CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

The need for an automated and controlled system of fish farming in our world of today has

become inevitable due to the ever growing importance of fisheries aquaculture. This importance

is being reflected in terms of human consumption of fish and as a source of income for

individuals and nations. Aquaculture, which is the cultivation of aquatic organisms (fish, aquatic

plants and other organisms) in a controlled aquatic environment either for commercial,

recreational, or consumption purposes, is one of the fastest growing industries in the world due

to the rapid increase in the demand for fish and other seafood as major sources of protein. The

tremendous growth in human population globally has also led to a proportional growth in the

demand and supply of fish. Fisheries aquaculture provided about 52.5 million tonnes of fish in

2008 with this statistics increasing to about 55.1 million tonnes in the year 2009 and a forecast of

about 57.2 million tonnes being made for the year 2010. (Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO) of the United Nations, 2010).

In Nigeria, aquaculture production is one of the productive and profitable sectors contributing

about 4.4% of the Gross Domestic Product (Thompson and Mafimisebi, 2014). Nigeria is one of

the major inland fish producing countries in the world, having a total production ranging from

182.264 and 304.413 tonnes between 2004 and 2008 (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

of the United Nations, 2010). Despite this production level, the current demand for fish

massively surpasses the available supply, such that in 2014, it was estimated that the demand for

fish was about four times the quantity produced locally (Ozigbo et al., 2014).

1
Attempt to bridge this gap between the demand and supply of fish and fish products has led to

various work in the area of automation and control of the aquaculture system. This research work

would therefore seek to develop a fish pond monitoring and automation system which would

provide an efficient fish rearing system. The rapidly growing demand for fisheries has

necessitated the use of various technological approaches in fish pond management. This is in an

attempt to improve fish production through automated system of fisheries aquaculture.

In this proposed research work, an automatic feeder (hopper) would be developed and then

controlled by the application of a servo motor which would control the opening and closing at

preset intervals. A unique aspect of this feeding system would be such that additional feeds

would only be drop after the fishes had consumed the already dropped feeds. This would be done

in order to avoid feed wastage and water pollution as being presently experienced and this would

be achieved using the turbidity sensor.

This research work would also develop an automatic water circulation system such that at any

point in time the pond water is found to be polluted, this polluted water would be drained

through plastic pipes to a water reservoir. Filters would be incorporated to remove any waste

particles in the water so that purified water would be sent to the reservoir before being pumped

back to the fish pond. Also, sensors that would measure water quality parameters and update the

fish pond manager through a Short Message Service (SMS) using a Global System for Mobile

communication (GSM) module would be incorporated.

The control aspect of the system would be coordinated by use of the Arduino Uno

microcontroller. Two of this microcontroller would be used, the first one would be interfaced

with the servo motor that would control the opening and closing of the hopper (feeder) and also

control the pumping machines. The second would be interfaced with the various sensors used in

2
the system which are the sensors for measuring water quality parameters, water level sensor, and

turbidity sensor.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research work is to develop a fish pond monitoring and automation system that

improves on the efficiency of fish rearing.

The objectives of this work are:

i. To monitor pond water quality parameters using sensors (temperature and pH sensors)

and send a report to the pond manager such that any deviation from the accepted

optimum values would be detected and then action taken.

ii. To develop an automatic feeding system that reduces feed wastage and water pollution.

iii. To develop an automatic water circulation system.

1.3 Problem Statement

Due to the ever growing population in the world, the demand for fish and fish products is

increasing tremendously by the day to the extent that dependence on wild-caught fish can no

longer meet up with the demands. Attempt to meet up with this demand has led to various

research work in the area of control and automation of the fish rearing system which are aimed at

improving on the efficiency of the system. However, from literatures and preliminary

investigation of some of the existing fish pond, not much have been done in the area of automatic

feeding system that reduces feed wastage and water pollution. Hence, this particular research

work would therefore develop an automatic feeding system that would take care of feed wastage

and water pollution while also carrying out monitoring and control of the fish rearing system.

3
1.4 Motivation

In order to improve the productivity and efficiency of the fish rearing system, there is need to

operate the system in such a way that all or most of its operations are monitored and controlled

automatically. Extensive research work have been carried out on the ways of monitoring and

automating the various activities involved in fish pond management as the advantages of this

automated system over the historical human monitoring system cannot be overemphasized. This

automatic monitoring and control system has become necessary as a result of the frequent

shortcomings associated with human controlled system such as time delay among other things.

