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Homework 9 Solution

1) The document is a homework solution for direct product groups that includes 6 problems. 2) It proves properties of direct product groups including isomorphisms when the factors are switched or the factors themselves are isomorphic. 3) It finds all non-isomorphic abelian groups of order 24 and shows four groups of order 12 are non-isomorphic.

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Filip Majstorović
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42 views

Homework 9 Solution

1) The document is a homework solution for direct product groups that includes 6 problems. 2) It proves properties of direct product groups including isomorphisms when the factors are switched or the factors themselves are isomorphic. 3) It finds all non-isomorphic abelian groups of order 24 and shows four groups of order 12 are non-isomorphic.

Uploaded by

Filip Majstorović
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 3005 Homework Han-Bom Moon

Homework 9 Solution
Chapter 8 - Direct product.
due: Nov. 14.

1. (a) In Z9 ⊕ Z6 , find all possible orders of elements. Give an element for each
order.

For an element a ∈ Z9 , |a| | |Z9 | = 9, so |a| = 1, 3, or 9. Similarly, an


element b ∈ Z6 has order 1, 2, 3, or 6. Now |(a, b)| = lcm(|a|, |b|). Therefore
all possible orders are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.
Indeed, |(0, 0)| = 1, |(0, 3)| = 2, |(0, 2)| = 3, |(0, 1)| = 6, |(1, 0)| = 9, and
|(1, 1)| = lcm(|1|, |1|) = lcm(9, 6) = 18.
(b) Count the number of elements for each order.

There is a unique element e = (0, 0) of order 1.


To get an order 2 element (a, b), |a| = 1 and |b| = 2. Because there is only one
element of order 2 element in Z6 , we have a unique order two element.
For order 3, there are three cases: If |a| = 1 and |b| = 3, then we have
1 × 2 = 2 elements. If |a| = 3 and |b| = 1, then we have 2 × 1 = 2 elements. If
|a| = |b| = 3, then we have 2×2 = 4 elements. Therefore there are 8 elements
of order 3.
For order 6, there are 3 cases again: If |a| = 1 and |b| = 6, then there are
φ(6) = 2 elements of order 6 in Z6 , so we have 1 × 2 = 2 elements. If |a| = 3
and |b| = 6, we have 2 × 2 = 4 elements. If |a| = 3 and |b| = 2, then we have
2 × 1 = 2 elements. So we can find 8 elements of order 6.
For order 9, there are two cases: If |a| = 9 and |b| = 1, then we have φ(9) = 6
elements of order 9. If |a| = 9 and |b| = 3, we can find 6 × 2 = 12 elements.
Therefore there are 18 elements of order 9.
The remaining elements are all order 18. So there are 18 elements of order
18.

2. (a) For two groups G1 and G2 , prove that G1 ⊕ G2 ≈ G2 ⊕ G1 .

Define a map φ : G1 ⊕ G2 → G2 ⊕ G1 as φ(a, b) = (b, a). It is a bijection be-


cause φ itself is the inverse of φ. Moreover, φ(a1 , b1 )φ(a2 , b2 ) = (b1 , a1 )(b2 , a2 ) =
(b1 b2 , a1 a2 ) = φ(a1 a2 , b1 b2 ) = φ((a1 , b1 )(a2 , b2 )). Therefore it is an isomor-
phism and G1 ⊕ G2 ≈ G2 ⊕ G1 .
(b) Suppose that G1 ≈ H1 and G2 ≈ H2 . Show that G1 ⊕ G2 ≈ H1 ⊕ H2 .

Because G1 ≈ H1 and G2 ≈ H2 , there are two isomorphisms φ1 : G1 → H1


and φ2 : G2 → H2 . Define φ : G1 ⊕ G2 → H1 ⊕ H2 as φ(a, b) = (φ1 (a), φ2 (b)).

