WORKING SCHOLARS: CLIMBING THE LADDER TO SUCCESS

_____________________________________________

A Research Study
Presented to the Faculty
of the School of Nursing
Saint Louis University

______________________________________________

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Course
Research Methods in Nursing

_______________________________________________

By

Eugene Josef G. Jandoc, BSN

BSN III- D2

March 12, 2012

Table of Contents PAGE NUMBER

Title Page……………………………………………………………………..……………...……….. i

Table of Contents…………………………………...……………………………………………….. ii

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….……. iii

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….………. 1

Background of the study…………………………………………………..………………………… 1

Objective of the study………………………………………….……………………………………. 3

Significance of the study……………………………………………………………………………. 3

METHODS AND PROCEDURES………………………………………………………. ………… 4

Research Design…………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

Locale and Population…..………………………………………………………….……………….. 4

Data Gathering Tool and Procedure………………………………………………………………. 4

Data Management ……………...…………………….……….……………………….……………. 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………….. 8

Concept Map…………………………………………………………………………………………. 8

Results and Discussion……………………………………………………………………………... 9

Conclusion and Recommendation………………………………………………………………… 33

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………….

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………….…………… 35

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………..

Sample Transcript File……………………………………………………………………………….

 ABSTRACT

TITLE: WORKING SCHOLARS: CLIMBING THE LADDER TO SUCCESS

AUTHOR: Eugene Josef G. Jandoc, BSN

School of Nursing, Saint Louis University

KEYWORDS: Working Scholars, Turning Point, Adjustment, Strengthening Support

System, Inspiring Transformation

It is evident that there is a rise of working scholars due to financial insufficiency. Working
scholars are students who enter into a contract every semester or summer term to
simultaneously work and study. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of working
scholars in Saint Louis University (SLU). Qualitative descriptive design was utilized specifically
that of phenomenological approach. Unstructured interview was used in data collection and data
analysis was based on Colaizzi’s method. There were five participants from different schools in
SLU recruited through purposive and network sampling. The four major themes identified were:
“The turning point”, is when a person makes important decisions in his life which will affect his
future; its subtheme is ‘Financial Concern.’ Followed by “Adjustment”, which begins from being
a working scholar up to the period of adaptation. This is further divided into seven subthemes
namely: ‘Personal Change’, ‘Point of Equilibrium’, ‘Finding Leisure after Work’, ‘Fear of the
Unknown’, ‘Academically Challenged’, ‘Feeling of Resentment’, and ‘Wishful Thinking’. Then,
“Strengthening Support System” referring to the social environment that helps working scholars
in surpassing challenges in life. Its two subthemes are ‘Family’ and ‘Co-student Workers’.
Lastly, “Inspiring Transformation”, which is finding meaning to the experiences encountered.
Two subthemes fall under this major theme and these are: ‘Degree of Self-fulfilment’, and
‘Sense of Maturity’. This study concludes that working scholars undergo a series of adjustments
and a process of adaptation to obtain a college degree. The researchers recommend the
following: other researches be conducted on working scholars including other variables like
length of working experience and nature of work in the university; a comparative study of the
lived experiences of scholars working in different institutions; the use of Focused Group
Discussion to enrich data analysis; and for institutions offering such scholarships to review their
services, programs or plans as basis for evaluation.
INTRODUCTION

“While it is technically possible to work full-time while studying full-time, it can be a bit like
fighting a two-front war—both areas are important and require constant attention and ignoring
either is something you do at your own peril”
(http://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation /Resources/Preparing/WorkStudy).

            Earning while learning is a complex task for those students who work at the same time,
opting to do both at once brings twice the demands and the responsibility into your life. With this
situation, students are geared towards struggling to balance work and academics
(http://www.idealist.org/info/GradEducation /Resources/Preparing/WorkStudy).

A definition of a student applicable even to those in the college or tertiary level is an

individual who is attending an educational institution and is engaged in study; one who is
devoted to learning; one who attends a school, or who seeks knowledge from professional
teachers or from books (http://www.brainyquote.com/words/st/student224972.html).

College students generally belong to the late adolescence stage, ages 16-21. At this
stage, there is attainment of physical maturity and the capacity to use insight is evident through
the ability to understand, plan, and pursue long range goals. There is a need for this age group
to adjust to increased cognitive demands at school in preparation for increased tasks. Such
preparations for adult roles and responsibilities serve as guide to further education and can
result to adapting adult responsibilities such as work (Ozretich & Bowman, 2001). Given the
roles and responsibilities expected at this stage, students faced with difficulty in pursuing a
college degree due to some reasons are given the opportunity to apply as working scholars.

According to the Manual of Policies and Procedures Governing the SLU Working
Scholarship Program (2005 edition), working scholars are students whose services are
employed during the period of a whole semester or summer. The criteria includes presenting a
recent income tax return of his or her family as an evidence of financial need, an academic
report or a high school transcript (for freshmen applicants) that will show the capability of the
student to balance school and work, special skills that an applicant possess which facilitates job
efficiency, and other non-academic requirements such as physical health, moral character,
attendance, and punctuality. Also specified in the manual are the benefits given which includes:
receiving an ‘allowance’ that is based on the hourly rates acquired by the working scholar. From
the allowance, deduction of fees such as tuition, book rentals, and miscellaneous will be applied
and any excess amount will be refunded. Another is the Certificate of Recognition which will be
presented during the graduation ceremonies provided that the working scholar rendered service
for at least two (2) school years or four (4) semesters without having the working scholarship be
terminated due to disciplinary sanctions or violations of the University policies and regulations.

The definition in the Manual as stated above is similar with what this study intends to
share as the meaning of working scholars which refers to people who simultaneously work and
study. They are granted with benefits and privileges like discounted tuition fees. According to
Thompson and Hickey (2005), most of working scholars belong to the labor class and these are
people who do manual labor or work for wages.

J. Orszag, P. Orszag and D. Whitmore (2001), categorized working students into two
groups: those who primarily identify themselves as students but who work in order to pay the
bills, or people who depend on their salaries in order to pay the tuition fee in a certain institution;
and those who are first and foremost workers but are also taking some college studies in order
for them to improve their current profession such as Masters degree, or Vocational degree.

Based on Perna’s journal (2007), the National Center for Education Statistics in the
United States of America shows that nearly half (45 percent) of "traditional" undergraduates--
that is, students between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four attending college full time--worked
while enrolled. About 80 percent of traditional-age undergraduates attending college part time
worked while enrolled.

On the other hand, according to the National Audit Office of England, the number of
working class teenagers going to university has barely increased under Labor. It is stated that
223,540 students aged 17 to 30 started degree courses for the first time last year. As of 2002,
there has been a slight increase in the number of working scholars from 27.9 percent to 30.3
per cent, most of which were from lower social classes (Paton, 2008).

In the Philippines, the Commission of Higher Education (CHED) stated that 8 per cent of
about 216,000 college students in the country are currently juggling school and work. However,
as college costs rise, many students are turning to working long hours to finance their
education. Nearly half of all full-time working students are working enough hours which affect
their academic achievement and the overall quality of their education. At the same time, the
majority of these students (63%) reported that they would not be able to attend college if they
did not work (Bannon and King, 2002). CHED also added that only 50% of working students get
to finish college, as many cannot cope and concentrate on their studies, some due to poor
health, while others give up because of insufficient funds (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lif
estyle/youth/06/13/10/only-half-working-students-finish-college-ched).

In Baguio City, there are four universities offering a scholarship program and these are
Saint Louis University (SLU), University of the Cordilleras (UC), University of Baguio (UB), and
University of the Philippines (UP). According to the data obtained from the different universities,
University of Baguio has 417 working scholars as of March 2012 and University of the
Philippines has approximately 360 working scholars for the school year 2011- 2012. There were
no data as to the statistics from the University of the Cordilleras. According to the human
resource management of Saint Louis University, there are 1743 working students as of 2011. It
shows that the School of Accountancy and Business Management (SABM) has the highest
number of working students with a figure of 1515. The succeeding schools have a large
discrepancy regarding the number of SABM’s working students. It is followed by the School of
Engineering and Architecture with 85 students, School of Teacher Education with 75 students,
School of Humanities with 45 students, and School of Natural Sciences with 11 students and
School of Information Sciences with 10 students.

Researchers found the need to conduct a qualitative type of research to know the lived
experiences of working scholars in Saint Louis University. Most of the existing studies are
quantitative in nature and were focused on certain aspects like the reason for applying as a
working student and its effects. Some of the reasons why students go to work is seen in a
journal by Bannon and King (2002) stating that the best investments of a lifetime is a college
degree because bachelor degree recipients earn 80% more than high school graduates or
$1,000,000 over a lifetime in the workforce. The work of Summer (1999) stated the effect of
being a working scholar and that working while studying is not necessarily a reason to drop out
among working students. The researchers were inspired seeing the sacrifices of working
scholars as compared to their own life situation.
 There were personal as well as results of previous readings identified by the researchers
as their biases that may affect the study. The following are considered as the group’s biases:
working scholars have difficulty in concentrating with their studies because they lack time to go
over their lectures; they assumed that working students were very stressed and that they lack
time for social or recreational activities; they experience discrimination from the regular
students; their reasons for working while studying are mainly financial; report from the
newspaper and the media (through the news in the television) is that working scholars are
working to pay for their college expenses, rather than for experience purposes. In order to
overcome these biases, the researchers reviewed their own biases and preferences about the
study. They decided to remain open and focus only on the experiences shared by the
participants during the interview while observing for the verbal and non- verbal cues. Another
way to address such biases is maintaining objectivity by setting aside any pre- conceived ideas.
Data analysis would be based only from the participant’s verbatim.