However, not much have been seen of a system which incorporates all the aspects of an efficient

fish rearing system into a single automated unit. Hence, the possibility of developing a

monitoring and automated system where all or most of the activities involved in an efficient fish

pond management are being catered for is the motivation for this research work.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this research work would be limited to designing an automated control and

monitoring system for a prototype fish pond, which would consist of a single hopper (feeder), a

plastic bowl (used as the fish pond), and another plastic bowl used as the water reservoir. 30cm 2

plastic bowls would be used for this purpose. This prototype which would be developed would

be powered by an independent energy source (solar power system) whose major components

would be the solar panel, a deep cycle battery, and a charge controller which would be sized

depending on the energy requirements of each of the components of the system.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Work

Yeoh et al., (2010) developed an automatic feeding machine for aquaculture industry. The aim of

their work was to develop a machine which automatically feeds the fishes in a pond with the

intention of automating the feeding process in order to overcome the problems of manually

feeding the fishes. Their design has the ability to serve dried fish feed in different forms such as

pellets, sticks, tablets or granules into the fish ponds in a controlled manner and for a preset

period of time. The automatic feeder has a digital timer which is being used to feed the fish at

specified intervals given by the operator. The limitation associated with their work is that only

the feeding aspect of the fish pond was being taken care of in an attempt to automate the fish

rearing system. Also, for such design to be used in a country where there is no constant power

supply from the national grid, then an independent power source has to be supplied as the control

system has to be constantly powered to operate the feeder at the predetermined times.

Garcia et al., (2011) did a research work on monitoring and control sensor system for fish

feeding in marine fish farms. The aim of their work is to design a feeding control system which

makes use of a group of sensors to take appropriate decisions that will avoid feed wastage when

the fish are fed in marine fish farms. By making use of the data obtained from a group of sensors,

their system is able control the feeding of the fish, thereby reducing costs and also avoiding

pollution of the pond water. In the design of their system, they made use of the nature of the

movement of the fishes and some parameters from the water such as speed and direction of water

current, water quality parameters like pH, temperature and salinity, water turbidity among others.

5
They made use of a group of under-water transducers to measure these parameters and then

analyze the data obtained to carry out control of the feeding process. The major gap identified

with their work is the absence of a real time update of the pond manager on the status of the pond

and also the absence of an independent power source.

Noor et al., (2012) did a research on the design and development of automatic fish feeder system

using PIC microcontroller. The essence of the research was to reduce the cost of labor as well as

develop better pellet dispense system. The developed device consists of the mechanical and

electrical systems to control the feeding activity of the fish. The main components of their device

are the pellet (feed) storage, former, a stand, DC motor, and microcontroller. Their device works

in such a way that the pellets, contained in the pellet storage, are controlled by the DC motor. A

timer was used in this device to control the rotation of the motor which is attached to sphere

former that dispenses the pellets into the water. The rotation speed of the motor determines the

rate at which the pellets are dispensed into the water. The microcontroller has a keypad which

was used to determine the suitable speed for the motor. The limitation or gap associated with

their work is that it did not address the problem of uneaten feeds in the fish pond. Hence more

feeds are being dropped when the next feeding time is reached and this can result in feed wastage

and water pollution.

Mbonu et al., (2014) did a research work on an Intelligent User-friendly Aquarium Control

System for Efficient Fish Production in Nigeria. Their work was based on designing and

implementing a universal intelligent control system which automates the operation of an

aquarium system. They made use of an intelligent microcontroller, AT89c51, to carry out water

temperature control, lighting of aquarium environment, feeding of fish, and also draining and

refilling of the aquarium tank. Their system is such that a keypad is interfaced to the controller

6
through which the aquarium manager can select a suitable range of temperature and the feeding

times. To be able to know when to drain and refill the aquarium, they used a dirty water detector

(sensor) to detect the purity of the water. They simulated a prototype of this design before finally

building the physical system. The major gap identified with their work is the absence of a real

time update to the pond manager on the status of the pond and also the absence of an

independent power source.

