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Homework 10 Solution

This document contains the solutions to 6 problems regarding group theory concepts such as normal subgroups, cosets, direct products, and subgroup products. Specifically: 1) It identifies normal and non-normal subgroups for various groups. 2) It constructs the Cayley table for the quotient group U(16)/h9i. 3) It proves that if a subgroup has index 2, it is normal. 4) It proves properties about conjugates of subgroups and unique subgroups of a given order. 5) It shows the direct product decomposition of D6 as D3 ⊕ Z2. 6) It proves that if H is normal in G, then the product HK is a subgroup

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Filip Majstorović
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147 views

Homework 10 Solution

This document contains the solutions to 6 problems regarding group theory concepts such as normal subgroups, cosets, direct products, and subgroup products. Specifically: 1) It identifies normal and non-normal subgroups for various groups. 2) It constructs the Cayley table for the quotient group U(16)/h9i. 3) It proves that if a subgroup has index 2, it is normal. 4) It proves properties about conjugates of subgroups and unique subgroups of a given order. 5) It shows the direct product decomposition of D6 as D3 ⊕ Z2. 6) It proves that if H is normal in G, then the product HK is a subgroup

Uploaded by

Filip Majstorović
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 3005 Homework Han-Bom Moon

Homework 10 Solution
Chapter 9 - Normal subgroup.
due: Nov. 21.

1. Prove or disprove that H is a normal subgroup of G.

(a) G = U (720), H = h49i.

U (720) is Abelian. So every subgroup is normal.


(b) G = S4 , H = h(1234)i.

H = {e, (1234), (1234)2 , (1234)3 } = {e, (1234), (13)(24), (1432)}


For (12) ∈ S4 , (12)(1234)(12)−1 = (12)(1234)(12) = (1342) ∈
/ H. Therefore
(12)H(12) 6⊂ H and H is not normal.
(c) G = D2n , H = hR180 i.

Z(D2n ) = hR180 i = H. Because Z(D2n ) is a normal subgroup of D2n , H is


normal.

2. Let G = U (16) and H = h9i. Compute the Cayley table of G/H.

G = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}, H = {1, 9}.

So there are four left cosets:

H = {1, 9} = 9H, 3H = {3, 11} = 11H, 5H = {5, 13} = 13H, 7H = {7, 15} = 15H

The Cayley table of G/H is:

H 3H 5H 7H
H H 3H 5H 7H
3H 3H H 7H 5H
5H 5H 7H H 3H
7H 7H 5H 3H H

3. Let G be a group and H be a subgroup of index 2. Prove that H / G.

If a ∈ H, then aH = H = Ha. If a ∈ / H, then aH = G − H because there are only


two cosets. Similarly, for a ∈
/ H, Ha = G − H. Therefore aH = G − H = Ha as
well. So in any cases, aH = Ha and H / G.

1
MATH 3005 Homework Han-Bom Moon

4. (a) Suppose that H ≤ G. Then for every g ∈ G, show that gHg −1 ≤ G.

First of all, e = geg −1 ∈ gHg −1 . So gHg −1 is not empty. If a, b ∈ gHg −1 ,


then there are x, y ∈ H such that a = gxg −1 and b = gyg −1 . ab−1 =
(gxg −1 )(gyg −1 )−1 = gxg −1 gy −1 g −1 = gxy −1 g −1 ∈ gHg −1 because xy −1 ∈
H. Therefore gHg −1 is a subgroup of G.
(b) For some positive integer k, let H be a unique subgroup of G of order k.
Prove that H / G.

Note that if |H| = k, then |gHg −1 | = k. If H is a unique subgroup of G with


|H| = k, then for every g ∈ G, gHg −1 = H. Therefore H / G.
(c) Let G be a group of order 245 and H be a subgroup of order 49. By using (b),
show that H / G.

Suppose that H and K are two subgroups of G of order 49. Then because
H ∩ K ≤ H, |H ∩ K| | |H| = 49 and |H ∩ K| = 1, 7, or 49. From

|H||K| 492
245 = |G| ≥ |HK| = = ,
|H ∩ K| |H ∩ K|

|H ∩ K| cannot be 1 or 7. Therefore |H ∩ K| = |H| and H = K. So there is


only one subgroup of order 49. By (b), this subgroup H is normal.

5. By using internal direct products, show that D6 ≈ D3 ⊕ Z2 .

For a regular hexagon on the plane, label six vertices by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in


counterclockwise. Let H be the subset of D6 consists of R0 , R120 , R240 and three
reflections across axes containing vertices 1, 3, and 5 respectively. Then H forms a
subgroup of D6 . Moreover, it is isomorphic to D3 , because if one draws a regular
triangle by connecting vertices 1, 3, and 5, then H becomes the symmetry group
of the triangle. Also consider K = hR180 i.
We claim that D6 = H × K. Indeed, H / D6 because it is an index 2 subgroup.
K / D6 because K = Z(D6 ). Furthermore, H ∩ K = {R0 }. Finally, |HK| =
|H||K|/|H ∩ K| = 6 · 2/1 = 12 = |D6 |, so D6 = HK. Therefore D6 = H × K.
We can conclude that

D6 = H × K ≈ H ⊕ K ≈ D3 ⊕ Z2 .

6. Let G be a group and H, K be two subgroups of G. Recall that HK = {hk | h ∈


H, k ∈ K}. Show that if H / G, then HK ≤ G.

Because e = ee ∈ HK, HK is nonempty. Suppose that h1 k1 , h2 k2 ∈ HK. Because


H / G, k1 h2 ∈ k1 H = Hk1 . So there is h3 ∈ H such that k1 h2 = h3 k1 . Therefore
h1 k1 h2 k2 = h1 h3 k1 k2−1 ∈ HK. Moreover, h1 k1 ∈ Hk1 = k1 H, so there is h4 ∈ H
such that h1 k1 = k1 h4 . Therefore (h1 k1 )−1 = (k1 h4 )−1 = h−1 −1
4 k1 ∈ HK. Thus
HK ≤ G.

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