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MATH 3005 Homework Han-Bom Moon

If φ(a, b) = φ(a0 , b0 ), then (φ1 (a), φ2 (b)) = (φ1 (a0 ), φ2 (b0 )). So we have φ1 (a) =
φ1 (a0 ) and φ2 (b) = φ2 (b0 ). Because both φ1 and φ2 are injective, a = a0 and
b = b0 . Therefore (a, b) = (a0 , b0 ) and φ is injective.
For (a, b) ∈ H1 ⊕ H2 , there are c ∈ G1 and d ∈ G2 such that φ1 (c) = a and
φ2 (d) = b. Then φ(c, d) = (φ1 (c), φ2 (d)) = (a, b). Thus φ is surjective.
Finally, φ(a, b)φ(a0 , b0 ) = (φ1 (a), φ2 (b))(φ1 (a0 ), φ2 (b0 )) = (φ1 (a)φ1 (a0 ), φ2 (b)φ2 (b0 )) =
(φ1 (aa0 ), φ2 (bb0 )) = φ(aa0 , bb0 ) = φ((a, b)(a0 , b0 )). Therefore φ is an isomor-
phism and G1 ⊕ G2 ≈ H1 ⊕ H2 .

3. For two groups G1 and G2 , show that Z(G1 ⊕ G2 ) = Z(G1 ) ⊕ Z(G2 ).

Suppose that (g1 , g2 ) ∈ Z(G1 ⊕G2 ), then for every (x1 , x2 ) ∈ G1 ⊕G2 , (g1 x1 , g2 x2 ) =
(g1 , g2 ) · (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 , x2 ) · (g1 , g2 ) = (x1 g1 , x2 g2 ). Therefore g1 x1 = x1 g1 and
g2 x2 = x2 g2 for all x1 ∈ G1 and x2 ∈ G2 . Therefore g1 ∈ Z(G1 ) and g2 ∈ Z(G2 ),
and thus (g1 , g2 ) ∈ Z(G1 ) ⊕ Z(G2 ). So Z(G1 ⊕ G2 ) ⊂ Z(G1 ) ⊕ Z(G2 ).
Conversely, suppose that (g1 , g2 ) ∈ Z(G1 ) ⊕ Z(G2 ). Then for every (x1 , x2 ) ∈
G1 ⊕G2 , g1 x1 = x1 g1 and g2 x2 = x2 g2 . Therefore (g1 , g2 )·(x1 , x2 ) = (g1 x1 , g2 x2 ) =
(x1 g1 , x2 g2 ) = (x1 , x2 ) · (g1 , g2 ). Thus (g1 , g2 ) ∈ Z(G1 ⊕ G2 ) and Z(G1 ) ⊕ Z(G2 ) ⊂
Z(G1 ⊕ G2 ).
Therefore we have Z(G1 ⊕ G2 ) = Z(G1 ) ⊕ Z(G2 ).

4. Show that no two of below order 12 groups are isomorphic.

Z12 , Z6 ⊕ Z2 , S3 ⊕ Z2 , A4 .

Interestingly D6 , another group of order 12, is isomorphic to S3 ⊕ Z2 .

First two groups are not isomorphic to the latter two groups because they are
Abelian. In Z6 ⊕ Z2 , the maximum order of an element is lcm(6, 2) = 6. So it
is not cyclic and Z6 ⊕ Z2 is not isomorphic to Z12 . In A4 , the maximum order
of an element is 3, because any element is of the form e, (ab)(cd), or (abc). In
S3 ⊕ Z2 , |((123), 1)| = lcm(|(123)|, |1|) = lcm(3, 2) = 6. Therefore none of those
four groups are isomorphic.

5. Find as many non-isomorphic Abelian groups of order 24 as you can. (Hint: Use
direct sum of cyclic groups.) Explain why they are not isomorphic.

Z24 , Z12 ⊕ Z2 , Z6 ⊕ Z2 ⊕ Z2

On each group, the maximum order of an element is 24, 12, and 6 respectively. So
they are not isomorphic.
Indeed, there are only three non-isomorphic Abelian groups of order 12.

6. Show that in Zp ⊕ Zp for a prime p, there are precisely p + 1 subgroups of order p.

Because |Zp ⊕ Zp | = p2 , for a non-identity element x ∈ Zp ⊕ Zp , |x| is one of p and


p2 . Zp ⊕ Zp is not cyclic, so except the identity, all elements have order p and thus
there are p2 − 1 elements of order p.

2
MATH 3005 Homework Han-Bom Moon

If G is a subgroup of order p, then it is cyclic so there are p − 1 elements of order


p in G. Furthermore, if G and H are two distinct subgroups of order p, then
|G ∩ H| | |G| = p and |G ∩ H| 6= p. So G ∩ H = {e}. Therefore if we denote the
number of order p subgroups by k, then the number of order p elements in G is
(p − 1)k. Since (p − 1)k = p2 − 1 = (p − 1)(p + 1), k = p + 1.

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