THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND MATHS SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES

COURSE NAME; ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS

COURSE CODE. : PH 216
COURSE INSTRUCTOR; DR. TILYA
NATURE OF WORK; INDIVIDUAL LAB REPORT
DATE ISSUED: 15th January , 2020
SUBMISSION DATE: 10th February 2020
EXPERIMENT NUMBER; 7
TITLE OF AN EXPERIMENT; COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

STUDENT PARTICULAR.
S/ NAME REG. NUMBER DEGREE SE SIGN.
N PRGM X

1. CHILEWA FRANK PETER T/UDOM/2017/16297 BSC EDUCATION M

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………...........3
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………........4
THEORY………………………………………………………………............. 6
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE……………………………………….9
RESULTS………………………………………………………………...........11
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS……………………………………………12
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………........13
REFERENCE…………………………………………………………….........14

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 ABSTRACT.
The aim of the experiment was to obtain the frequency response characteristics of the C.E
amplifier and calculating 3db bandwidth, estimate maximum signal handling capacity of
amplifier in the mid frequency band, to measure the input impedance and output impedance of
the amplifier and observing the phase response of amplifier. In the mid frequency range
capacitors are effectively short circuit and the stray capacitors open circuits and hence no
capacitance appeared in the mid frequency range, hence the mid frequency range band was
maximum. The amplifier typically has a relatively high input resistance (1 to 10 KΩ) and is
generally used to drive medium to high resistance loads. The main aim of the experiment was to
determine the frequency response characteristics of the common Emitter Amplifier, whereby it
found that the coupling and the bypass capacitor caused the gain to fall at the lower frequency
region and the internal parasitic capacitor and the shunt capacitor caused a gain to fall at the high
frequency region.

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 INTRODUCTION.
Common-emitter amplifiers give the amplifier an inverted output and can have a very high gain
that may vary widely from one transistor to the next. The gain is a strong function of both
temperature and bias current, and so the actual gain is somewhat unpredictable. Stability is
another problem associated with such high-gain circuits due to any unintentional positive
feedback that may be present.
A common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT)
amplifier topologies, typically used as the voltage amplifier. In this circuit the base terminal of
the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the output, and the emitter is common to both
(for example, it may be tied to ground reference or a power supply rail), hence its name. The
analogous FET circuit is the common-source amplifier.
The voltage gain depends almost exclusively on the ratio of the resistors rather than the
transistor's intrinsic and unpredictable characteristics. The distortion and stability characteristics
of the circuit are thus improved at the expense of a reduction in gain. Common-emitter amplifiers
give the amplifier an inverted output and can have a very high gain that may vary widely from
one transistor to the next. The gain is a strong function of both temperature and bias current, and
so the actual gain is somewhat unpredictable. Stability is another problem associated with such
high-gain circuits due to any unintentional positive feedback that may be present.
BANDWITH
The bandwidth of the common-emitter amplifier tends to be low due to high capacitance
resulting from the Miller effect. The parasitic base-collector capacitance appears like a larger
parasitic capacitor (where is negative) from the base to ground. This large capacitor greatly
decreases the bandwidth of the amplifier as it makes the time constant of the parasitic input.
It is also named common- emitter amplifier because the emitter of the transistor is common to
both the input circuit and output circuit. The input signal is applied across the ground and the
base circuit of the transistor. The output signal appears across ground and the collector of the
transistor. Since the emitter is connected to the ground, it is common to signals, input and output.
The common- emitter circuit is the most widely used of junction, transistor amplifiers. As
compared with the common- base connection, it has higher input impedance and lower output
impedance. A single power supply is easily used for biasing. In addition, higher voltage and
power gains are usually obtained for common- emitter (CE) operation.
Current gain in the common emitter circuit is obtained from the base and the collector circuit
currents. Because a very small change in base current produces a large change in collector

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current, the current gain (β) is always greater than unity for the common-emitter circuit, a typical
value is about 50.

THEORY
An amplifier is an electronic circuit that can increase the strength of a weak input signal without
distorting its shape. The common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it
has both voltage and current amplification with 180° phase shift.The factor by which the input
signal gets multiplied after passing through the amplifier circuit is called the gain of the
amplifier. It is given by the ratio of the output and input signals.

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Gain = output signal / input signal.
A self bias circuit is used in the amplifier circuit because it provides highest Q-point stability
among all the biasing circuits. Resistors R1 and R2 forms a voltage divider across the base of the
transistor. The function of this network is to provide necessary bias condition and ensure that
emitter-base junction is operating in the proper region.In order to operate transistor as an
amplifier, the biasing is done in such a way that the operating point should be in the active
region. For an amplifier the Q-point is placed so that the load line is bisected. Therefore, in
practical design it is always set to Vcc/2. This will confirm that the Q-point always swings within
the active region. Output is produced without any clipping or distortion for the maximum input
signal. If not reduce the input signal magnitude.

