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Particle Fluid Separation: Filtration: CHE 509: Introduction To Particle Technology

This document provides an overview of particle fluid separation through filtration. It discusses the basic principles of filtration including the factors that influence filtration rate. It also describes different modes of filtration operation like batch and continuous. Specific filtration equipment are explained like plate and frame filter press and leaf filters for batch and rotary vacuum drum filters for continuous operation. Key equations for filtration, washing and mass balances are presented. Finally, illustrative problems are provided to demonstrate the application of the concepts.

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Jane Eilyza Aballa
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357 views

Particle Fluid Separation: Filtration: CHE 509: Introduction To Particle Technology

This document provides an overview of particle fluid separation through filtration. It discusses the basic principles of filtration including the factors that influence filtration rate. It also describes different modes of filtration operation like batch and continuous. Specific filtration equipment are explained like plate and frame filter press and leaf filters for batch and rotary vacuum drum filters for continuous operation. Key equations for filtration, washing and mass balances are presented. Finally, illustrative problems are provided to demonstrate the application of the concepts.

Uploaded by

Jane Eilyza Aballa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHE 509: Introduction to Particle Technology

PARTICLE FLUID SEPARATION:


FILTRATION

Lecturer:
ENGR. MICHAEL ALLAN G. RAMOS
Department of Chemical Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines
1st Semester, 2019-2020
Filtration
• Unit operation used to separate solid particles from a
slurry by passing the slurry through a semi-permeable
membrane. Separation is based on particle size.
Basic Principles
Higher Flow Lower
Pressure Pressure

Slurry Filtrate

Pin

-(ΔP)

Pout

Rcake Rmedium

Filter
Medium
Equipment and Operating Conditions
• Factors in selecting equipment and operating conditions:
1. Properties of the fluid
2. Nature of the solid
3. Concentration of solids in the suspension
4. Quantity and value of material to be handled
5. Valuable Product: solid, liquid, or both
6. Necessity of washing the filtered solids
7. Whether the feed liquor may be heated
Equipment and Operating Conditions
• Factors influencing the rate of filtration:
1. Pressure drop
2. Area of filtering surface
3. Viscosity of filtrate
4. Resistance of filter cake
5. Resistance of the filter medium
Modes of Operation
• Batch – the filtered solids are removed after each run.
Ø Each run is consist of the following steps:
1. Filtration
2. Washing
3. Disassembling
4. Dumping
5. Cleaning
6. Assembling

• Continuous – filtration, washing, dumping/cleaning are


being done simultaneously.
BATCH FILTRATION
Batch Filters
•Plate-and-Frame Filter Press
Ø consists of plates and frames
arranged alternately and
supported on a pair of rails

ØAdvantages:
1. Simple to operate
2. Versatile in operation
3. Can be used for high pressures
and viscous solutions
Batch Filters
•Plate-and-Frame Filter Press
Ø consists of plates and frames
arranged alternately and
supported on a pair of rails
Batch Filters
•Leaf Filter
Ø features a pressure vessel in
which are located one or more
filter elements or leaves of
circular or rectangular
construction

ØAdvantages:
1. Used for large volume of slurry
2. More efficient during washing
Working Equation

RUTH EQUATION

where:
V= total volume of filtrate collected after time, θ cs = solids concentration in the slurry
V = fictitious filtrate volume kg solids/m3 filtrate
A = Filter area μ = viscosity of filtrate
(-ΔP) = Pressure drop s = compressibility factor
αo = ave. specific cake resistance, m/kg
Filtration Operation
1) Constant Pressure Filtration (CPF)

For CPF:

Substituting to
Ruth Equation:

By variable separable and integrating


both sides: time, 0 to θf, and volume, 0 to Vf:
Filtration Operation
Filtration Operation
2) Constant Rate Filtration (CRF)

For CRF:

Substituting to
Ruth Equation:

y = m x + b (slope-intercept form)
Filtration Operation
3) CPF preceded by CRF

CRF CPF
For CPF:
Pressure Drop, - ΔP

θr θf
Integrating from θr to θf and Vr to Vf:

Vr Vf
Filtrate Volume, V
Filter Capacity, y

where:
θf = time for filtration
θw = time for washing
θc = time for cleaning
Washing in Filtration
Constant Pressure Filtration (CPF)

For Leaf Filter: Rate of Washing = Rate of Filtration

For PFFP: Rate of Washing = ¼ Rate of Filtration


MATERIAL BALANCE
Mass of wet cake / mass of dry cake, w

Basis of 1 m3 : ε = m3 of liquid (1-ε) = m3 of solids

kg wet cake = kg of liquid + kg of solids


Mass of dry cake / volume of filtrate, cs

ms = mass of solids / mass of slurry

kg slurry = kg wet cake + kg of filtrate

Basis of 1 kg slurry:
Cake Thickness, Lc

Volume of wet cake = Filtration Area x cake thickness


= mass of wet cake / density of wet cake
CONTINUOUS FILTRATION
Rotaty Vacuum-Drum Filters

• consist of a vacuum-drum partially submerged in a slurry where


filtration, washing, dumping/cleaning are being done simultaneously

• Minimum labor cost


• Uniform quality of output
• High throughput
• Pressure difference is limited due
to structural design
Rotaty Vacuum-Drum Filters
Rotaty Vacuum-Drum Filters

Pin < Pout

Nomenclature:
Pout = atmospheric pressure
Pin = inside operating pressure
d = distance of axis of rotation to
the surface of slurry
r = radius of the drum
N = no. of revolutions per time
θT = total time per cycle
θR= filtration time
Working Equations
Working Equations
Evaluation of the central angle, β:

Case I – Axis is above the slurry surface

Case II – Axis is below the surface of the slurry


ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Illustrative Problem 1

Filter at CRF is operated from 10 kPa to 100 kPa delivering


5 cubic meters of filtrate. Calculate the fictitious volume of
filtrate needed to develop a cake resistance equivalent to
that of the medium.
Illustrative Problem 2

A leaf filter is used for producing a cake that is 65% solids


by volume from a slurry containing 3% solids. The average
particle diameter is 10 microns, and the cake is
compressible (s=0.25). The filter operates at (-
ΔP)=350kPa, building up a cake 2 cm thick. After filtering
the cake is washed with a volume of water equal to 15% of
the filtrate volume at (-ΔP)=300kPa. The cleaning time is
30 min. What area is required for the press to produce
2500 kg of wet cake (65% solids by volume) per day. The
specific gravity of the dry cake is 1.28. For the filtrate:
viscosity=1 cP and density is 1000 kg/m3
Illustrative Problem 3

A leaf filter with an area of 2 m2 is operated at CPF at 45


kPa. 10 m3 of filtrate is to be delivered in 1 hr forming a
compressible cake (s = 0.25). If the same slurry is used
in a rotary filter with drum diameter of 1 m, length of 3 m,
inside pressure of 40 kPa, submerged 30 cm above the
axis, and rotating at 2 rpm, determine the volume of filtrate
collected per revolution of the drum.
- END -

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