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1.-Overview-of-Syllabus.pdf
2.-Happiness-Joy-of-Giving.pdf
3.-Human-Values.pdf
4.-Persuasion.pdf
5.-Emotional-Intelligence.pdf
6.-Corporate-Governance-Ethics.pdf
7.-Ethics-in-IR.pdf
9.-Ethics-of-Economic-Sanctions.pdf
8.-Ethics-of-War.pdf
10.-Dealing-with-Case-Studies.pdf
11.-Ethical-Concerns-Dilemmas.pdf
12.-Ethical-Competency.pdf
13.-Ethical-Governance-Hurdles.pdf
14.-Public-Service-Values.pdf
15.-Work-Ethics.pdf

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JoGy ivofing Ethical dilemma

There are times when the right and wrong decisions are
obvious, but what about the times where the outcome is
less clear? Ethics help us navigate the grey area between
absolute right and morally wrong. They provide the structure
that helps us make a decision we can be proud of.

Again at times we are stuck between bad and ver y bad

choice. It is the ethics with its biggest tool of MORAL
What is happiness ? IMAGINATION that helps to come out clean from this
typical dilemma
A few year s ago, when I was teaching, I as ked them
a b ru ptly in my clas s as to how many of you r emembe r Is it a life of pleasure, of money, of success, of fame,
The individual must learn how to draw upon one’s moral
t h e n ame of your gr eat, gr eat, gr andfather ?’ I was or what ?
imagination—acquire the ability to produce a movie in our
sh o c ked to s ee that not a s ingle hand went up. A g r e at It has been a source of puzzlement to philosophers
minds with realistic characters, a believable script, and clear
su rp ris e !! imager y—t o project probable consequences of the ethical
for centuries, and various interpretations of it have
choices one makes in a giv en situation . Ethical reasoning
been offered. Their different answers have led to
emphasizes the dynamics and interplay between alternatives,
A fter a little paus e, a gir l s tood up and ans wer ed a l ittl e formulation of various ethical theories
values that might be derived from principles or virtues, and
ru d ely, but I thought ther e was tr uth in what s he common-sense judgment to resolve a challenging
Aristotle answers is the most appealing: happiness
sa id. S he s aid, ‘ Not wor th r emember ing, s ir.’ Ther e was is eudamonia i.e. it is way of doing things, it is
ethics moment.
a b u rs t of laughter in the clas s. S he continued, ‘ I do not something that accompanies certain activities,
t h in k he did s omething gr eat for me to r emember.’ instead of being the goal of these activities –
doing things with perseverance it a life of
A n o t her bout of laughter followed. contentment, moderation ; it is flourishing human life.

‘ T h a t is fine dear. Hundr ed year s fr om now your gr eat, Being Happy is like
grea t, gr anddaughter would be s itting in the clas s and
a t ea cher like me would as k her whether s he r emembe r s Being Well Fed
t h e n ame of her gr eat, gr eat, gr andmother and if s he
a n sw er s “ not wor th r emember ing ” how do you feel?’

Sh e looked dis tinctly puzzled.

Why I need to be ethical ?
T h en I s aid, ‘ It is all r ight. Now, I would like to as k you
o n e mor e ques tion. D o you know the name of Buddha, ‘Dharmo rakshati rakshitah’
Ma h a vir a, Jes us Chr is t, Pr ophet M ohammed,
Sri Ramakr is hna, S wami Vivekananda, Gandhiji?’. dh arma o r eth ic s, taken c are o f, takes c are o f y o u in return
i.e. pro tec to r o f dh arma wil l b e pro tec ted b y dh arma itsel f.

T h e whole clas s s houted an emphatic, ‘ Yes, s ir !’ But y ou Ever sinc e h uman h as existed o n th is l and h e needed so me
a re n ot the gr eat, gr eat, gr andchild of any one of the so rt o f guidanc e regarding wh at is go o d l ife, h o w to l ive,
wh at to avo id, wh at to seek, h o w to get it.
p ersons I mentioned jus t now, but s till you r emember
a ll t h eir names. Eth ic s is inc redib l y so c ial and th e ver y b asis o f h uman
so c iety. It is impo ssib l e to l ive in a so c iety ful l o f l iars.

W h y is that? Eth ic s pro mo tes th e wel fare o f al l h as b een b asic sinc e

anc ient times, b o th in India and th e West
“A n yone who lives for hims elf s hall not
B eing go o d b o o sts o ne’s o wn mo ral c o urage, sel f respec t,
b e remember ed by the wor ld and anyone and mental wel l b eing. Gandh i insigh tful l y o b ser ved,
w h o lives for other s s hall not be “a perso n wh o fo l l o ws th e path o f dh arma do es no t feel
fo rgo tten by the wor ld.” h el pl ess ”.

