

R X R
Let: sin θ  ; cosθ  ⇒ θ =tan -1  
R2 + X 2 R2 + X 2 X
Then: V I R 2 + X 2 ( sin θ cos φ + cosθ sin φ )
∆=
I R 2 + X 2 sin (φ + θ )
=
∆V

I R2 + X 2

R
− tan −1
X

−π 2 φ

π 2 π

−I R2 + X 2
Question 6:

Approximate voltage drop:

∆V = VS − VR = IR cos φ + IX sin φ
But:
P = VI cos φ ⇒ I cos φ = P V
Q = VI sin φ ⇒ I sin φ = Q V
where V is the load voltage magnitude, P is the load real power, and Q is the
load reactive power. Hence:
RP + XQ
∆V =
V