Chandanapalli et al., (2014) did a research work on the design and deployment of aqua

monitoring system using wireless sensor networks and IAR-Kick. Since in Aquaculture, the

water characteristics of the aquaculture pond determines the yield (fish, shrimp, and so on), their

research work was therefore aimed at maximizing fish yields. To achieve this aim, they showed

that certain parameters which include dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, turbidity, pH

level, alkalinity and hardness, ammonia and nutrient levels have to be kept at certain optimal

levels in the water. To monitor these parameters, they designed a real time information system

which consists of two modules; the transmitter station and the receiver station. In their design,

parameters such as pH, humidity, and temperature both inside and outside of the water were used

as sensor nodes at the transmitter station. In addition, microcontrollers, GSM, analog/digital

converters were also present. At the other end, the receiver station has a GSM module which was

used for receiving the sensing data from transmitter through a GSM network. A prototype of

their design was made and tested which worked fine. However, this work only focused on the

monitoring of water quality parameters and sending a report of the readings to the pond manager.

This work is therefore short of developing an efficient feeding system for the fish and also

automatic pond water circulation with the aim of purifying polluted pond water. Also, an

independent power source will be required to improve the efficiency of such a system.

7
Ani et al., (2015) developed a solar powered automatic shrimp feeding system. The main

objectives of their research work was to design an automatic feeding system in order to solve the

problem of manual feeding and also to provide an alternative source of power (through solar

system) in order to solve the crisis of epileptic power supply. They made use of a ten-hour timer

which was set at intervals as desired by the user. However, the gap identified with this design

which can be improved upon is that it fails to address a situation whereby the fishes fail to eat the

dropped feeds, hence dropping more feeds at the next programmed time will result in feed

wastage and pollution of the pond water.

Ogunlela and Adebayo (2016) did a research work on the development and performance

evaluation of an automatic fish feeder. They designed, constructed, and evaluated the

performance of a simple and inexpensive automatic fish feeder which does not require high level

of technical expertise for it to be operated. The main parts of the automatic feeder are stainless

steel hopper, bi-directional DC motor, feed platform and electrical control box. In their design,

they considered certain parameters for the effective construction of the device, which include

capacity of culture tank (pond), stocking density of the feed, bulk density of the feed, diameter of

the feed, fish biomass, and angle of repose of the feeder. The major gap identified with their

design is the absence of an independent power source to give constant power supply to the

system which is needed to ensure continuous operation of the feeder at the specified periods of

time.

Uddin et al., (2016) did a work on the development of automatic fish feeder. They defined the

automatic fish feeder as a device that automatically feeds the fish at a predetermined time. The

essence of developing the automatic fish feeder was to control the feeding of the fish by using a

feeder which combined the mechanical and electrical systems to form a device instead of

8
manually feeding the fish by hand. Another essence of developing the automatic fish feeder was

to save the fish pond manager from having to constantly go to the fish pond to manually feed the

fish by hand. They also monitored the environment of the fish pond in terms of the water

temperature. The components they used for the automatic fish feeding device were a motor, a

stand, fish storage, Programmable Logic Circuit (PLC), and a Global System for Mobile

communication (GSM) handset. The device was to work in such a way that it feeds the fish by

dropping feeds from the storage through a hole, the size of the hole controlled by a piece of

block attached to a motor. A timer was used to control the feeding times at an interval of time.

Also, a feedback system was sued to sense the level of feed left in the storage and then send an

alert to the pond manager through a Short Messaging Service (SMS). The main challenge they

faced in their work was coding of the components (servo motor, PLC, and GSM handset) and

also interfacing to function as a unit. There was also cost limitation as most of the components

were not cost effective. Absence of an independent power source for the system is also a gap

associated with the system.

Xie and Jiang (2016) developed an Intelligent Fishpond Monitoring System Based on STM32

and Zigbee. The aim of their work was to monitor the temperature and dissolved oxygen content

in the fishpond, by ensuring that the dissolved oxygen content in the pond is at optimum level as

required by the fishes. Their design was based on stm32 and Zigbee wireless transmission

technology whereby Zigbee was used to set up a sensor network to monitor multiple fishponds.

Temperature and dissolved oxygen sensors are used to acquire data from the fish pond and the

data is transferred to the stm32 which is the master controller. Using the data obtained, a control

strategy is then generated which could be used to control an oxygen-enriching machine used to

produce an optimal amount of oxygen for the fish pond. Test results showed that the productivity

9
of the fish pond was greatly increased by the monitoring and control system designed. The major

gap identified with their work is the absence of a real time update of the pond manager on the

status of the pond and also the absence of an independent power source.