T h e need fo r eth ic s c o mes fro m th e fac t th at we need to

make dec isio ns, and th at o ur dec isio ns infl uenc e o ur
sensatio ns, feel ings and sur vival. If we wish to l ive, we
need to ac t. Eth ic s th erefo re is a sc ienc e th at identifies
th e princ ipl es th at b est ser ve th is go al.

It h el ps perso n to ac tual ize h is sel f.

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WHAT ARE VALUES ?

INCULCATION CRISIS OF VALUES STRENGTHENING OF VALUES
1) What is good is valued as such
and what is bad is not valued. For Building values is somewhat similar “Ours is a world of nuclear giants Role of PSYCHO-PHILOSOPHICAL
the primitive man this choice did to building a house, brick by brick. and ethical infants. We know more DOCRINE
not involve the finer points of IMPORTANCE Individual is the first building block : about Weir than know about Indian psycho-philosophy is a
morality peculiar to civilized life A child is not merely a physical entity peace, more about killing than complete science of interiorisation
1) “Ideals are like stars. We never but a holistic being. His/her physical, about living. We have grasped of values
2) Socially and personally shared reach them but, like mariners on the emotional, social and spiritual need the myster y of the atom and
conceptions of the good, desirable, sea, we chart our course by them.” has to be addressed. rejected the Sermon on the Mount ”. We need to withdraw our attention
and righteous from the outer world and move it
2) Values are like an anchor in a Family : Home is the nurser y for 1) Transgression of values seems to inside so that we can develop
3) They determine how one ought ship. When a storm comes, a ship is inculcating values. be spreading insight to realize our own drawbacks
to or ought not to behave or act not swept away by strong currents The introspection process involves
values are an inbuilt mechanism, but remains anchored to the shore. Community : third block 2) Kinds of scandals and scams i the following three sequential steps,
which distinguishes the right from A person with strong values or nvolving princes, presidents, prime which lead to inculcation of values
the wrong, the Do’s and Don’ts character sticks to his principles Society : fourth block : Social norms/ ministers, bureaucrats, businessmen and thus developing Holistic
of any action, even when no and is not swept away, in crisis or customs/traditions are internalized and religious leaders Competence :
one is looking under pressure. during the process of growing up
within a society ; Teachers serve as 3) Citizen’s unsavour y encounter Anter Mukhita (Moving attention inside)
role model to students in school with corruption or inefficiency in Anterdrishti (Developing insight)
4) Values are concerned with 3) Values are like roots of a tree
public institutions or with abusive or Anter Chit Suddhi (Purifying attention)
character and conduct of a person Values are the foundations on which
and evaluate the voluntar y and our society is built. Values are the Nation : it is the paramount block coercive behaviour of people in
habitual actions of individuals with invisible wealth of a community and Mother and Motherland are greater t power quickly
reference to their being right or of a nation and guide our journey han even heaven
wrong through the rough and tumble of life. 4) Mounting evidence of support for
Do not use Nature’s resources violence and sexual anarchy as
5) This self managing mechanism 4) The histor y of humanity is to a injudiciously well as the rising vulnerability of
is not intuitive, but it is acquired from large extent the histor y of values. the younger generations to
the environment With the rise & fall of values great Satya meva jayate immediate pleasures of body and
civilizations, culture, religion, empire mind
have risen and fallen.

Once in the absence of his father Kalam had accepted a gift given by some visitor who had come to meet his father. When his father returned and came to see such costly gift,
he became ver y angr y and even beat Kalam. Kalam says," Then my father came and touched my shoulder lovingly and affectionately advised me not to accept any gift without his
permission.. ....
He quoted Islamic Hadith : When the almighty appoints a person to a position, he takes care of his provision. If a person takes anything beyond that , it is illegal gain."
"He then told me that it is not good habit to receive gifts. He clarified that a gift is always an indication of an ulterior motive on the part of the giver, hence is a dangerous thing.
An Incident from
It is like touching snake and getting the poison
in turn."
APJ Abdul Kalam’s
school life

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Persuasion Persuasion & Persuasion Persuasion Strategies