The researchers have identified that their limitations lie in the fact that this is the first
time they have conducted interviews to gather data and that none of the researchers have done
qualitative research. The strengths of the researchers are that they have done researches and
investigatory projects since high school and early years in college wherein they followed
guidelines that assisted in the conduct of their research.

This research aimed to explore further the lived experiences of working scholars in Saint
Louis University. This study can serve as an added illustration to psychiatric theories which can
be integrated in the curriculum. It can also contribute to the conduct of proper assessment
specifically in identifying stress factors affecting health and its proper management especially
among adolescents. It can also enhance the utilization of therapeutic communication technique.
It can also help the participants realize their contributions which could enhance their self- worth,
such can be gained through the understanding and appreciation from other people around
them. It can also serve as a means for the institution to become aware of the struggles that
working scholars are going through and for them to review their services, programs or plans in
order to evaluate areas that needs to be improved or enhanced.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Qualitative type of research was utilized in the study specifically descriptive

phenomenology. Researchers investigated a phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic
fashion through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design which
focuses on the lived experiences of human beings (Polit & Beck, 2006).

The researcher’s field was in Baguio City, specifically Saint Louis University (SLU). The
participants are first time regular working scholars in the university with ages 16- 21 years old,
either male or female. Being a regular working scholar, they are to render four working hours a
day in an office in the university. They belong to the 1 st and 2nd year irregular college students
from the School of Engineering and Architecture (2), School of Accountancy and Business
Management (1), School of Teacher Education (1), and School of Natural Sciences (1). They
have rendered 2 semesters and 1 summer of working experience and who have lessened their
academic load to accommodate the required working hours. The researchers utilized Purposive
and networking sampling in the identification of participants. Purposive sampling is where the
researchers consciously select the participants who fit the inclusion criteria of the study.
Another sampling technique utilized was the networking sampling where there is
recommendation of a participant in order to choose another participant who will match the given
inclusion criteria. The researchers identified five participants and were labeled as Onyx,
Emerald, Amethyst, Beryl and Aquamarine. Onyx is a female, 18 years old and is an irregular
2nd year Civil Engineering student. Emerald is 17 years of age, female who is currently a 2 nd year
irregular B.S. Biology student. Amethyst is a female, 17 years old, who is an irregular 2 nd year
Financial Management student. Beryl is a 17 years old male, 2 nd year irregular college student
who belongs to the School of Teacher Education major in Special education. And Aquamarine is
a 17 year old male, 2 nd year irregular student, who is currently taking Bachelor of Science in civil
engineering.

The tool for gathering data was an unstructured interview with a general question, “What
are your experiences being a working student?” which was translated in Tagalog as, “Ano- ano
ang mga karanasan mo bilang isang mag-aaral na nagtatrabaho?”. From the general question,
there were follow-up questions which explored further such an experience.
 
The researchers underwent a workshop on interview and management of data gathered
which was conducted by Dr. Irene D. Tuwao, MA in Psychology, Regional Director of Philippine
Mental Health Association Benguet Chapter. Such workshop was held last November 2, 2011 at
Philippine Mental Health Association Office.            

The researchers were subdivided into 4 subgroups with 3 members per subgroup. The
following were the roles of each member: one was the main interviewer, one was in-charge of
documenting and the last member was the process observer.  The researchers obtained verbal
consent in using recording devices with prior approval of the participant.

After the participant consented in being a part of the study, the researchers and
participants both agreed of the time and place that was convenient for both parties to meet in
order for the interview process to take place. All interviews conducted where done at the main
campus of SLU. The main forms of data collection were unstructured self-reports (interviews
and informal conversations) and complete participant observation. Regarding the observational
data, the researchers observed things like facial expressions, tone of voice, hand gestures, the
timing of the participant’s answers or frequency of pauses while telling a story. The interview
questions focused on the lived experiences.
       In order to gain the trust of the participants, the researchers established rapport by
properly introducing themselves and explaining the relevant information necessary for the
participant to be familiar with in the study. The researchers observed the participant’s rights to
human dignity and full disclosure by explaining the important points of the study in order for
them to make decision whether to take part in the research or not. Full disclosure consisted of a
short background of the study, purpose, the nature of data to be collected, nature of
commitment, participant selection, confidentiality pledge, benefits, disadvantages, procedures,
voluntary consent, and their right to withdraw and withhold information. The researchers also
honestly and truthfully answered the participant’s questions about the research and obtained a
verbal consent from the participants for the confirmation of their participation in the study.
Maintaining the participant’s right to privacy and ensuring that all data gathered were kept in its
strictest confidentiality were observed by the researchers. Aside from that, the identity of our
participants was kept anonymous with the use pseudonyms. Furthermore, researchers
protected the welfare of the participants and did not cause harm to them by being keen,
observant and sensitive to their experiences during data gathering.

The researchers of the study utilized the Colaizzi’s method of data analysis where the
Colaizzi’s seven-stage process for data analysis was utilized. It involves observing and
analyzing working scholars within its environment to examine experiences that cannot be
communicated (Burns & Grove 2005). The researchers interviewed the participant, and
conducted follow up interviews for validation purposes. Next the researchers read and extracted
significant responses from the participant. Extracted responses were classified according to
similarity. From clustered responses, the researchers developed subthemes and themes. Next
the researchers created thick descriptions based from the themes and subthemes identified
from the interviews. Lastly, the researchers went back to the participants for revalidation of the
interpretation made by the researchers.

The termination of data gathering was determined on the saturation of data to the point
at which no new information was obtained and redundancy was achieved (Polit & Beck 2006).
When interviews produced unclear data, the researchers conducted follow-up interviews in
order to clarify the data with the participants.
       
The first interview started with a greeting from both the main interviewer and the
participant. The main interviewer reviewed the conditions to the participants and gave the right
to self determination. Upon agreement of the participant, the main interviewer asked the
participant the general question and from the participant’s answer, follow up questions were
asked. The main interviewer continuously encouraged the participant to divulge information and
before ending the interview, the main interviewer asked the working scholar whether he or she
has something else to say. When the participant says there is nothing more to be said at the
moment, the main interviewer will end the interview by summarizing the key points of the
interview and clarifying some vague statements if there are any.

Succeeding interviews were also started with a greeting. After that, the main interviewer
recapped the important points that were mentioned from the previous interview, interpretation of
the experience were validated from the participant. Also questions were asked to clarify
statements made and there was the recognition of new experiences emerging from the
conversations done. If ever the documenter and process observer has something to clarify or
something relevant to ask, they will wait for the conversation between the main interviewer and
the participant to end then will ask their question.
 To further specify how the data was analyzed; the researchers grouped the statements
of the participants according to similarity of thoughts, the verbatim were sorted by word
repetition and key-words-in-context. In word repetition, words that occur frequently are often
seen as being significant in the minds of the participants. In the Key-words-in-context technique,
researchers identified key words and then systematically searched the similarity of text to find all
instances of the word or phrase. After clustering of similar data in the participant’s verbatim, the
researchers came up with the subthemes. Related subthemes were grouped to form the general
themes. From the general themes derived, the researchers developed a conceptual framework
which served as a brief description of the experience.

The data produced was assembled into a single text for the final analytic work. The
production process was transparent to the reviewers. These data were reviewed by the
researchers to validate further if they have the same analysis in relation to the participant’s
responses. The welfare of the participants was the primary concern, thus, any information that
the participants provided were not publicly reported in a manner that is identifiable to them and
made accessible to others making it confidential. The researchers proceeded with data
gathering considering sensitivity, concern, and empathy to the participant, should he or she
reveal anything that emotionally affects him or her.

The researchers achieved trustworthiness through credibility, dependability,

confirmability, transferability and authenticity. The researchers made segments of raw data
available for others to analyze and used member checks in which the collected data from the
first interview was validated through debriefings and discussions with the participants. The
researchers utilized prolonged engagement through conducting follow up interviews and
allocating adequate time to exhaust the information needed for the study. Peer debriefings
were conducted wherein one member of a different subgroup validated the interpretation of the
other subgroup to have a common analysis.

Dependability of the research was achieved through the use of member check, peer
debriefing, and returning to the participants for validation of the interpreted results gathered
during the previous interviews in order to double check the data analysis.

Confirmability is a degree of objectivity or the extent to which the findings of the study
are shaped by the respondents and not the researcher’s bias or interest. Audit trail is the written
transcription of activities that took place from the start until the development of the results,
findings and conclusion of the study. The researchers made use of a step by step process to
accomplish an audit trail. First, they documented all the raw data including the transcript files
and field notes including the daily schedule of activities done by the researchers. From the
verbatim of the participants, the researchers developed summaries of the transcript file. After
summarizing it, the researchers made inferences and clustered similar ideas to come up with
the subthemes. From this, the researchers sorted out subthemes that are related in order to
formulate the general themes. Afterwards, the researchers came up with the Emic interpretation
which is the participant’s analysis to the given subtheme. Next step is the formulation of the Etic
interpretation that consisted of the researcher’s explanation to the given subtheme. After
formulating emic and etic interpretation, the researchers included related literatures to support
their findings. And lastly, the researchers formulated implications of the results.