Cahyono and Lestari (2017) carried out a research work on the automation of fish pond water

circulation by using Arduino Uno based control system. Their work was based on the fact that

the success of any freshwater aquaculture system depends on some factors, one of which is the

pond water quality parameters (that is dissolved oxygen level, pH). The purpose of their work

was to automate fish pond water circulation by using Arduino Uno microcontroller to control the

pH level of the pond water. They also used water level sensor to measure the level of water in the

fish pond. The recommendations they made at the end of their work in order to improve upon it

was that the control system be updated such that the fish pond manager can have a real time

update of the fish pond condition through a GSM SMS system.

Harun et al., (2018) developed a real time fish pond monitoring and automation system using

Arduino. The aim of their work was to develop a system which will automate the daily

operations associated with the fish pond which usually includes monitoring water levels,

temperature and feeding of the fish. In their work, they made use of a fish pond located in

Malacca, Malaysia. They made use of various sensors to measure water, temperature, pH and

dissolved oxygen (DO) levels which were then incorporated with an aerator and water supply

pumps using a programmable controller called Arduino. Their research work also included

presenting the measured information on display gadgets (LCD) or sending them to an online site

as long as there is an internet connection where they can be viewed by the pond manager. The

gap associated with their work which can be improved upon is the absence of a GSM module

which can be incorporated into the design so that the pond manager can receive real time update

10
on the pond status through an SMS on his mobile phone even when there is no internet

connection. Also, an independent power source is required for such a system so as to avoid any

downtime in operation due to power failure from grid supply.

11
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

The methodology which would be adopted in this research work for the set aim and objectives to

be achieved is as outlined below:

i. Design of the monitoring and control system which would automate the fish pond

activities.

ii. Mechanical construction of the design prototype

iii. Design of the independent power source (solar power system) to continuously power the

entire system.

Shown in figure 3.1 is a block diagram of the control and monitoring system for the fish pond:

SERVO MOTOR
LCD

PH SENSOR
AND ITS ADC
PRESET
ARDUINO
BUTTONS
TURBIDITY
SENSOR AND
WATER ITS ADC
LEVEL
SENSOR TEMPERATURE
SENSOR

REAL WATER GSM

TIME PUMP MODULE
CLOCK

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of the Control and Monitoring System of the Fish Pond

12
3.1 Design of the Monitoring and Control System which would automate the Fish Pond

Activities

The monitoring and control circuit ensures the automation of the entire system. The

microcontroller that would be used for this research work is the Arduino Uno. The methodology

that would be adopted would start with the simulation of the circuit using proteus. Proteus

Design Suite is a software tool suite developed in Yorkshire, England by Lab center Electronics

Ltd with an initial release in the year 1988 and is used mainly for electronic design automation. It

is primarily used by electronic circuit engineers to create schematics and electronic prints for

manufacturing printed circuit boards. The language that would be used for the coding is C++

which is the standard language for Arduino. During the simulation, the codes would be written

on Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). These codes would then be debugged

to ensure the functionality before being loaded to the Arduino using a Universal Serial Bus

(USB) cable. The flow chart for the program is shown in figure 3.2.

13
 START

INITIALIZE LCD

OUTPUT WELCOME MESSAGE

SET THE TIME

IS TIME SET?

NO

YES
IS IT FEEDING TIME?

NO
CHECK FOR FEED LEVEL

IS THE LEVEL LOW?

YES

IS TURBIDITY LOW?
NO YES NO

SEND TEXT MESSAGE

YES

TRIGGER THE SERVO TO OPEN

FEED

CHECK FOR PH AND

TEMPERATURE LEVEL

IS THE TEMPERATURE AND PH ABOVE TRESHOLD?

