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Left Factoring-: Factored Grammar

Left factoring is a process that transforms grammars containing common prefixes into an equivalent grammar more suitable for top-down parsing. It involves identifying common prefixes between productions, creating a new production for each unique prefix, and distributing the remainders to new productions. The document provides examples of applying left factoring to several grammars step-by-step and discusses how it results in a left-factored grammar.

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7K views

Left Factoring-: Factored Grammar

Left factoring is a process that transforms grammars containing common prefixes into an equivalent grammar more suitable for top-down parsing. It involves identifying common prefixes between productions, creating a new production for each unique prefix, and distributing the remainders to new productions. The document provides examples of applying left factoring to several grammars step-by-step and discusses how it results in a left-factored grammar.

Uploaded by

Muna Majeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Left Factoring-

Left factoring is a process by which the grammar with common prefixes is transformed
to make it useful for Top down parsers.

How?

In left factoring,
 We make one production for each common prefixes.
 The common prefix may be a terminal or a non-terminal or a combination of
both.
 Rest of the derivation is added by new productions.

The grammar obtained after the process of left factoring is called as Left
Factored Grammar.

Example-

Problem-01:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


S → iEtS / iEtSeS / a
E→b
Solution-

The left factored grammar is-


S → iEtSS’ / a
S’ → eS / ∈
E→b

Problem-02:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


S → aAd / aB
A → a / ab
B → ccd / ddc

Solution-

The left factored grammar is-


S → aS’
S’ → Ad / B
A → aA’
A’ → b / ∈
B → ccd / ddc

Problem-03:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


A → aAB / aBc / aAc

Solution-

Step-01:
A → aA’
A’ → AB / Bc / Ac
Again, this is a grammar with common prefixes.

Step-02:
A → aA’
A’ → AD / Bc
D→B/c
This is a left factored grammar.

Problem-03:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


S → bSSaaS / bSSaSb / bSb / a

Solution-

Step-01:

S → bSS’ / a
S’ → SaaS / SaSb / b
Again, this is a grammar with common prefixes.

Step-02:

S → bSS’ / a
S’ → SaA / b
A → aS / Sb
This is a left factored grammar.
Problem-04:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


S → aSSbS / aSaSb / abb / b

Solution-

Step-01:

S → aS’ / b
S’ → SSbS / SaSb / bb
Again, this is a grammar with common prefixes.

Step-02:

S → aS’ / b
S’ → SA / bb
A → SbS / aSb
This is a left factored grammar.

Problem-05:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


S → a / ab / abc / abcd

Solution-

Step-01:

S → aS’
S’ → b / bc / bcd / ∈
Again, this is a grammar with common prefixes.
Step-02:

S → aS’
S’ → bA / ∈
A → c / cd / ∈
Again, this is a grammar with common prefixes.

Step-03:

S → aS’
S’ → bA / ∈
A → cB / ∈
B→d/∈
This is a left factored grammar.

Problem-06:

Do left factoring in the following grammar-


S → aAd / aB
A → a / ab
B → ccd / ddc

Solution-

The left factored grammar is-


S → aS’
S’ → Ad / B
A → aA’
A’ → b / ∈
B → ccd / ddc

To gain better understanding about Left Factoring,


Watch this Video Lecture

Next Article- Relationship With Left Recursion

Get more notes and other study material of Compiler Design.


Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel LearnVidFun.
Summary
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10
pt, Font color: Gray-80%, Complex
Script Font: Arial, 10 pt
Article Name
Left Factoring | Left Factoring Examples
Description
In compiler design, left factoring is a process to transform the grammar with common prefixes.
Left Factoring Examples. Problems to perform left factoring on given grammars.
Author
Akshay Singhal
Publisher Name
Gate Vidyalay
Publisher Logo

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