The research results were transferred to other contexts or settings to achieve

transferability. The data manifestedt a thick description wherein the people who participated in
the study had a rich, vivid and thorough description of their experiences that were processed
during the inquiry.
To attain authenticity, the researchers ensured accurate verbatim transcription and
made certain that alteration of data such as omission, misspelled words, and inadequate
entering of information on data transcriptions were not done. Reflexivity was also applied in
which the researchers reflected, analyzed, and took note of personal perceptions that could
affect data collection and interpretation. Similar to credibility, having thick, vivid descriptions and
prolonged engagement were the strategies employed to achieve authenticity.
 CONCEPT MAP

Degree of Self-
fulfillment
Sense of maturity
Family

Co-student workers
Point of equilibrium
Inspiring
Personal Change
transformation
Leisure after Work

Strengthening
Support System
Financial concern

Adjustment

Fear of the Unknown

The turning Academically

point Challenged

Feeling of resentment

Wishful thinking
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The lived experiences of working scholars are classified into 4 major themes namely: ‘The
Turning Point’, ‘Adjustment’, ‘Strengthening Support System’, ‘and ‘Inspiring Transformation’.
The major theme ‘The Turning Point’ has one subtheme which is ‘Financial Concern’. The major
theme ‘Adjustment’ is divided into seven subthemes which branched out into positive and
negative subjects. Under positive subjects are ‘Point of Equilibrium’, ‘Personal Change’ and
‘Leisure After Work’, and negative subjects were ‘Fear of the Unknown’, ‘Academically
Challenged’, ‘Feeling of Resentment’ and ‘Wishful Thinking’. The major theme ‘Strengthening
Support System’ is divided into two subthemes namely: ‘Family’, and ‘Co-student Workers’. And
lastly, the major theme ‘Inspiring transformation’ is also divided into two subthemes namely:
‘Degree of Self-Fulfillment’ and ‘Sense of Maturity’.

The Turning Point

 Financial Concern

Figure 1: First major theme: The turning Point with its subtheme: Financial Concern

The Turning Point

Turning point is a time when a person makes important changes or decisions in his or
her own life which affects her or his future. The turning point of a working scholar comes when
there is financial difficulty. They tend to change into a mature person and become responsible
for themselves and to their family. They develop strength and courage to face and deal with new
challenges in life.

Financial Concern

It is a matter involving monetary concerns because of financial insufficiency which

occupies a person’s attention or interest therefore affecting a person’s psychological and
emotional state.

The participants claimed that the main reason why they decided to apply and be a
working student is because of financial insufficiency.

According to Amethyst:

(Looks up and holds chin) “Sa akin naman ok lang. Nung nag-
kasakit kasi yung papa ko, sa clinic sya pumunta, dun na sya nag-
pacheck-up. Pero sa financial talaga ang reason, kasi tatlo kaming
magkakapatid,(looks down) dalawa kaming nasa college, yung isa
nasa UB, tas ang mama ko na lang kasi ang nagtatrabaho pero
hindi nya kaya. Kaya ako na lang ang nagsabing magwo-working
student na lang ako. (rubs hand) (Looks up and holds chin- For me
 it‘s just okay. When my father got sick, he went to the clinic
and had a check-up. But financial was the main reason,
because we are three siblings ,(looks down), the two of us are in
college, the other one is at UB (University of Baguio), and my
mother is the only one working and she has difficulty handling
the finances. So I told her I’ll apply to be a working student-
rubs hand)

Aquamarine stated:

“Nung gipit na gipit kami nung first year ako, nahiya akong humingi
ng pera sa mama ko para sa gamit ko kasi 10,000 yung binayaran
niya sa tuition ko. Inutang pa pala niya yun, burden (increased tone
of voice) para sa akin yun. (looks far to the right) Tinanong ko sa
sarili ko, “Ano kaya magagawa ko?” kaya nagtanong tanong ako sa
mga kakilala ko, sa mga taga ibang department kung pwedeng mag
apply (to be a working student). Ni rush kong pumunta. Nag absent
na ako para makapag-apply ako sa HRD. Ayun nakuha ako .Ine-
refund ko yung pera para wala na kaming utang at sinabi ko sa
nanay ko.”(There was a time that we were really short in terms
of money. When I was in first year, I was shy to ask from my
mother money for my school supplies because she already
paid P10,000 thousand for my tuition. I found out that she only
borrowed that money, and knowing that I considered it as a
burden (increased tone of voice) for me. (looks far to the right) I
asked myself, ‘What can I do? I asked people I knew from
different departments if I can apply (to be a working student). I
rushed to go and skipped my class so that I could go to the
Human Resources Department to apply. I was accepted and I
refunded the money for my tuition so that we will not have any
debt anymore and I told it to my mother.)

While Beryl said that:

(Looks down at the floor, pauses then answers) “Wala na akong

other reasons financial po talaga kasi biruin mo po na magkasakit
yung family mo na grabe hindi mo maiwasang mag-work ka talaga,
work independently ganun at saka para na rin sa reason ko na
matutong maging independent.”(looks down at the floor, pauses
then answers- I don’t have any other reasons except for
financial. Imagine your family getting sick and you don’t have
any option but to work and learn to become independent)

Onyx stated:

“Nung high school pa ako working student sa kumbento. (looking

down, plays with her fingers) After graduation, nag-apply ako sa
Good Shepherd for 1 year. (with eye contact with the interviewer)
Medyo nahirapan ako mag-adjust nung una dun kaya nag-apply
ako sa HRD dito sa SLU at tinuloy ko (working). Mahirap lang kasi
parents namin, mahirap lang kami. (one hand clasped over the
 other; with low tone of voice)” (When I was in high school, I was a
working student at the convent. (looking down, plays with her
fingers) After graduation, I applied at Good Shepherd for one
year (with eye contact with the interviewer). It was difficult for me
to adjust there and so I applied at the HRD here in SLU then I
pursued (working). My parents are not that rich, we’re not rich-
one hand clasped over the other, with low tone of voice)

According to Emerald:

“Actually, naiisip (thinks of the allowance that she will receive) ko po

nung napasok po ako dito (referring to her work). Kasi pag college
medyo malaki-laki ang tuition…” (Actually, I am thinking of it (the
allowance that she will receive) when I started working here.
Because upon entering college, the tuition fee is more costly.)

Every student have the desire to study but because of financial problems, there is a
possibility of either stopping or continuing their education. Many students find it difficult to enter
college particularly when they are not capable financially because the cost of education
continues to increase. Education is believed to be an opportunity to improve social and
economic status. It is a challenge for them to think of a better way to find financial support
especially in entering a university in order to continue their studies. Despite financial concerns,
there are students who are motivated to pursue and finish a college degree by means of
working. Students work to provide the basic necessities of life and to support their educational
needs as well as to have the experience for their future working jobs.

Due to the lack of financial support, these students subject themselves to work in order
for them to continue their studies. It is supported by Hall’s Journal (2010) which states that the
reason for working are predominantly financial although there are reports that gaining work
experience, even in areas not related to their studies, was an important consideration as well.
Riggert’s journal (2006) stated that approximately 80% of all college students are employed
while completing their undergraduate education. This will help them finish their studies and they
believe will help them have a better job in the future.

This implies that further assessment should be given due attention. Considering how
intense students feel the pressure of working while studying. Nurses can use this as a basis on
teaching these students on how to handle and adapt to stress. It will also give them an idea of
the kind of care to be used and how to approach their clients through the use of therapeutic
techniques. Nurses can help clients to explore their feelings, reflect and possibly make
conclusions that will help them find ways to positively cope with pressure.
 11

Adjustment

 Point of Equilibrium

 Personal Change

 Leisure after work

 Fear of the Unknown

 Academically Challenged

 Feeling of resentment

 Wishful Thinking

Figure 2: The second theme Adjustment with its 7 subthemes namely: Point of Equilibrium,
Personal Change, Leisure after Work, Fear of the Unknown, Academically Challenged, Feeling
of Resentment and Wishful Thinking

Adjustment

This period encompasses the time from becoming a working scholar to making the
necessary adjustments in order to fulfill the roles expected of them. It entails full acceptance of
the situation, taking hold of the circumstances and moving forward.

Point of Equilibrium

Equilibrium is defined as the state in which there’s a balance between two conflicting
condition. This point of equilibrium is the point where working scholars are able to manage both
the time they have for working and studying at the same time.

Amethyst said:

“Nung first mahirap siya (fixes her watch), pero nung matagal tagal na,
parang nagadjust na ganun. (nods)(At first it was difficult (referring to her
work) (fixes her watch), but as time goes by, I am able to adjust (nods).