SEND TEXT
NO YES

14
The turbidity sensor would be used to determine whether or not the dropped feeds have been
END
eaten by the fishes so as to avoid excessive dropping of feeds into the fish pond which could

result in wastage andFigure 3.2: The

pollution offlow
thechart
pondforwater.
the control
The program
level sensor would be used to determine

when the water level in the pond is down to a certain level during drainage of water from the

pond and also when the water level reaches up to certain level during refilling of the pond. These

sensors would take readings of the water quality parameters, which are analogous physical

properties and convert them to analogous electrical quantities. These analogous electrical

quantities would then pass through an analog to digital converter which would convert them to

digital electrical quantities to aid the digital optimization. The digital equivalent of the physical

quantity would then be fed to the controller which would then be processed. The controller

would also be connected to a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen which would display the

status of the water in terms of pH and temperature. The preset buttons would be used to make the

system programmable. In other words, they would be used to enable the operator to set critical

point for the variables such that when the readings get to this points, the program within would

override everything to send a message to the pond manager. Also at normal condition, the system

would also be programmed to send messages of the pond status to the pond manager at intervals

of an hour. The massages would be sent through a GSM module which would be connected to

the controller.

3.2 Mechanical Construction of the Design Prototype

The mechanical construction of the prototype for this research work would be done from locally

sourced materials which would be able to the purpose for which this work is intended. The

hopper (fish feeder), fish pond, and the water storage would be made from plastic bowls. Plastic

15
 piping system would be used to link the fish pond to the water storage in order to effect the water

recycling process.

3.3 Design of the Independent Power Source (solar power system)

An independent power source (solar power system) would be used to power the designed system.

The choice of this independent power source to power the system would be necessary due to the

epileptic nature of power supply from the national grid and as a result of the fact that the

controller circuit would need to be constantly powered at all times so that there would not be any

failure in carrying out the control of all the various sections of this system. This power circuit

would consist mainly of three main components which are the solar panel, the battery, and the

charge controller. It would be noted that the inverter would not be included in the design of the

solar power system because all the loads that would be used by the system would be Direct

Current (DC) loads. The energy requirement of each of the components would be considered and

determined, and hence the total energy requirement of the system would be determined. This

total energy would then be used to determine the sizing of the components of the solar power

system.

The proposed sizing of the various components of the solar power system is as outlined:

I. Energy needed

The power consumption of electrical appliances are usually given in Watts, to calculate the energy

needed over a time, for every appliance, its power consumption is multiplied by its period of intended

usage.

For water pump; 40W ‘ON’ for 1 hour per day

= 40WH per day

16
For servo motor; 20W ‘ON’ for 30seconds (1/2minute = 1/120 hour) per day

= 0.167WH per day

For control Circuit; 15W ‘ON’ for 24hours per day

= 360WH per day

For temperature sensor: 5W ‘ON’ for 12hours per day

= 60WH per day

For image sensor: 10W ‘ON’ for 12hours per day

= 120WH per day.

For PH sensor: 10W ‘ON’ for 12hours per day

= 120WH per day.

For water level sensor: 5W ‘0N’ for 12hours per day

= 60WH per day.

TOTAL = 40 + 0.167 + 360 + 60+120 +120+60

= 760.167WH per day

Solar panel size

Based on 6hours sunshine per day, the size of the solar panel will be;

760 .167 WH
=126 .69 W
6H

However, from the standard sizes of solar panels, 150W solar panel is proposed for this system.

II. Battery size

Also, from the figure of the total energy needed, the Ampere Hour of the battery was determined as;

760 .167 WH
=63 .35 AH
12V

Where 12V is the terminal voltage of the battery used.

17
From the standard, 100AH Lion battery is proposed because it has 80% usable power which is 80AH

and this can handle 63.35AH from the calculation.

III. Choice of charge controller

To calculate the of the charge controller, the Ampere Hour figure of the proposed battery is divided by

its terminal voltage.

100
=8. 33 Amps
i.e. 12

From the standard ratings of charge controllers, a 10Amps charge controller is proposed for the system.

Note that this system does not require any inverter as all the expected loads are made to be DC loads.

18
4.0 EXPECTED RESULTS

By following the aforementioned methodologies systematically, at the end of this research work,

after making the design and building the prototype, fishes would be reared using the developed

automated system, and these would be compared with fishes reared using a manual fish rearing

system. Also, the rate at which water from both systems are polluted would be compared. It

would be expected that fishes reared using the developed automated system to have higher

growth rate compared to fishes reared using the manual fishing system. Also, a higher rate of

water pollution would be expected in the manual fish rearing system compared to the developed

automated fish rearing system.

19
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