• Persuasion is a process to influence a
Attitude Change & Ethics & Ethical Concerns
person’s beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motiva-
tions, or behaviours • Formation and change of attitude are 1. Is it unethical for a celebrity endorser
• It is a positive process not two separate things - they are interwo- • Like a hammer, persuasion is a useful to promote a product or service he or she
• Persuasion is an induced mental state ven. tool. But one shouldn’t use it to pound on does not actually use or about which he or
of agreement • People are always adopting, modify- others. she lacks expertise?
• Persuasion is different from coercion ; ing or relinquishing attitudes to fit their ever • Ethical persuasion underlines the
whereas coercion is forced acceptance or changing needs and interests. importance of respecting others’ dignity, of Does the use of authority become an abuse
compliance ; to persuade means to con- • Acceptance of new attitudes depends showing concern for others’ welfare, and, as of authority if receivers place too much faith
vince, whereas coercion implies imposition on who is the communicator, how the com- say in comic books, “of using your powers or reliance in a particular source?
• Persuasion is made successful & munication is presented, how the communi- for good instead of evil
easier if it is backed by integrity, respect, cation is perceived by the message receiver, • Persuasion performs a number of 2. What ethical safeguards should be
experience, and trust the credibility of the communicator, and the functions : followed when attempting to persuade chil-
conditions under which the knowledge was - Positive, functions i.e pro-social For dren & vulnerable groups ?
received example, persuasion is used to increase 3. Is deception ever justified? Or, stated
public awareness about a variety of social somewhat differently, is honesty always the
problems such as domestic violence, best policy?
people’s rights, environmental awareness, 4. Is the use of threats of punishment
cleaniness, homelessness, and HIV transmis- ever ethically justifiable and, if so, under what
sion, etc. circumstances?
- Negative function : anti-social, for 5. Is the use of fear appeals ever ethi-
example – brainwashing to make terrorist in cally justified and, if so, under what condi-
the name of Jehad tions or circumstances?
• Persuasion as tactics is ethically 6. Are some types of emotional appeals
neutral. However, moral quality of persua- better, or more ethically defensible, than
sion attempt is derived primarily from the others?
Persuasion motives or ends or intention of the persuader.

& Governance
• Necessary tool for government to
influence passive & disengaged citizens
• Governments seek to persuade
through legislation, sanctions, regulations,
taxes, emotional appeal and subsidies, the
provision of public services and information
to modify behaviour in the public interest Guidelines for Ethical Persuasion
• Recent persuasion tactics : use of less
cash transaction, surrendering LPG subsidy, 1. Intention
clean India drive, benefits of GST 2. Conscious awareness : Persuasion that takes place with the conscious awareness of all the
• Why government needs : parties involved is far more ethical than persuasion that does not.
1. Government cannot solve complex 3. Free Choice/Free Will : Persuasive attempts that allow persons to make free choices are ethi-
problems alone cally superior to those that do not.
2. Improving cost effectiveness 4. Language & symbolic action : Persuasion that take place through language or symbol usage
3. Enhancing personal responsibility (spoken/printed word; protest marches) is generally more ethical than persuasion through non-verbal
through awareness or behavioural means(physical attractiveness).

12-20%
4. Deliverance of goods & services at 5. Respect : Persuaders who use ethical strategies and tactics tend to demonstrate respect for
lower tax burden one another’s dignity.
• Government works at various level : 6. Equality : Influence attempts are most ethical when the parties enjoy equal status in a relation-
individual, interpersonal & community level. ship.
7. Tolerance : Each party to a persuasive encounter must be patient with the other, giving the
other a chance to make his or her case.
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Emotional Emotional Intelligence Vs Ethical Dimensions
Intelligence Intelligence
1.Emotional Competency
• As early as Aristotle had defined EI in the most simplest way. He said, Tackling emotional upsets
• They are not identical.
“Anyone can become angry – that is very easy. But to be angry with High self-esteem
• Emotional intelligence underscores empathy, self awareness, ability to
the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right Tactful response to emotional
constructively manage interpersonal relations, etc. An emotionally
purpose and in the right way – this is not easy.” stimuli
intelligent person knows that it pays to be good, helpful, and generous.
Handling egoism
• Questions like : • Ethical intelligence includes all these, but underscores much more the
“Do you listen attentively and think about how others feel? values of honesty, commitment to truth, and aversion to any action that
2.Emotional Maturity
Are you sensitive to others needs? harms others. In addition, it includes the wisdom to differentiate between
Self-awareness
Do you understand what motivates other people, even those from different the right and the wrong without being influenced by self-interest, and the
Developing others
backgrounds? moral courage to act
Delaying gratification
Are you attuned to others moods?” according to ones reasoned conviction without at the
Adaptability and flexibility
These questions reflect a small excerpt of emotional qualities that have become same time closing one’s mind.
highly desired in our today’s working environment. • While self-interest may not be eschewed in emotional intelligence,
3.Emotional Sensitivity
• With time it has emerge as the new yardstick to measure the efficiency of a ethical intelligence is expected to be more unselfish.
Understanding threshold
person.