“Anu pa ba? (pause, laugh) Yung ano minsan mahirap ganun tas minsan
kulang sa time lalo na kapag kunyari activities sa school. Pero hindi ka
makapunta kasi my work ka.” (What else? (pause, laugh), sometimes, it’s
difficult, sometimes I lack time especially for example in school activities.
You can’t attend because you have work.)
 12
Aquamarine stated:

“Sa advantage po (smiles), kaya kong makipagsabayan in terms in

school and work.” (In terms of advantage, (smiles) I can handle both school
and work simultaneously)

Beryl also verbalized:

“So bale gumagawa po ako ng ano, gumawa ako ng time scaling ko o chart
para, hindi ako nalilito minsan kasi nalilito minsan sa gagawin ko kung anung
uunahin ko ganun (cross legs). So yung ginawa kong adjustment is yung
inaalam ko muna yung subject ko, kung kaya ko bang i-manage, kung kaya ko
bang gawin yung mga projects, ganun.”(I make a time chart of my activities so
as not to be confused on what to do first (cross legs). So, what i did to
adjust is knowing first my subjects if I can manage it, if I can do my
projects. Something like that)

Emerald said that:

“Nung 1st sem AM nga ako, may subjects ako after duty inaalala ko kasi
siyempre yung time. Kunwari exam di ko po, di po ako makapagreview pero
nagrereview ahead of time. Yun lang po kailangan irefresh after yung 1st review).
(During first semester, I was scheduled in the morning, I had classes after
my duty, what I worry about is the time. For example, during exams, I
cannot review so I review ahead of time. The only thing is, I have to refresh
my memory after my initial review.)

Onyx:
“…hindi naman mahirap talaga, kailangan lang ng balance sa time mo at
trabaho…” (It’s not that difficult, you just have to balance your time and
your work).

According to the participants, the point of equilibrium entails having the ability to manage
time spent for working and studying. There were times when they were unable to manage their
time but upon reflecting on it, they were able to come up with strategies to cope and do better in
the future.

Work and academics both require adequate time in order to meet the demands of both
fields. The participants are given four hours per day requiring their full concentration on their
work. Time spent for academics, on the other hand, covers half of the day. As working scholars,
they are given sets of rules and regulations that has to be followed in order to maintain their
status. As a consequence, they need to fix their schedule in order to finish their requirements.
 13
According to the Theory of order and stability or Equilibrium Theory (Applebaum, 2002),
which is a part of the social change theory, the concept of stability is defining a characteristic of
structure and activities that are necessary for the survival of the system, i.e. society has
functional requisites or imperatives where different functional requisites produce differentiated
structures that specialize in accomplishing the requisites.

According To Parson’s Evolutionary Theory (Applebaum, 2002), there are four types of
change namely: System maintenance which is the most common and refers to restoring a
previous pattern of equilibrium. The second is structural differentiation which means increasing
differentiation of subsystem units into patterns of functional specialization and interdependence.
The third is adaptive upgrading which refers to the development of new mechanisms of
integration, coordination and control so as to incorporate the integrative problems by having
structural differentiation. And the last is structural change, the least common change, which
refers to key features of the system (e.g. basic cultural values, goals, distribution).

This implies that all people have the need to change in order to accomplish societal
needs. Adaptation in order to achieve equilibrium serves as the key in their lives as well as to
their survival. As nurses, it is our duty to teach them possible techniques to achieve equilibrium,
an example of which is time and stress management that helps to decrease the pressures they
feel during stressful situations.

Personal Change

These are the conscious modifications in an individual, which could be a habit, thinking
process, or the way working scholars react and socialize during the period of adjustment.

According to the working scholars, during the course of adjustment, there are changes
occurring within themselves which improves their character. This was supported by the following
verbatim below:

According to Beryl:

Actualy mahiyain akong tao hindi ako mahilig makipag-usap ganun.

Kung sakali lang hindi sana ako makiki-attend dito ngayon kung
ganun pa rin po ako (a shy person). Kasi ang dami po, biruin mo
haharapin mo sa isang araw almost 300 persons, diba po? So na-
eenhance yung sociability po ninyo sa other students, marami
kayung makikilala…(Actually, I’m a shy type of person. I am not
fond of talking with other people. I would not be here if I was
not a working scholar because I would still be like that (a shy
person) until now. If you think about it, you are facing a lot of
people every day, that would be almost 300 persons, isn’t it;
Because of that, your social skills will develop and you are able
to meet other people).

Emerald says:
Sabi nga po nila (raises eyebrows, pauses for a while) no man is an
island (smiles) kaya ikaw na mismo mag-aadjust. Kaya kinausap ko po yung
katrabaho ko “ay bago ka ba dito? Parehas tayo” tatanungin ko po kung anong
 14
course nila , parang makikipagusap po ako hindi po yung parang lalayo po ko sa
kanila, then tatanungin ko po kung matagal na sila, (pauses for a while, sways
hand forward while explaining) tapos tatanungin ko rin po kung paano yung
trabaho dito. Nagiging close po kami, yung self esteem po ang nadedevelop,
kasi kung lalayo lang po ako tas ayokong magtanong paano ka naman
makakasalamuha sa kanila, yun lang po.(As they say, (raises eyebrows, pauses
for awhile) “no man is island”, therefore you will be the one to adjust.
That’s why I initiate a conversation with my new co-working scholars. I ask
questions like “Are you new in here?” which is the same with me. I ask
their course then I make follow-up questions in order to establish a bond
with them and not to push myself away from them (pauses for awhile, sways
hand forward while explaining). I also ask them how the work is to be done.
By asking those questions, we become close with each other and my self-
esteem develops. If I will isolate myself from them ad I do not ask
questions, how can I get along with them? That’s all)

Meanwhile, Onyx said:

Bilang working student, una, sa physical..(Counting fingers) ano ba.

Saglit wag na yung physical.(opens both palms facing the interviewer) Sa
emotional, psychological, ano pa ba.. spiritual. Dati hindi ako nagsisimba. Nung
tumira ako sa mga pari, dun nagdevelop yung spiritual. Andun naman si father,
mabait naman sila. Sa mental, wala, normal ako (laughs). (Being a working
scholar, first, it’s on the physical.. (counting fingers).. What is it? Wait! Not
anymore the physical (opens both palms facing the interviewer). It’s more on
emotional, psychological and spiritual. Before, I do not attend mass. But
when I lived with the priests, my spiritual aspect as a person developed.
Anyway, Father is there and he is kind. On mental aspect, I have nothing to
say, I’m normal- laughs)

Aquamarine stated that:

…kung saan-saan ako pumupunta, at sinu-sinong nakakahalubilo. Pwede

ko ring i-take na advantage na kung saan-saang school ako pumupunta…
(interruption) yung subject ko eh, magmumula sa Nat Sci (School of Natural
Science), humanities. Nakikilala ko yung style ng ugali nila. Nakikita ko yung
pagkakaiba. Punta ako sa SOH (School of Humanities), nanonosebleed(smiles)
ako sa English nila…So instead na i-take for granted ko, kailangan kong
makipagsabayan.(… I go anywhere and I mingle with everybody else. I
consider going to different schools an advantage because my subjects
starts with Nat Sci (School of Natural Science), then humanities. I get to
know their styles and attitude. I can see the difference of each school.
When I go to SOH (School of Humanities),I have difficulty as expressed
with the use of the metaphor “having nosebleeds” in their English subject
(smiles). So instead of taking it for granted, I need to level off with them.)
 15
And Amethyst says:

“Ano para sa akin parang nagkaroon ng new experience, parang na-

apply mo na rin sya (apply it to some situation in your life) o parang ah…eto pala
yun kung bakit ganito yung ibang bagay na kapag natututunan mo parang
nagkakaroon ako ng (eyes roll upward then to the right) additional knowledge
about sa medical, eh syempre diba hindi naman yung field ko sa medical kahit
parang hindi ako sa medical field parang alam ko yung gingawa nila”.(For me,
it’s like having a new experience which you can apply it (apply it to some
situation in your life). When you learn something from your work, it’s like
you are having additional knowledge (eyes roll upward then to the right) like
in the medical field, even though my course is not related to it, at least I
know what they are doing)

The participant sees the experience of being a working scholar assigned in an area that
is not related to their course a means of acquiring additional knowledge.

For the researcher’s, this refers to the changes being experienced by the working
scholars due to adjustment. Such changes results in the acquisition of new knowledge that can
have an effect on their character or any aspect of their everyday life. This change gives an
affirmative effect on their totality as a human being.

According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour by Icek Ajzen (Armitage, 2001),

behaviour is dependent on one’s intention to perform such behaviour. The intention is
determined by an individual’s attitude which includes his beliefs and values about the outcome
of the behaviour. Behaviour is also determined by an individual’s perceived behavioural control,
which is defined as an individual’s perceptions of their ability or feelings of self-efficacy to
perform the behaviour. Working scholars tend to change their behaviour as a result of the
adjustments they undergo and the influence it has on their life.

This implies that changes occur on these working scholars as determined by the
necessary adjustments that they should do. It is now then the duty of the nurse to assess
whether such changes enhances the totality of the patient or the opposite. Aside from
assessment, nurses can also make a plan of care that would address if such changes are not
helping the client through giving proper guidance in order to understand the situation and
formulate a plan of action that will promote a positive change.

Leisure after Work

This is a state when working scholars engage themselves to other diversional activities
to find ways to relax that affects the physical, emotional and spiritual aspects of human being.
These activities may be in a form of sports, music, being with friends, etc.

This is supported by the following verbatim:

 16
According to Aquamarine:

“Karate student kasi ako sa YMCA…Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday at

Saturday. 4 PM.” (I’m a karate student at YMCA… My schedule for karate
class are Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday at 4pm.)

