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Multiple Access Techniques For Wireless Communications

This document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communications. It describes frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA allocates separate frequency channels to users. TDMA allows multiple channels per carrier by dividing the available bandwidth into time slots. CDMA allows multiple users to share bandwidth by using orthogonal code sequences.

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ROB JAMES
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99 views

Multiple Access Techniques For Wireless Communications

This document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communications. It describes frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA allocates separate frequency channels to users. TDMA allows multiple channels per carrier by dividing the available bandwidth into time slots. CDMA allows multiple users to share bandwidth by using orthogonal code sequences.

Uploaded by

ROB JAMES
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multiple Access Techniques for

Wireless Communications
Wireless network characteristics
• Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems
(beyond multiple access):

A B C
C

A’s signal C’s signal


B strength strength
A

space
Hidden terminal problem
• B, A hear each other Signal fading:
• B, C hear each other • B, A hear each other
• A, C can not hear each other • B, C hear each other
• means A, C unaware of their • A, C can not hear each other
interference at B interfering at B
Multiple Access
• Enable many mobile users to share simultaneously radio spectrum
• Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between a number of
transmitters at different locations
• Aim to share a channel between two or more signals in such way that
each signal can be received without interference from another
Types of Channels
• Control channel
• Forward (Downlink) control channel
• Reverse (Uplink) control channel
• Traffic channel
• Forward traffic (information) channel
• Reverse traffic (information) channel
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Allocation of separate channels to FDMA signals (single channel per
carrier)
• All 1G systems use FDMA
FDMA
• Two bands of frequencies for every user
• forward band
• reverse band
• Duplexing is needed to allow subscribers send and receive
information simultaneously. e.g., telephone systems,
• Frequency separation between forward band and reverse band is
constant
FDMA
FDMA
FDMA
FDMA Channel Structure
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Multiple channels per carrier
• Most of 2G systems use TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA
TDMA Channel Structure
TDMA Frame Structure
Combined used of Synchronous TDMA and
FDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal
to each other
• Some 2G systems use CDMA
• Most of 3G systems use CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
CDMA
• Multiplexing technique (CDMA) used with spread spectrum
• Start with data signal rate (D), called bit data rate
• Break each bit into k chips according to fixed pattern specific to each
user, called user’s code
• New channel has chip data rate kD chips per second
• E.g. k=6, three users (A,B,C) communicating with base receiver R
CDMA Example
CDMA Explanation
• Consider A communicating with BS
• BS knows A’s code
• Assume communication already synchronized
• A wants to send a 1
✓ Send chip pattern
• A’s code
• A wants to send 0
✓ Send chip[ pattern <-1,1,1,-1,1,-1>
• Complement of A’s code

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