l
of emotional arousal

t i o n a
Empathy

emo intelligence
Improving inter-personal relations
Communicability of

EI & Governance Beyond emotions

Weberian
• EI is an important pillar of ethical governance Model
• All governance is people governance. All public service is
people service. • However, in the second half of the past century the notion that managerial processes might be improved by looking at the emotional
• To promote effective and efficient governance, large stocks of content in relational work rather than focusing solely on rationality and science came more and more to the forefront
social capital are needed to fill the gaps of mistrust in every • The classical bureaucratic assumption of “man as a machine” is, on the contrary, perhaps the single biggest contributor to the “pro-
ministry, in every department, in every office, and in every nook fessional deformation” and “bureaupathology” so often observed in the behaviour of high-level civil servants, all over the world.
and cranny in administrative space. • “Man as machine” continues to serve as a major barrier to building trust in 21st century government.
• IQ alone cannot build. • Empirical research shows that “emotional intelligence” is the very marker that distinguishes routine management from outstanding
• "We're always talking about efficiency, productivity, restructur- leadership and the marker that distinguishes dead organizations from living organizations.
ing and accountability. And to the ordinary citizen this means • We now have conclusive biological evidence that decision-making is neurologically impossible without being informed by emotions.
little. What the citizens want to hear is honesty, service. You
have to communicate with people at an emotion level -- the • Hence , we cannot deny the importance of emotional intelligence in bureaucracy in :
issues that are confronting them as ordinary citizens.” 1. Decision making
• An outstanding public servant, according to the Chinese 2. Leadership and teamwork improvement:
pictogram, is a leader who: Listens to the whole message -- not 3. Good governance
only the words, but the “music”: the tone of voice, the facial 4. Timely & quality delivery of services
expressions, the gestures, the emotions and the silences 5. Just & fair distribution of goods and services
between the words. 6. Effective implementation of schemes & programmes

• Weber’s model of human nature assumes that :

• Historically, bureaucracy has been mostly characterized by qualities that stand in stark - efficiency and effectiveness are harmed if human emotions influence the rational
Max Weber contrast to the notions of emotional intelligence. For instance, Max Weber (1864– 1920) actions of public administrators.
lauded impersonality and dehumanization as the ‘special virtues’ of bureaucracy because - Emotions are not intelligent.
Model they would remove the danger of ‘irrational’ behaviour by “individual bureaucrats and the - Emotions are opposed to reason.
organization as a whole”. - Emotions are irrational. Emotions are unproductive. Emotions are subjective.
- Emotions should never guide administrative actions.
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Why corporate governance ?
Corporate Governance Safeguarding Corporate Social
& Ethics Stakeholders • Recent scams : few are - Satyam ,
Sarada Chit Fund scam, Sahara, Vijay
Responsibility (CSR)
Malaya case
• It is not enough for business enter- • The liberalization and de-regulation • Corporate responsibility does not end
• Above mentioned Gandhian statement prises to obey the law; they have to show world over gave greater freedom in manage- with operating without deception and fraud in
expresses the need for ethics in business real concern to satisfy the stakeholders ment. This would imply greater responsibili- the interest of the shareholders. A corpora-
• ‘Corporate Governance’ encompasses • Business enterprises do not have to ties. tion functions and makes profits within a
commitment to values and to ethical busi- wait till they cause public outrage and violent • Market conditions are increasingly society and has to do justice to its social
ness conduct. It is the system by which protests, resulting in damaged reputation of becoming complex in the light of global responsibility too.
companies are directed and managed. the enterprises concerned, to wake up and developments like WTO, removal of • This is not mere charity; it helps a
• Aristotle’s concept of virtue ethics can follow ethical practices. barriers/reduction in duties. corporation to improve its brand value, an
be applied to organizations, including busi- • Different stakeholders : • The failure of corporates due to lack of intangible asset of high value.
ness enterprises, particularly the corpora- 1. Customers : Mahatma Gandhi says – transparency and disclosures and instances • CSR refers to the practice of compa-
tions. “How would a corporation like to be “A customer is the most important visitor on of nies integrating ethical, social, environmental,
known in the public? What image would it your premises. He is not dependent on us. • falsification of and other global issues into their business
like to have and promote for itself ?” We are dependent on him”. accounts/embezzlement operations and in their interaction with their
• A moral reputation cannot come 2. Workers’ welfare : “Workers in a busi- stakeholders (employees, customers, share-
automatically, but only by cultivating a corpo- ness enterprise have actually much greater Way forward holders, investors, local communities, gov-
rate culture of respecting ethical values in all stake in its long run, health and progress ernment).
matters of business. than shareholders.” • When it comes to corporate govern- • Corporate social responsibility may
• To acquire such a moral distinction, 3. Environmental concerns : ance, we will have to look at the two aspects include philanthropic efforts such as charita-
every business enterprise has to ask itself in - Corporates not only have comply with 1. Software aspect : ble donations or programs that encourage
introspection certain questions. These ques- environmental laws but also constantly inno- - it depends on the values cherished employee volunteerism, Many organizations
tions are of two types— vate to reduce pollution and practiced by the members of the Board promote their CSR efforts as a way of shap-
1. One concerns with the responsibility - Both prompt and adequacy of meas- of Directors as well as the management. ing public perceptions, attracting customers,
to stakeholders ures are absolutely necessary to deal with - It is by walking their talk that the top and building good will with stakeholders.
2. Second concerns with with the disasters management can earn credibility
responsibility to the society at large - Double standards & flouting compli- 2. Hardware aspect : it refers to issues
• A high reputation on all the fronts ance may cause serious disasters like that of like code, regulatory bodies for compliance,
improves the credibility of the company with Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1982 laws/rules/regulations
the banks and the state at large, which would 4. Advertisements : there is need for
be a great asset, particularly in tiding over self-restraint and moral responsibility on the
unexpected difficulties. part of both advertisers and media ; restraint
• Moral reputation never goes waste; in promotion of wrong values
inevitably it gets capitalized. 5. Avoidance of conflict of interest