According to Onyx:

“Meron, sa church, parang sumasali ako (activities in the church),

(dangling of both feet) dito rin sa SLU meron ding mga seminar about religion.”
(There is, in the church, I tend to join in the activities (referring to activities
in the church- dangling of both feet) also here in SLU, there are also
seminars about religion)

“Oo, CCPG, Bibak, Vinculum (these are organizations). Yun parang

pumupunta sa ibang lugar.” (Yes, CCPG, BIBAK, Vinculum (these are
organizations). It’s like going to other places)

Amethyst stated that:

“Sa social life ah sa akin hindi ako masyado kasi pag minsan diba pag-
international (irregular student), minsan walang vacant (time) kaya ang kasama
ko din naman yung ka-working namin dyan… tas minsan rin naman kaming
lumabas. (In the aspect of social life, I do not much deal with it because if
you’re an international (Irregular student), sometimes there is no vacant
(time) that’s why my companion just the same is my co-working scholar…
then sometimes, we go out)

Meanwhile Beryl stated that:

“Actually okay na okay talaga. Masayang masaya kasi ahmm…lalo na si

Doctor…minsan nag-jojoke po kasi si Doc”. (Actually it’s absolutely fine.
We’re really happy because ahmm… most especially with Doc…
Sometimes doc gives jokes.)

According to Emerald:

“Pag may time naman po, kakain tas matutulog.” (If I have time, I’ll eat then
sleep.)

Working scholars engage themselves with extra- curricular activities they find meaningful
in their life.

Based on this subtheme, the researchers interpreted that despite the adjustments in
terms of working while studying, working scholars can still allocate time for extracurricular
activities. In contrast to their statements of the hardships of being a working scholar, they learn
to manage being engaged in other activities.
 17
According to Gitari and Mokaya (2012), participation in recreational activities was found
to be useful in the management of work-life balance. Recreation is a significant factor in
employee performance; increases the level of commitment, enhances bonding and improves
employee well-being with a consequent positive effect on job satisfaction, service provision,
customer satisfaction and productivity.

This implies that despite the presence of time constraints of being a working scholar,
involvement in extra- curricular activities with proper time management is possible and is
considered by working scholars.

Fear of the Unknown

This refers to the immediate psychological response of the working scholars where they
felt nervous and confused during their initial exposure to their working environment.

According to Amethyst:

"So parang sa first day of class.. ung day.. pang morning shift nung
second sem, parang kinakabahan kasi pagdating ko doon, hindi ko alam ung
talagang gagawin ko,parang first ko talaga doon kasi taga bakakeng ako, hindi
ako dito sa Main. Hindi ko siya kabisado. parang naconfuse ako kasi di talaga
maganda yung orientation sa department yung parang ganun..." (Just like the
first day of class this second semester, I was on a morning shift duty. I was
nervous when I arrived at the workplace. I did not know what to do, it was
my first time there because I’m from Bakakeng campus, and not here in the
main campus. I’m not really familiar with it, I was confused because the
orientation in the department was not so good)

According to Beryl:

“So nung nakapag-apply (as a working student) na ako, kinakabahan. Di

ko alam yung gagawin and then na-hire ako bilang working scholar dito … (So,
after I applied (as a working student), I was nervous. I did not know what to
do. Then I was hired as a working scholar here)

According to Emerald:
“So nung 1st time ko po as usual syempre kinakabahan ako…” (As usual,
During my first time to work, I was nervous.)

According to Onyx
“Nung 1st year, nahirapan ako magadjust, parang culture-shock (eyes
widens then shrugs), kelangan mag-adjust. “(When I was in first year, I had
difficulty adjusting just like a culture shock where I needed to adjust)
 18
And Aquamarine stated:

“…may bagsak tapos di mo na alam kung anong gagawin ko… for

example kabibigay nila yung grade eh bagsak tapos pagdating ng work yun ang
usapan. mapapaisip ka na 'matatanggal na ata ako sa working' o kaya
'makakapag-aral pa ba ako?' ganun..” (Had a failing grade then I didn’t know
what to do anymore… for example, they just received a failing grade then
upon arriving at work, it will be the talk. You will think that I will be
removed as a working student already” or “Will I still be able to continue
studying? something like that)

According to the participants, they felt anxious and were confused because of being
exposed to a new environment and situation. This is how they described the fear of the
unknown.

As to the researcher’s interpretation, the vague feeling of the participants is due to the
fact that they are entering a new environment. They now feel anxious, confused and nervous
because they lack the experience or knowledge about the nature of their work.

Supported by Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral Theory (George, 2002) on her second

assumption, it was defined that a system “tends to achieve a balance among various forces
operating within and upon it, and that man strives continually to maintain a behavioural system
balance and steady states by more or less automatic adjustments and adaptations to the
“natural” forces impinging upon him”. The individual is continually presented with situations in
everyday life that require adaptation and adjustment. These adjustments are so natural that they
occur without conscious effort by the individual.

According to Humanistic theory (Smith, R. Segal, J. Segal 2010), anxiety focuses on

personal responsibility and personal growth; it is a more positive outlook in life. It also focuses
on being a fully-functioning adult, being able to process and accept information no matter how
unpleasant it is. "Although it may be unpleasant, anxiety isn't always a bad thing. In fact, anxiety
can help us stay alert and focused, spur us to action and motivate us to solve problems.

As nurses, we can lighten the anxiety of first time working scholars by teaching them
relaxation techniques. It will not only help relax first time working scholars, it will also help them
become more focused on future experiences they will encounter.

Academically Challenged

Academically Challenged is defined as the instances where working scholars were not
able to balance their work and studies. This is for the reason that participants have undergone
adjustments in their situation and while they were in the process of coping, they claimed that
they had difficulty in prioritizing their work and studies and as a result, their grade became
lower.
 19

According to Amethyst:

“Nung second sem, dun nagadjust kaya ung mga grades ko parang
medyo bumaba kasi walang wala yung mga priorities mo (referring to grades).
Kasi morning magwowork ka, parang pagod na pagod ka at mag-aaral ka pa.”
(During the second semester, that was the time where I was adjusting. So I
got lower grades than before because of difficulty in prioritizing (referring
to the grades) since you work in the morning, you feel so tired after and
then still you need to study.)

Aquamarine stated:

“Ganito kasi yun, nung first, dati talaga akong engineering.

Nagkabagsak.. nung prelims yun, di ko maisip, bakit hanggang 65 nararating
namin. Pero hindi lang ako, marami kami,(who got a failing grade) kaya tinuluy-
tuloy parin naming (continue enginerring). ako parang gusto ko nang umayaw,
pero tapusin nalang natin, alangan naman na binayaran nila (pertaining to the
scholarship program) (hands together)libre nang ibinigay sakin tapos parang
wala lang sakin? Kaya tinuloy ko nalang kahit na alam kong wala na akong
chance, sige pa rin” (stretches feet and crossed) (It was something like this at
first, my course was engineering. I failed during the prelims, I can’t imagine
having a grade that goes beyond 65. But it was not only me; there were a
lot of us,(who got a failing grade) so we decided to still continue (continue
engineering). I wanted to quit, however, I need to finish it since they paid
for it (pertaining to the scholarship program) (hands together), it was free,
then I’ll just act like it was nothing at all? That’s why I still persisted even if
I know that I don’t have a chance” (stretches feet and crossed).

According to Beryl:

“O kamusta kana” (referring to the doctor asking him how he is in terms of

his academic performance) ganun-ganun sya…. yung problema… sa grade
mababa” (Oh how are you? (referring to the doctor askingvhim how he is in
terms of his academic performance) , he asked me like that.., the problem
is… my grades are low).

Onyx stated:

“Medyo bumaba yung grades ko nung una pero nakapag-adjust naman

habang nagtatagal” (paused for a while). (My grades we somewhat went down
but I was able to adjust as time goes by)

According to Emerald:

“Ok lang naman po mga grades ko pero pag nagkakasabay-sabay yung

 20

mga quizzes minsan mababa.” (My grades are okay, however there are times
when quizzes are scheduled on the same day, sometimes I get a low
grade.)

As a working scholar, they need to have a passing grade in order for them to maintain
their scholarship program but because of the changes that occurred when they started working,
they faced a dilemma of having to receive low grades.

The researchers interpret this as the working scholar’s dilemma because of having to
balance the time spent in work and studies which resulted in them having low grades.

This subtheme is supported by Womble’s Journal (2001). The correlation between hours
worked in a week and GPA (grade point average) seems obvious. The more time spent at work,
the less time a student spends studying. Having to hold down a job and still be a college student
is a constant source of stress. Also, mentally juggling the two roles of workplace and college
student can itself be stressful. Finding the time to work a full or part time job and take it
seriously, and also maintain focus on academic studies can be perceived as stressful. Being
exhausted from working the night before can cause a poor attendance record and also give a
student less time to study, resulting in a poor academic performance.

Time management and good prioritization is greatly significant in college life especially
among working scholars since it is very much needed for them to maintain their average grade
and scholarship. As health educators, it is our duty to care not only for their physical aspect but
also for the other aspects such as emotional, mental and intellectual.

