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Numbers: B) Sum of N Terms X (1 - R), Here R 1 (R - 1)

1) The document provides important formulae for geometric and arithmetic progressions, sums of the first n natural numbers, squares and cubes. 2) It also discusses different types of numbers like natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, even/odd numbers, prime and composite numbers. 3) The document ends with quick tips and tricks for divisibility rules, sums, factors and finding units digits of numbers in certain forms.

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Suvra Sankha Chattopadhyay
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69 views4 pages

Numbers: B) Sum of N Terms X (1 - R), Here R 1 (R - 1)

1) The document provides important formulae for geometric and arithmetic progressions, sums of the first n natural numbers, squares and cubes. 2) It also discusses different types of numbers like natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, even/odd numbers, prime and composite numbers. 3) The document ends with quick tips and tricks for divisibility rules, sums, factors and finding units digits of numbers in certain forms.

Uploaded by

Suvra Sankha Chattopadhyay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numbers

Important Formulae:

1) Geometric Progression: x, xr, xr3, xr4, --- are said to be in geometric progression.
Here, a is first term and r is common ratio.
a) nth term = xr (n -1)
b) Sum of n terms = x (1 – rn) , here r < 1
(1 – r)
c) Sum of n terms = x (rn – 1) , here r > 1
(r – 1)

2) Arithmetic Progression: x, x + y, x + 2y, x + 3y are said to be in A.P. Here x is first


term and common difference is y.

a) nth term = x + (n – 1) y

b) Sum of n terms = n [2x + (n – 1)y]


2

3) 1 + 2 + 3 ± - - - - + n = n(n + 1)
2

4) (12 + 22 + 32 - - - - + n2) = n(n + 1) (2n + 1)


6

2
5) (13 + 23 + 33 - - - - + n3) = n(n + 1)
2

Points to Remember:

Difference between Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression:


Arithmetic Progression: It is the sequence of numbers in which each term after first is
obtained by adding a constant to preceding term. The constant term is called as the
common difference.
Geometric Progression: It is a sequence of non-zero numbers. The ratio of any term
and its preceding term is always constant.
Types of Definition Example Points to remember
Numbers
Natural Numbers used for counting and ordering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -----  
Numbers natural numbers
Whole All counting numbers along with zero form a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ------ Any natural number is
Numbers set of whole numbers whole numbers a whole number
0 is a whole no. which
is not a natural no.
Integers Counting numbers + negative counting -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ---- Positive integers: 0,
numbers + zero, all are integers integers 1, 2, 3, -------
Negative integers: -
1, -2, -3, -4, ---------
Even Number divisible by 2 is called as even 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ------  
Numbers number even numbers
Odd Number not divisible by 2 is called as even 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ------  
Numbers number odd numbers
Prime A number having exactly two factors i.e 1 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, -----  
Numbers and itself is called as prime number prime numbers
Composit Natural numbers which are not prime 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, -----  
e numbers are called as composite numbers composite nos.
Numbers
Co Any two natural numbers x and y are co- (4, 5), (7, 9), ---  
Primes prime if their HCF is 1 Co-prime
numbers

Divisibility of Numbers

1) Number divisible by 2
Units digit – 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
Ex: 42, 66, 98, 1124

2) Number divisible by 3
Sum of digits is divisible by 3
Ex: 267 ---(2 + 6 + 7) = 15
15 is divisible by 3

3) Number divisible by 4
Number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4
EX: 832
The last two digits is divisible by 4, hence 832 is divisible by 4

4) Number divisible by 5
Units digit is either zero or five
Ex: 50, 20, 55, 65, etc

5) Number divisible by 6
The number is divisible by both 2 and 3
EX: 168
Last digit = 8 ---- (8 is divisible by 2)
Sum of digits = (1 + 6 + 8) = 15 ----- (divisible by 3)
Hence, 168 is divisible by 6

6) Number divisible by 11
If the difference between the sums of the digits at even places and the sum of digits at
odd places is either 0 or divisible by 11.
Ex: 4527039
Digits on even places: 4 + 2 + 0 + 9 =15
Digits on odd places: 5 + 7 + 3 = 15
Difference between odd and even = 0
Therefore, number is divisible by 11

7) Number divisible by 12
The number is divisible by both 4 and 3
Ex: 1932
Last two digits divisible by 4
Sum of digits = (1 + 9 + 3 + 2) = 15 ---- (Divisible by 3)
Hence, the number 1932 is divisible by 12

Basic Formulae: (Must Remember)


1) (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
2) (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3) (a + b) (a – b) = (a2 – b2 )
4) (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
5) (a3 - b3) = (a - b) (a2 – ab + b2)
6) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
7) (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)

Quick Tips and Tricks:

1) If H.C.F of two numbers is 1, then the numbers are said to be co-prime.
To find a number, say b is divisible by a, find two numbers m and n, such that m*n = a,
where m and n are co-prime numbers and if b is divisible by both m and n then it is
divisible by a.

2) Sum of the first n odd numbers = n2

3) Sum of first n even numbers = n ( n + 1)

4) Even numbers divisible by 2 can be expressed as 2n, n is an integer other than zero.

5) Odd numbers which are not divisible by 2 can be expressed as 2(n + 1), n is an
integer.
6) Dividend = [(Divisor × Quotient)] + Remainder

7) If Dividend = an + bn or an – bn


a) If n is even: an - bn is divisible by (a + b)
b) If n is odd: an + bn is divisible by (a + b)
c) an - bn is always divisible by (a – b)

8) To find the unit digit of number which is in the form a b. (Ex: 7105, 9125)
1) If b is not divisible by 4
Step 1: Divide b by 4, if it is not divisible then find the remainder of b when divided by 4.
Step 2: Units digit = ar, r is the remainder.

2) If b is multiple of 4
Units digit is 6: When even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 are raised to multiple of 4.
Units digit is 1: When odd numbers 3, 7 and 9 are raised to multiple of 4.

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