• In the Indian context, the BhagvatGita, in ‘dharma’ ensures well being and progress of
recent years has attracted interest among humanity, ‘dharma’ is surely that which fulfils
academics not only in theology, philosophy, these objectives.
spirituality, but also in management. The interpre- • BG begins with individual social respon-
tation of selected verses from the BG has been sibility, promotes CSR and goes even beyond
made to provide its relevance to the concept of : to GSR which stands for the good of humanity
social, cultural, moral and spiritual from global
Bhagavatgita & CSR -
-
individual social responsibility (ISR),
corporate social responsibility (CSR) and perspectives.
- global social responsibility (GSR) • We can interpret the dharma to under-
• In recent times ‘Managerial ethos of the
stand the different aspects of the Corporate
Indian tradition: relevance of a wisdom model’
• Business is a means in creating artha or Social Responsibility as :
“Commerce without highlighted the importance of ancient Indian
wealth. The business principles need to be based - INDIVIDUAL SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY

12-20%
tradition and wisdom in the constructing an
on ‘dharma’ and ‘dharma’ should always be (includes PERSONAL SOCIAL RESPONSI-
morality is deadly sin.” Indian model of management.
protected. BILTY)
• It proposed a model based on some pillars
– Mahatma Gandhi of wisdom like nishkam karma, chittasuddhi or • In the Mahabharata, one of the chapter
eulogizes it as follow: ‘dharma’ sustains the
-
-
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY
GLOBAL SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY
quality of mind and character, striving for purna or
holistic development. society, ‘dharma’ maintains the social order;
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Domestic and international politics are qualitatively

different. Consequently domestic/national ethics would
1. Realism
be different from international ethics/morality.
• Realist assume that human nature is motivated mainly by
Role of moral principles in foreign relations self interest. Individuals and groups tends to see their own interest
• morality helps define the goals and purposes of states and first at the expense of the interest of others.
other actors. • Realism emphasizes power , that politics is an essentially
• moral norms provide the inspiration and motivation for struggle of power, and military force is the most important
policy development and implementation, for example, NATO
decision to intervene in Kosovo in 1999 was inspired by humani-
tarian norms 3. Principled realism
How are moral norms applied in global politics ?
1. Conscience of decision makers • Principled realism combines with the moral values of
- Pt Nehru actively pursued Panchsheel idealism and the power politics of realism, it is based on
- former president of US Jimmy Carter pursued an activist elements of both utopia and reality.
human rights policy • Principled realism integrates political morality with the
2. Influence of domestic public opinion responsible use of power
3. Role of international reputation • It necessitates both wisdom and courage, that is,
wisdom to choose among competing values and interest and
courage to reconcile moral ideals with power.
• Example : Bush doctrine in post 9/11 - war on terror
• Ethical strategies are mainly methodological tools for
guiding decision making

1. End based action 2. Idealism

- It assumes that the morality of the action must be ultimately
judged by the good results that are realised • Important role is assigned to moral values in defining
- most important moral criterion is the overall outcome foreign policy interest and strategies
- Example of end based strategy is “ethics of nuclear deter- • It emphasize rule-based ethics
rence” • Idealism give priority to human rights and to the constitu-
tional structures essential to protecting these rights
2. Rule based action • For example : foreign policy emphasising human rights
- appeals to the goodness of policy themselves, not to their
effects. As a result, ethical decision making is determined mainly
by the morality of goals and intentions