Feeling of resentment

This refers to the participant’s sense of annoyance, disappointment, and ill-feelings

towards other co –students, superiors and staff, or even themselves as a result of different
situations that they have encountered during the time that they were having their duties in their
respective offices. This is supported by the statements below:

According to Aquamarine:

“(wets lips) Di ko alam. Nasa kanila yan. Kung sa akin lang, at least
nakakatulong ako sa parents ko (looks down). Kahit estudyante ako. Pero yung
iba, ayaw nilang magtrabaho. Winawaldas lang nila yung pera nila. (sniffs &
clears throat). Naiinis ako sa ginagawa nila kasi ako nag wowork ako tapos sila
nasa inuman, winawaldas yung pera tapos mababalitaan ko na nag drop na sila.
(right hand touches the nose) Negative yung reaction ko dun. Sana ako nalang
sila para makahabol ako at pwede pa akong makapag arrange ng time ko.
(nods)” (wets lips) I don’t know. It’s up to them. For me, at least I’m able to
help my parents. Even if I’m still a student. But for others, they do not want
to work, they are just spending their money to unimportant things. I’m
annoyed with them because I am working while they were just drinking.
then I’ll hear that they were dropped already. My reaction to that is
negative, I hope that I was like them so that I am able to cope up and
arrange my time (nods)
 21

According to Emerald:

“Tinawag kami ba’t ganito ganyan diba 2nd time mo na to akala ko ba lam
mo na (said by the staff) hmmm parang nainsulto po ako dun pero basing from it
may point naman po yung staff namin kasi parang (pause) pero ang point ko
lang po dun bakit nya sasabihin yun (refers to inappropriate way of
reprimanding)
(Our attention was called and asked “why is this like this and like
that”(said by the staff), this is your 2nd time so I thought you already know
this, i was kind of insulted but based on the situation, our staff have
a point. But why does he need to say it that way (refers to inappropriate way
of reprimanding)

According to Amethyst:

“pero hmmm.. pag yung mga iba ding students kasi pag lumalabas
kung ano ano lang ang pinagkakagastusan kaya nakakainis din.”( but when
other students are going out, there were just buying unnecessary things
which annoys me).

According to Onyx:

“Parang yun na talaga ang status. (refers to their current socio-economic

status) (maintain eye contact with the interviewer) Ako nalang gagawa ng
paaran, alangan na sisihin ko sila. Kasi yung iba nag-aaral, (head faces the right
side) ako hindi.” (It’s as if that is really the situation (refers to their current
socio-economic status) (maintain eye contact with the interviewer), I’ll be
the one who’ll make ways, I won’t blame them. Because others are
studying, and I am not- head faces the right side).

According to Beryl:

“So nafe-feel ko na malungkot ,nagagalit sa sarili ko (because of wrong

performance of the job expected of him to do) kahit laging kahit masayahin
akong tao parang nararamdaman ko na galit ako sa sarili ko.” ( I feel sad, I’m
angry to myself because of wrong performance of the job expected of him
to do) even though I’m a happy person I can still feel that I’m angry to my
self.

In the study, the participants have shared that they have the feeling of resentment when
they see and meet students who are not even valuing the hardships and sacrifices of their
parents. Also, they feel disappointment because of not being able to do the tasks expected of
them which results to them being scolded inappropriately. They also feel disappointment due to
life circumstances that they think they cannot change such as their current social status.
 Based in this subtheme, the researchers have interpreted that the participants have the
feeling of resentment whenever they see a regular student who does not value their parent’s
sacrifices and hardships. They have this feeling when they encounter these regular students
spending their money given by their parents to something irrelevant while the participants are

22

working hard in making money and in helping their parents. The participants knows how hard it
is to earn money, they had experienced making sacrifices as they made the choice to work
while studying at the same time. Moreover, they feel they are incompetent with the tasks given
to them and that they cannot carry. Sometimes they do feel annoyed towards their superiors.

This is supported by the theory of Julian Rotter (1975) "cognitive behaviorism" of social

learning wherein there is a psychological situation and the person interprets or defines the
situation. The response to this situation is predicted when, the expectation is known.

As stated in the humanistic theory (Cacho, 2005), the person you are today is largely
the product of all of your previous choices. The humanistic viewpoint also places greater
emphasis on immediate subjective experience. In the Attribution theory by Fritz Heider (1958), it
was proposed that how people explain events and experiences in their lives, and the
adaptational consequences of those explanations. Attribution theory is concerned with how
individuals attribute or explain the behaviour of other people, events, or even their own.

As nurses, in order to ease the participant’s feeling of resentment, they can present the
actual situation to the participants and make them realize that every behavior has its own origin.
Behaviours are developed by certain experiences and situations as people grow. In this way,
the nurses could help the participants in understanding the behaviors of the regular students.

Wishful Thinking

Wishful thinking is defined as having one’s interpretation of circumstances, facts, or

situations according to their personal preference or desire. Working scholars have stated their
own inclinations with the following verbatim stating their own ideas on how things should have
been:

According to Aquamarine:

“Sana ako nalang sila para makahabol ako at pwede pa akong makapag
arrange ng time ko.” (I wish I was like them so that I can keep up and be able
to arrange my time.)

”Mas masuwerte talaga yung mga regular students kaysa sa aming mga
working students. At least kaya ng regular student na mag manage ng time.
Kung working students, kailangang mag adjust.” (Regular students are more
lucyk than us working students. At least regular students can manage their
time unlike working students, where they have to adjust.)

Beryl stated:

“Actually nung first week po talaga inisip ko na matatagalan ako (referring

to the time it takes to finish college degree), alam mo yun, iniisip ko na marami
 akong magagawa kung sakaling makakapag-aral ako ng deretso” (Actually,
during my first week I was thinkig that it would take a long time for me to
finish my college degree. You know, I’ve been thinking that there are a lot
of things that I can do if I would be able to study continuously)

23

Meanwhile, according to Emerald:

“Bale 2nd year irregular ako. Kung sana di ako working, kasabay ko sana
kayo.” (I’m a 2nd year irregular student. If only I wasn’t working, we can be
on the same year level.)

Onyx said:

“Mabebehind (referring to the time it takes to attain a college degree),

kung di sana working, kasama mo sana sila, parang wala ka ng oras.” (I’ll be left
behind (referring to the time it takes to attain a college degree) If I wasn’t a
working student, I would be with them, it’s like having no time.)

Amethyst mentioned that:

“Di kagaya niyo na maraming time sa paglabas labas, kung di nga lang
ganito (being a working scholar) , nagsosocialize din sana ako.” (Unlike you
regular students who can have so much time to go out. If only I was not a
working student, I can also socialize.)

Working scholars revealed their yearning and desires pertaining to conditions that may
be and might have happened if only they can change it to the way they want it to be.

From their observations of regular students, they have the tendency to compare
themselves specifically concerning the capability to manage their time, whether it is from having
a period for leisure, finishing their requirements, and lastly the time it would take for them to
finish their education.

This can be related to Lazarus' (1993) journal on coping, in which wishful thinking was
one of the coping strategies which usually occur on stressful situations. It also stated that if
there is nothing to be done, then wishing should not be harmful. The downside of it though
prevents a person from trying more productive strategies in a situation that can be ameliorated.

Another journal is from Guows (2003) wherein it states that that it is commonly
acknowledged that when people cannot satisfy their desires by controlling reality, they engage
in wishful thinking, especially in the case of powerful desires.

Wishful thinking is one of human behaviors that have the tendency to occur when one
cannot achieve his or her ideal world and may lead to a point where it becomes a maladaptive
form of coping strategy. As health educators and in order to prevent this, nurses can utilize
therapeutic communication, such the use of presenting reality in order for them to clear off
misconceptions and to enable proper techniques in which they would be able to focus on
addressing the real and current situation.
 24

STRENGTHENING SUPPORT SYSTEM

 Family
 Co-student working scholars

Figure 3: The third major subtheme is “Strengthening Support System” with its subtheme
namely: “Family” and Co-student working scholars”

Strengthening Support System

It refers to the support system and the social environment which helps the working
scholars surpass the challenges of life that they face. Due to the responsibilities given to them,
the people around them serves as an inspiration for them to become motivated and strive
harder to finish their studies.

Family

This refers to the basic unit of the community in which one gets his source of
encouragement and support while working and studying at the same time. Family has bestowed
strength to endure the trials or hardships that come along their way.

According to Beryl:

“…And then to my family proud na proud sila sa akin pati Tito at Tita ko,
Lolo Lola ko, ah yun yung balita na ano, na responsible ako…”(My family are
very proud for me including my relatives, and they see me as a responsible
person.)

And when he was asked regarding the reaction of his mother, Aquamarine stated:

“…Syempre, mmm.. Masaya din. Sabi niya “Kustodayta” Tama lang yun.
Buti na lang naka apply ka sa working scholar” Buti na lang yun yung sabi niya”
(And when he was asked if what the reaction of his mother is, he said, “of
course, I’m also happy. She told me that what I did was right. She was very
thankful that I had the opportunity to be a working scholar.)

It is also supported by Onyx after being asked on how his parents helped him:
 “(shakes head) Suporta, mag-aral ka ng mabuti, advice lang ganun. Sa
financial, wala talaga. Kasi nagwowork sila para sa trabaho nila, para sa food ng
pamilya.” (Support, you have to study harder, more on advice. Financially,
we really have nothing. Because they work in order to provide food for the
family)

25
Meanwhile according to Emerald:

“(raises eyebrows, pauses for a while) …sinusuportahan ako ng parents

ko kaya pag ganitong ginagabi ako ok lang parang sasabihihin “kain ka na” kasi
alam naman po nila sinabi ko naman na po kung anong time ako uuwi at ano
yung ginagawa ko (smiles)” (raises eyebrows, pauses for awhile) (My parents
support me that’s like when I go home late, it’s just okay for them and they
would say ‘ go and eat’ because I tell them what time I will be going home
and what I am doing- smiles)

Aquamarine also shares:

“Syempre mmm, masaya din. (feeling happy due to being accepted as a

working scholar) Sabi niya (said by the mother) “kusto dayta” (which means
that’s right) tama lang yun. Buti nalang naka-apply ka sa working scholar.” (Of
course mmm, I’m also happy (feeling happy due to being accepted as a
working scholar). My mother said, ‘That’s right. It’s good that you’re able to
apply as a working scholar’)

The participants feel the support and understanding given to them by their family
and this serves as their inspiration in continuing being a working scholar.