The Bypass Capacitor:

The emitter resistor is required to obtain the DC quiescent stability. However the inclusion of it
in the circuit causes a decrease in amplification. In order to avoid such a condition, it is
bypassed by capacitor so that it acts as a short circuit for AC and contributes stability for DC
quiescent condition. Hence capacitor is connected in parallel with emitter resistance which
increases the A.C gain.

The Coupling capacitor:

An amplifier amplifies the given AC signal. In order to have noiseless transmission of a signal
(without DC), it is necessary to block DC i.e. the direct current should not enter the aaamplifier
or load. This is usually accomplished by inserting a coupling capacitor between two stages.
Frequency response :
The plot of gain versus frequency is called as frequency response. The coupling and bypass
capacitors causes the gain to fall at low frequency region and internal parasitic capacitance and
shunt capacitor causes the gain to fall at high frequency region. In the mid frequency range large
capacitors are effectively short circuits and the stray capacitors are open circuits, so that no
capacitance appear in the mid frequency range. Hence the mid band frequency gain is maximum.
Hence we get a Band Pass frequency response

Characteristics of CE Amplifier:
Large current gain.
Large voltage gain.
Large power gain.
Current and voltage phase shift of 180°.
Moderate output resistance.

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1.0

Figure 1.1

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 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
Apparatus used.
Regulated power supply
Signal generator
Capacitors
Bread board
Pitch cords
Procedures
The circuit connected with capacitor, bread board, signal generator, pitch cords and regulated
power supply, by keep the voltage control knob in the minimum position and current control
knob in maximum. The DC power supply switched on and DC condition checked to ensure that
it is in active region, where by the input signal fixed for which the output signal is free from
distortion. And varied the frequency from DC in which it determined.
Experimental setup.

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Figure 1.2

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 RESULTS
TABLE OF VALUE
S/NO PARAMETER EXPERIMENTAL VALUE
1 Maximum signals handling capacity 2 x 10−3 A
2 Input impedance 5k
3 Output impedance 6.3k
4 Mid band voltage gain 4.3
5 3db gain 4.21
6 Lower half power frequency 100 Hz
7 Upper half power frequency 700Hz
8 Band width B=(F2-F1)=f2 600Hz
Table 1.0
TABLE OF RESULT.
Frequency(hz) V0(V) V0 V0 V0
AV¿
V1
log ( )
V1
AV(db)¿ 20 log ( )
V1
100 2.167 0.2167 -0.664 -13.28

200 2.636 0.2636 -0.579 -11.58

300 2.469 0.2469 -0.607 -12.04

400 2.878 0.2878 -0.541 -10.82

500 2.649 0.2649 -0.570 -11.54

600 2.925 0.2925 -0.534 -10.68

700 2.890 0.2890 -0.539 -10.78

Table 1.1

DSCUSSION OF RESULTS.
The data obtained by connection of the circuit with different variable source that comprise with
different characteristics. The circuit for the common emitter used in applications where a small
voltage signal needs to be amplified to a large voltage signal. Since the amplifier cannot drive
low resistance loads, it is usually cascaded with a buffer that can acts as a driver. an electronic
circuit that can increase the strength of a weak input signal without distorting its shape. The
common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it has both voltage and

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current amplification with 180 phase shift also the factor by which the input signal gets
multiplied after passing through the amplifier circuit is called the gain of the amplifier and given
by the ratio of the output signals and input signals.

CONCLUSION.
No actual accuracy between the experimental and theoretical value because of the connection of
an ammeter and voltmeter and different inaccuracy source like poor reading of the result with
approximation of result. This may be corrected by increasing accuracy during the experiment and
to be more accuracy in approximation of value also to be repeated on experiment more than two
to get accuracy data to ensure effectively accuracy in experiment. The variation of current and

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voltage n the experiment is due to some errors such as in the experiment such as ignoring of a
digit while taking the readings or observation, wrong connection of ammeter and voltmeter
damage the instrument and yield wrong readings respectively, in order to avoid should not be
ignoring of a digit while taking a reading or observation.

REFERENCE.
http://www.powerdesigners.com/InfoWeb/resources/pe_html/contents.htm
http://users.telenet.be/educypedia/electronics/powerelectronics.htm
Halliday, R. ,. (2009). Fundamentals of Physics. Newyork: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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RAJPOT, R. (2008). Electronic measurements and instrumentation. New Delhi: S.Chand and
company.C.W. Lander, Power Electronics, second edition (McGraw-Hill, London, 1987).

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