- for example : significant economic assistance to developing

nations
- responding to human need was most vividly evident when
the United States give food Aid to North Korea, a communist
enemy state
ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL ETHICS

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Ethics of Foreign Morality of economic Ethical

Intervention sanctions Concerns

Ethics
• Economic sanctions are particular type
• Foreign intervention involves the direct of tools in the statecraft to advance foreign • According to some thinkers sanctions
or indirect use of power to influence the affairs policy goals of states. They are preferable to are indeed a form of violence
of other states. more coercive tools such as war
• Many thinkers says that they are mor
• Intervention can be undertaken openly • the decision to intervene must he made • Usually they involve – ally dubious.
or covertly, individually or collectively and can with care, taking into account political, legal, 1. Positive incentive i.e. carrot, designed

of War
involve relatively non-coercive actions such as and moral considerations to induce or reward desirable behaviour • For example : One of the most influen-
propaganda and official condemnation or 2. Negative sanctions i.e. stick, designed tial anti-apartheid activist highlighted the
coercive measures such as economic sanc- • One of the most important and innova- to punish state for undesirable behaviour morally problematic nature of economic sanc-
tions to directly military intervention tive ideas to emerge in response to the sys- tions because they imposed great hardship on
temic atrocities and human rights abuses of Are they effective ? poor blacks
• It is done for a variety of purposes – the 1990s is the notion of “responsibility to
economic imperialism, countering prior inter- protect” (R2P) • Although economic “sticks” can no • Before applying it must satisfy certain
vention, promoting political objectives, pro- doubt affect the behaviour of foreign actors, conditions
tecting human rights and fostering national • Humanitarian intervention must pass economic coercion alone is not decisive
security two tests – • For one thing, foreign policy decision
1. Political test making is a multidimensional process that is
• However, intervention has been mostly 2. Ethical test subject to numerous domestic and interna-
associated with moral cloud. Hence, it is tional factors.
necessary to examine morality of intervention • Inducing behavioural change is far
more difficult against autocratic regimes

12-20%
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Ethics
Three modalities of war

1. Pacifism
• It prohibits the threat and
use of force
• peace and non-violence

of War
are the highest norms
• Dutch philosopher Eras-
mus believed that cost of war
was so great that even if war is
won , you will lose much more
you gain. Ethics of Ethics of Drone
2. Amoral Pre-emptive war & attacks
• amoral Realism assumes Preventive war
not only that war is legitimate • Drones provide a new and
instrument of policy but also the innovative instrument of war
that morality does not constrain • Pre-emptive is corollary of
war the right of self-defense, allows
• TK with missiles presents
• Cynics justify force on the for military attack when aggres-
a significant moral challenge
basis of self interest while adher- sion is imminent
because militants are rarely
ents to the jihad doctrine justify alone or only in the company of
unlimited violence on the basis • Unlike pre-emption,
fellow insurgents. Typically, they
religious convictions however, preventive attack
are in the company of family and
responds not to an imminent
friends and do not present
3. Just war threat but to an adversary’s
unambiguous military targets.
• intermediary position increasing military capabilities.
Therefore, the moral challenge in
between pacifism and amoral carrying out TK is to minimize
Realism • The goal of preventive
collateral damage.
• it justifies the war on the attack is to destroy the enemy’s
grounds of protection of inno- ability to carry out aggression
• Creates a potential moral
cent, punishment of criminal before it can mobilize that capa-
problem to the extent that it
behaviour and the defence bility
reduces human inhibitions
against aggression against killing
• coercive power is legiti- • Distinction between them
mate when it serves morally has become more difficult with
legitimate purposes the rise of WMD threats from
• Just war theory has three non-state actors
parts –
1. Jus ad bellum : justice of
going war
2. Jus in bello : justice in
wartime
3. Jus post bellum : justice
after war

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Guidelines
• Go through the case as fast as possible. Read through the case
very carefully, underlining key facts and making marginal notes.