The researchers have proven that the family have important roles in their lives. They are
the ones whom gave them full support and encouragement to fulfill their dreams. They lighted
their path in order for them to choose the right way. This basic unit of society is the first people
who taught them to be the best that they can be and they are always at their side in times of
difficulties and they are able to endure those hardships with them and these are their foundation
to give all their best.

In the study entitled The Impact of Parental Involvement, Parental Support and Family
Education on Pupil Achievements and Adjustment by professor Charles Desforges and Alberto
Abouchaar (2003), it is stated that in order for an individual to maximize their potential, there is
in need for support coming from parents and people around them. Person’s adjustment and
achievement is influenced by people and institutions. Parents, peer, neighborhood, schools and
other bodies contribute towards shaping a person’s progress towards their self fulfillment. The
person itself plays a vital role in forming and reforming their attitudes, aspirations and
achievements and with the help of the support system they were able to strive more and exert
their very best. In the study, participants shared that they have supportive family and friends that
keep them going and becoming positive all throughout their battle in life. This also gives them
encouragement and comfort whenever they face some hardships that they encounter at school
and work. These are some of the reason for them to withstand the circumstances in their current
situation.

As health educators, nurses can counsel the family members and the working scholars
about ways to promote successful emotional, physical and psychological status through the use

26
of therapies such as reality therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. As a nurse, we are not
caring only for their physical aspect but also to the whole aspect of a human being. Empathy is
important in order to have a more holistic approach.

Co-student workers

These are the individuals whom you can depend on. In any situations, they serve also as
your source of strength. They show that even if you are faced with a lot of difficult situations,
they still continue to be with you and they make you realize that you’re a stronger person
because you accepted the responsibility to send yourself to school in order to attain quality
education. They won’t let you hold all the grudges and difficulties because they make you feel
that they won’t let you down no matter what.

According to Beryl:

“…pagdating sa trabaho parang kunyari may gagawin ako sya muna ang
papalit kahit hindi nya duty. So kapag may, kunyari kakain na sya, hindi pa sya
kumain ako man yung papalit sa kanya kahit hindi ko pa duty kasi syempre
maraming pasyente kailangang tulungan, so brothers and sisters nga po yung
kwan dun. At sa pag-everyday kunyari may nangyarisa akin, shine-share ko po
sa boss ko sa kanila lalo na sa mga kasama ko as a working students.”
(When it comes to work and I still have important things to do, my co-
working student will take my place even if it is not her duty. In return, I do
the same favor for her, just like when she has not yet eaten. We help each
other because there are a lot of patients here. We’re like brothers and
sisters. And if something happened, I share it to them especially to my
boss.)

Aquamarine stated:

“Stick together kami kahit nag graduate na yung iba, kami pa rin yung
magkakasama. Kung may bago, magpapakilala kami sa kanila tapos sasama na
sila sa mga kalokohan namin.”(We stick together even if the others have
graduated already, we are still together. And if there are new working
scholars, we introduce ourselves to them and make them feel that they are
now part of the team by letting them join us in our group whenever we have
time to have fun and joke around.)

As supported by Amethyst:

Kasi sa akin, parang mga employees na ung parang tumutulong na sa

amin. at doon (points at the medical clinic’s direction) na inaayos yung schedule
 ganun. (For me, the employees are the ones helping us (points at the
medical clinic’s direction) with regards to fixing our schedule.)

27

Emerald shared that:

“sabi nga po nila (raises eyebrows, pauses for a while) no man is an

island (smiles) kaya ikaw na mismo magaadjust, kaya kinausap kop o yung
katrabaho ko “ay bago ka ba dito? Parehas tayo” tatanungin kop o kung anong
course nila , parang makikipagusap po ako hindi po yung parang lalayo po ko sa
kanila, then tatanungin ko po kung matagal na sila, (pauses for a while, sways
hand forward while explaining) tapos tatanungin ko rin po kung paano yung
trabaho dito by nagiging close po kami yung self esteem po ang nadedevelop.
(Like they say, (raises eyebrows, pauses for a while) no man is an island
(smiles). You have to take the initiative to adjust, that’s why you have to
talk to your other workmates. For example, “Are you new here?” “Me too!”
Then I’ll ask if what’s their course, to be able to socialize with them and not
isolate myself. Then I’ll ask if they’ve been working there for a long time.
(pauses for a while, sways hand forward while explaining). Then I’ll also
ask them how is the work here, and through that we became close and we
are able to develop self-esteem.)
Lastly, Onyx stated that:
“Ina-ano sa sarili (place right hand over chest) kung maganda yung
pakikitunguhan nito. Pero syempre analyze muna kung maganda ung resulta, at
may natutunan ako dun.” (It can be applicable to oneself, (place right hand
over chest) if the result will be fine. But of course you have to analyze if the
outcome will be good and I’ve learned from it.)
From the participants verbatim, it is interpreted by the researchers as the persons that
are always there in good or bad times when their family is not around. These are the people
whom willing to help them in times when life knocks them down and even time may pass, they
are still there for them to give that comforting touch, words of encouragement and support.

In the study, the participants shared that they have good interpersonal relationship with
their family, friends and other people surrounding them for this people gives them support and
unconditional love. It is supported by the theory of interpersonal relations (Raj, 2009), it is
defined that interpersonal relationship is an association between two or more people that may
range from fleeting to enduring. Interpersonal relationships are formed in the context of social,
cultural and other influences.

As nurses, counseling to these working scholars would be helpful for them to realize that
besides from their families, there are still people that are ready to render their ears to listen and
hands for them to reach out if they feel depressed or hopeless with the utilization of
interpersonal therapy and self-esteem therapy. In this way, nurses can promote an optimum and
satisfying interpersonal relationship to the participant and let them view the world as their
companions.

Inspiring Transformation

 Degree of Self-fulfilment
 Sense of Maturity

Figure 4: The fourth major theme: Inspiring Transformation with its subtheme namely: ’Degree
of Self-fulfillment’ and ‘Sense of Maturity’.

Inspiring Transformation

Working while studying leads to an inspiring transformation in which positive traits

and behaviour are being developed in one’s self. They now find meaning with their experiences
as a working scholar. Inspiring Transformation refers to the progressive multi-factorial change
that occurred along the way as these working scholars strive for them to achieve their goals.

Degree of Self-fulfillment

It refers to the point in which a person has the ability to exhibit a sense of contentment
and confidence with one’s efforts, accomplishments, and in the things that they do. This is
supported by the verbatim as follows:

According to Amethyst:

“Para (right hand holds her torso) sa akin maganda naman parang kasi
eh diba yung para sa akin lang ha. Kunyari sa aming magkakapatid na tatlo
parang sa part mo parang alam mo na hindi ka pabigat sa family mo na ikaw
kailangan mong magbayad ng ganyan, kaya para sa akin parang hindi sya
ganun ka ano yun feeling na tulad nung first sem na lalo na kapag examination
maghahanap ang parents ng pera pero nung naging working (eyebrows raise to
emphasize) parang magaan sa feeling na parang alam mong makakaexam ka
hindi katulad nung first sem na iniisi mo nab aka hindi ka makakapagexam kasi
hinid mo nabayaran yung tuition mo pero nung ano parang alam mong
makakapagexam ka kasi parang exceptional (nods, smiles) ka sa mga
magbabayad.” (For me (right hand holds her torso), it’s good. I have 3
siblings; you know that you’ll not be a burden to your family because you
 do not need to pay. During the first semester, especially examination days,
your parents will still have to look for money, but when I became a working
student (eyebrows raise to emphasize), it made me be at ease, unlike the
first semester wherein you’re worried about whether you’re going to take
the exam or not, but now, you’ll know that you’ll be able to take the
examinations because you’re exempted from paying for it.)

Aquamarine stated:

“Syempre masaya ako na natulungan ko sila... Masaya ka na may halong

parang nadagdagan yung responsibility mo na dapat mag stand ka sa sarili
mo…” (Of course I’m happy that I am able to help them. Happy, mixed with
a sense that there will be additional responsibilities that will enable you to
stand on your own.)

Meanwhile, Beryl said:

“I learn a lot and then syempre na-experience ko na yung kung paano

magtrabaho tapos parang hindi dapat ibababa yung grado mo dapat name-
maintain mo sa, parating hindi naman 75 lang kundi 85 or higher po.” (I learned
a lot and of course I was able to experience how to work. You should not
lower down your grades, but you should maintain it not only at 75 but 85 or
higher.)

Emerald said that:

“hmmm hmmm sa financial libre po (smile) wala kaming binabayaran so

parang tinutulungan ko na rin yung parents ko” (In financial matters, it’s free.
We don’t have to pay for anything so in that way I am able to help my
parents.)

Lastly, Onyx stated:

“Love your work, basta masayang maging working student. (Uses left
hand while explaining)” (Love your work, anyhow, it’s fun being a working
student.)

The participants find that being a working scholar has its own advantages and considers
it as beneficial, mostly in the context of their own finances. Due to this, working scholars have
the sense of satisfaction in the field they have engaged in primarily because it had lessen the
burden of their parents from seeking financial support to let their children be able to attend
school and supply them their personal needs. And knowing that they are able to be of aid to
their family, they have developed an attitude in which they show appreciation for the life of being
a working scholar.

A journal related to this is from Broadbridge and Swanson (2006) in which their
participants identified positive effects of combining employment and studying. Enhanced self-
esteem, confidence and social skills from employment may help students adjust to university
life, as well as providing them with the skills for use in later life. Other students have identified
general social aspects of working and the general satisfaction they gained from working. One
participant mentioned, ‘I really enjoy my job with Debenhams. I like the position that I have and
the responsibility of the job.’ Another student stated, ‘I do love it. The social aspect of it as well.
You meet so many people. It’s given me experience of working with people, working with
money, management experience. I’ve become more outgoing since I started here, which is
going to help me.’

This is also supported by Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Cacho, 2005) where it proposed
a hierarchy of needs that represented various needs that motivate human behavior. This
suggests that the needs in a certain level must be met before moving on to the next. At the peak
of this hierarchy is self-actualization. It is described as “…the desire for self-fulfillment, namely,
to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially.” According to Cherry of
About.com Guide (2012), self-actualized people tend to accept themselves and others as they
are. They tend to lack inhibition and are able to enjoy themselves and their lives free of guilt.

This implies every individual have each one’s criteria of accomplishments and
circumstances that are to be undergone before attaining self-fulfillment. To promote this, nurses
are can utilize therapeutic communication such as giving recognition or acknowledgement of
their accomplishments, if ever it is needed for them to attain a sense of fulfillment.

Sense of maturity

Sense of maturity is defined as the response of working scholars to different situations or

circumstances in an acceptable way. It is when they reached a state in which they behave or act
to a certain situation appropriately.

This is supported by the verbatim of the participants below claiming that because of the
different changes occurred in their life when they started being a working scholar, they
developed a sense of maturity within themselves.

According to Amethyst:

:(puts left hand to chest) “ ... kapag break hinahanap mo pa rin yung
pagwowork ka sa clinic yun yung para sa akin na part na sya ng everyday life mo
na pag break parang gusto mo nang mag work sa ____(working place) ganun
yung experience ko sa akin na parang kasi maganda rin naman yung experience
ko kaya parang hinahanap- hanap ko talaga sya. ((puts left hand to chest)..
even if it’s my free time, I’m still longing for working in the ____(working
place). For me it’s been part of my everyday life, that even if it’s your break,
yet you still want to work in the clinic. My experience towards my work is
good, that’s why I’m yearning for it.)

Aquamarine also stated that:

“…Tapos naisip ko dun, dapat ngayon na working ako, dapat mas mabuti
ang gawin ko. Sana ngayon na working ako, maintindihan nila kung hindi ako
makapagtrabaho ng maayos sa bahay... Dapat pagbutihan mo, parang may
nagsasabi sayo ng ganon, na tatagan yung sarili…” ( And then I realized that I
should perform well because I’m now, I’m working. Now, that I’m working, I
hope that they will realize why can’t I perform well on household tasks. You
should do it well, it’s like there something telling you that you should be
firm)
It is then supported by Beryl’s statement:

“In general kung paano ako mag-isip hindi na ako isip bata, parang
tumaas yung sarili ko tapos marami na akong nagawa na bagay tulad nalang ng,
katulad nalang ng, mas lalo akong naging active sa Gawain…” (in general, how
I think is not like a child anymore. Its like myself has been improved, I’ve
done a lot of things and I’ve been more active to work.)

Emerald said that:

“…hmmm… (sways hand forward while explaining, pauses for a

while)Kasi po nansa policy po naming na kahit na ganun yung ginawa samin
wag po naming ituturn back na kasungitan na ginawa po nila samin para po kahit
ganun po sinabi nila “ay sorry po pasensya na po hmmm…” (Sways hand
forward while explaining, pauses for a while) Because it’s in our policy that
if ever that particular instance will occur, we will not turn back the same
rude attitude they portrayed to us.)

“ …Magiging polite parin po kami kasi kahit sa likod naming naiinis po

kami, paano na lang po yung sasabihin nila sa mga SA dito sa floor na to hindi
lang po kami ang maapektuhan pati head namin pati na din SA dito sa library
iisipin po nila ay ganito siya baka ganito rin yung iba.” (we will still be polite
even if at the back of our minds, we are annoyed. If they’ll say something
about the SA in this floor, we’re not the only one who will be affected, but
also our head in SA. They might generalized that we are all like that)

Onyx verbalized that:

“Ayos lang, di naman tayo perfect na tao. (clasps hands over the other)
Dun ka rin matututo na mali na po yun. Take it as a positive way nalang.” (nods)
(It’s all good. We’re not a perfect individual. (clasp hands over the other)
We learn from our mistakes. Just take it in a positive way. )

Because of their experiences and changes that have gone through in their life being a
working scholar, they have developed a sense of maturity. They are now acting and behaving
accordingly within the norms of the society they are living in. And because of this
transformation, they are now able to become responsible with the outcome of their own actions
and behaviors.

It is supported by Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory (1978) in which he discussed

the importance of cultural tools to the social development approach. These are items in the
culture such as computers, books, and traditions that teach children about the expectations of
the group.

The above subtheme is also supported by Robert Kegan's Theory of Social Maturity
(2007). He stated that an individual developed an interindivdiual mindset in which it starts to
recognize a diversity of ways that someone might act and still be acting in accordance with a
coherent value system or even a culture.

This implies that without the exposure to such experiences, working scholars would not
have matured to the persons they are now. They have learned how to deal and handle such
situations in their life because of their experiences as a working scholar. Nurses should help
them to use these experiences in order for them to react accordingly to situations that they have
to deal with.

Nurses should also give positive reinforcement to such clients who have a sense of
maturity to help them realize that the way they respond to certain situation is considered as a
strength on their part. Nurses can also be an eye opener to their clients who haven’t build on
their maturity in order for them to develop it by utilizing therapeutic communication skills to
assist them formulate a state in which they will react to such situation accordingly to the custom
of the society.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Living as a working scholar brings about changes of having to go through different
stages of being a late adolescent. They are being thrown to an exposure of a life of adults which
they strive to live through payed jobs.
They undergo a turning point in their lives where they have insufficient financial support
that can put them to school which caused them to be concerned of their future. The feeling of
uneasiness to this insufficiency fueled them to expose themselves to the environment of
working scholars.
Due to the turning point that they have chosen, they are forced to undergo an adaptation
process where they went through a series of experiences that put them into an ever changing
abyss of conflict and confusion. These experiences affected some aspects of their attitude,
capabilities and even studies. They also felt varied emotions such as anxiety, pressure, stress,
envy, confusion and anger as they went through these adversities tested their capability to
continue working and studying, but it did not end there. Findings reflected that they made
necessary adjustments and modifications to stabilize this abyss and made a straight way out of
it. The concept of coping in such situations has been the common experience of working
scholars as reflected from the findings. They were able to reach the point where they have
attained the ability to unravel the interference of work and study. Lastly, they were also able to
find leisure after going through different situations that challenged their capabilities as working
scholars.
Their ability to adapt to their current situations as a working scholar does not only
depend on their own capability. This has been supported by the researchers’ findings that
working students have a wider support system that help them innovate and continue to study
while working. Working scholars have someone to depend on for support as they go through
such experience. They have families that encourage them to strive which served as an
inspiration for them to continue working and studying. They have friends that help and support
them in their current state. The researcher’s findings revealed that the participants’ consist of
fellow working students whom they mostly interacted with as well as their superiors who guides
them in their work
From adapting to various struggles, conflicts, problems and trials, as early as one year of
being a working scholar, they have shown innovation to their being. With the experiences they
have achieved, they were led to a transformation of their being. Working scholars revealed
changes of their life attitude. They felt fulfillment among themselves from working as well as
being able to improve their sociality and self-esteem. Lastly with the difficulties they have
undergone, their capability in handling situations maturely had a significant improvement as
reflected on the findings of the study.
Based on the findings of the study, the researchers conclude that working scholars
undergo a process of adaptation and a series of adjustments to obtain a college degree. The
process evolves over time through four distinct steps namely Turning Point, Adaptation,
Strengthening Support System and Inspiring Transformation, which differ depending on
significant experiences, interpretations and their associated meanings. The four steps suggest
at what point various concerns require increased understanding and therapeutic communication
to help support working scholars in their capability to adapt or cope in order for them to progress
as beings.
It is recommended that further researches to be conducted to learn more about working
scholars within the institution by going to a more in depth review of exploring the experiences
from other categories of working scholars such of those who work as a member of CCA
performing group, Marching band and athletes. It is also recommended to study the lived
experiences of working students with more than or less than one year working experience to
have a broader view and understanding of the different experiences depending on the length of
experience itself. Researches about working students in different institutions are also
recommended for a broader understanding and to explore differences in experiences. It is also
recommended that quantitative study be conducted pertaining to working scholars. The
researchers also recommend integration of findings in the form of example in some psychiatric
concepts. It is also recommended for the working scholars to use these findings as a form of
reflection that may put them into realization of their self-worth. The use of Focused Group
Discussion is also encouraged to enrich data collection and analysis. Finally, that the Saint
Louis University Administration or other institutions offering working scholarships to enhance the
services, programs or plans which serve as benefits for working scholars.
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