Importance • Go through the case again, fleshing out the issues that are Dealing at various levels
important to the principal decision.
1. Expressive level :
• Formation and change of attitude are • ascertain and describe as objectively as possible the facts of a - we respond in spontaneous & unreflective
not two separate things - they are interwo- situation expressions of emotion; not appropriate to take any
ven. decision
• enumerate & define ethical issues, various stakeholders, values 2. Level of moral rules :
• People are always adopting, modify- at stake, competencies required - This is the first level at which serious ques-
ing or relinquishing attitudes to fit their ever tions are raised and serious answers given ;
changing needs and interests. • Develop a set of alternative solutions, analyze each alternative, - we begin to assess alternatives and conse-
project probable consequences, compare the alternatives to see which quences
• Acceptance of new attitudes seems to best meet the criteria or deal with the issues. 3. Level of ethical analysis :
depends on who is the communicator, how - we reach here if decision is not reached at
the communication is presented, how the • Make a recommendation based on the comparison of the alter- second level or when the available moral rules prove
communication is perceived by the mes- natives. ineffective in a particular case or they conflict with
sage receiver, the credibility of the commu- • Prepare a statement, if appropriate, of what needs to be done to each other
nicator, and the conditions under which the implement the recommendation. 4. Post ethical analysis :
knowledge was received - this is most fundamental philosophical level
• Reflect on : of reflection;
“How would I defend this particular option if required to do so before a - we reach at this level when the situation is
broad audience?” most complicated and unresolved at previous levels;
“If this action is held up to public scrutiny, will I still feel that it is what I - here we reflect “Why should I be moral?”
should have done, and how I should have done it?”

Dealing with
Case studies
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1
Conflict of interest :
- It involve situations where our own personal interest are at odds with our obligation as a public official
- includes all those that can make competent judgements less reliable
- it is a part of the human condition to seek money and power from public sources for the sake of private gains
- examples : bribery, influence peddling, information peddling, future employment

2 Conflict of responsibilities
-
-
conflict between objective & subjective responsibility
Objective responsibility has to do with expectations imposed from outside ourselves, whereas
Subjective responsibility concerns those things for which we feel responsibility

3 Conflict of authority

- two seniors giving conflicting commands while both going against personnel regulations

4
Conflict of roles :
- Values associated with particular roles are experienced as incompatible or mutually exclusive in a given situation
- We may be confronted with an expectations in our work that we believe to be inconsistent with being a good
mother, a good administrator, a good member of any agency commission

5 Conflicting & blurring accountabilities Ethical concerns & dilemmas

•

•
•
•
complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between
moral imperatives in which to obey one would result in transgressing another
A dilemma involves choosing between two equally unattractive options
demands to make difficult choices under less than ideal conditions
fundamental question is what to do and how to act in complex situations

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Refuse to do something unethical Recognize and promote consti-

- Learning how to say “no” is easy tutional principles of equality,
to do in the abstract, but sometimes it
gets down to how you say “no”. it is a
08 Recognize and support the public’s
right to know the public’s business :
Openness and transparency are critical
fairness, justice

skill learnt through experience

safeguards that keep our democracy
alive and well
01
02
Respect the law

Maintain truthfulness and honesty 09 03

Serve public interest : government

managers are on the frontline of
democracy. They are the foot
soldiers who ensure the public
interest -
04
Important Ethical
Guard against conflict of interest or its appear- Engage in ethical reasoning Competencies
ance - ethical reasoning is the individual’s
- the ethically competent manager must be
able to size up a situation so that neither the 10 sensitivity to an ethical situation and the
ability to exercise judgment in selecting a
reality nor the appearance of wrongdoing raises
its ugly head. In other words, the manager must
have nearly a sixth sense about it
choice that results in ethical behaviour
- it is moral imagination i.e acquire the 05
ability to produce a movie in our minds with-
realistic characters, a believable script, and
clear imagery—to project probable conse-
quences

06
07
Ethical competency
Recognize and differentiate
between ethical and management

• It is one of the key component of Holistic Competency

11 - issues

Respect and protect

• ethical competency could be defined in terms of integ- - information
privileged
rity: personal, professional, and organizational Be responsible for
• ethically competent administrators must understand and one’s behaviour
practice moral reasoning/ethical reasoning, be able to sort
through competing values, and engage in prudent decision
making

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Ethical Governance Roots Hurdles to ethical

•
•
Ultimate objective of governance is the Yogakshema – security and welfare of the people
Provides an environment in which all citizens irrespective of class, caste and gender can
• Through out Indian tradition importance of
ethical governance is being emphasised
governance
develop to their full potential
• Kautilya says with reference to traits of
• 4 pillars are : 1. Corruption
good king “in the happiness of subjects lies his
1. Ethos i.e. ethos of service 2. Attitude problem : Civil Services and
happiness , in their welfare his welfare”
2. Ethics – honesty, integrity administration in general, have become wooden,
• atmano mokshartham jagat hitayacha - we
3. Equity - treating all citizens alike with empathy for the weaker sections; just & distribution inflexible, self-perpetuating and inward looking
look forward to the emancipation of our souls
of goods and services 3. Lack of accountabilities
through welfare of the world
4. Efficiency – timely & quality delivery of services 4. Red tapism
• sarvajana sukhaye sarvajana hitaye –
• Ethical governance is an umbrella concept. It is not mirage or an utopian concept. It not 5. Leadership myopia—that is, failing to
“greatest happiness of the greatest number”
only involves governance and good governance but also nurtures self reliance, integrity and recognize the importance of ethics in getting the
• When talking about the responsibility of a
hope for a better future. work of government done
king, Tiruvalluvar says: the king who administers
6. Ethical illiteracy : when issues are seen
justice and protects his people will be considered
from a fatally narrow and limited legal perspective
God
• Governance according to principle of
dharma , the principle of doing the right things,
the principle of justice

EXEMPLARY LEADERSHIP –
WALK THE TALK

1 1 What can be done ?

2 ETHICS TRAINING :
2 KNOWLEDGE OF LAWS IS
NECESSARY BUT IS NOT
SUFFICIENT

3 ETHICS AUDITS : IT IS A TOOL FOR

BENCHMARKING THE STRENGTH OF
Ultimate solution
THE ORGANIZATION’S ETHICAL • All efforts for ethical governance could be
3 CULTURE sustainable only when there is inculcation of
values. Such need demands us to rise to the next
level.
4 • There is need to focus on Indian insights

5 and Psycho-Philosophical doctrines

• Need to develop Holistic Competence

4
RECRUITING AND PROMOTING 5 LAYING CODE OF ETHICS
EMPLOYEES BASED IN PART ON
THEIR ADHERENCE TO ETHICAL
STANDARDS
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Leadership
Holders of public office should promote and
support these principles by leadership and exam-
Objectivity ple
A civil servant should not allow bias, conflict of
interest or unnecessary influence of others to
supersede professional or business judgments Sense of mission
- It was a clear sense of mission that was
responsible for the success of our many programs
e.g.: Space program , Green Revolution, Opera-
tion flood
- Ramakrishna Paramhansa said, if you are
digging a well, dig deep till you strike water, if you
give up after a while and go to a new place and
then to another, you will never get water

Integrity & honesty

Responsibility - Integrity is a multi-dimensional construct. It
has three main facets: trust, consistency, and a
moral compass ( set of moral principles to guide)
- It could be moral, financial and intellectual
- integrity

Moral courage
- courage to carry out morally inspired actions in spite of potential dangers , it
Selflessness is the willingness to act for moral ends in the face of significant risk.
Selflessness should be the - Courage is important in ethical decision making because political and moral
guiding spirit. Its logical corol- reflection does not automatically lead to moral action
lary is Nishkam Karma, a belief - E. Sreedharan says “I don’t know why some bureaucrats are not able to
in “Joy of Giving” function. They should have the courage to stand up to their convictions and take
decisions and not leave everything to the politicians.”

Devotion to work

Foundational Public Service Values

In order that the public officials perform their duties honestly and efficiently and
become an instrument of service to the people they need to possess certain values
which are very foundational.

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Work Ethics
01 • Good work culture demands a proper balance of Morality, Ethics and
Law. The safest place is where your action covers all the three aspects
Ethics, Morality and Law (EML).
• Highest stage of work culture is Work is Worship
- Here no work remains higher or lower. Nature of work is not impor-
tant, but the manner in which it is performed is important. The importance of
work is the dedication with which it is done.
- This attitude towards work, if adopted, can nurture and give strength
to the worker through all ups and downs, success and failures, and gradu-
ally stimulate him towards perfection and progress

02 Ideas & thoughts of Indian ethos

• All work is an opportunity for offering service to the world and thus gaining materially and
spiritually in our lives.
• Worship people not only with material possessions but also by showing respect to their
enterprising divinity within.
• One who performs his duties and tasks with calm and composed mind achieves the most.
• As we think, so we succeed, so we become. Attention to means ensures the end.
• Regard the other individual as a divine being. All of us have the same consciousness though
our outward appearances are different.

Dimensions

03 04
• Protecting the interest of the organisatio
• Work ethics through appropriate system:
Unambiguous policies, rules and regulations,
reward system etc. are facilitative in establishing
work ethics. Clarity of these will make work-ethics
more purposeful.
• Work ethics in terms of proper communica-
tion system: Improving Work Culture
A transparent communication system is said to be
the lifeline of an organisation. • Ego sublimation rather than ego assertion
• Sacrificing spirit rather than fighting spirit
• Team achievement rather than individual achievement
• Spiritual attainment rather than material prosperity
• Concept of duties rather than concept of rights

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