CE 311 Fluid Mechanics

Winter 2018, Assignment 4, Due February 16

Problem 1

The Bernoulli equation for steady frictionless incompressible flow along a

streamline between two locations 1 and 2 can be written as

Water flows without friction

from the top of a tank of water
open to the atmosphere along a
streamline from location 1 to 2
at the bottom of the tank,
where it discharges into the
atmosphere.

With the datum for elevation as shown, the Bernoulli equation reduces to which of
the following.

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Problem 2

Pitot tubes are placed in two ducts in which air is flowing and the static pressures
of the flows are equal. The stagnation pressure tap and the static pressure tap
are connected to manometers as shown. The manometer reading for duct A is
height h and that for Duct B is 2h. The relation between the velocity VA in duct A
and the velocity VB in duct B is

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Problem 3

There is steady frictionless flow of water from the tank of water and through the
pipe shown below. The figure that best indicates the variations of the Energy
Line (EL) and the Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) for the flow is

See figure 3.22 in the textbook.

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Problem 4

Water flows into a large tank at a

rate of 0.012 m3/s as shown in the
figure to the right. The water leaves
the tank through 20 holes in the
bottom of the tank, each of which
produces a stream of 10.2-mm
diameter. Determine the equilibrium
height, h, for steady-state operation.

𝑚3
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄1 = 0.012
𝑠

𝜋
𝑄2 = 20𝐴2 𝑉2 = 20 𝐷22 𝑉2
4

𝑚3 𝜋 𝑚
0.012 = 20 (0.0102𝑚)2 √2 (9.81 2 ) ℎ
𝑠 4 𝑠

𝒉 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝒎

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Problem 5

Water flows from a pressurized tank,

through a 6-in.-diameter pipe, exits
from a 2-in.-diameter nozzle, and
rises 16 ft above the nozzle as shown
in the figure below. Determine the
pressure in the tank if the flow is
steady, frictionless, and
incompressible. Assume that the
nozzle is at the same height as the
water in the tank.

First choose an equation to model the flow.

Are the assumptions and conditions for the use of Bernoulli’s Equation satisfied?
Calculate the pressure in the tank (lb/ft2).

𝒍𝒃 𝒍𝒃
𝒑𝟏 = 𝜸(𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 ) = (𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝟑
) (𝟏𝟖 − 𝟐)𝒇𝒕 = 𝟗𝟗𝟖 𝟐
𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕

𝒍𝒃
𝒑𝟏 = 𝟗𝟗𝟖
𝒇𝒕𝟐

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Problem 6

Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in the figure below. For the given
0.39-m difference in the manometer level, determine the flowrate Q.

𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
= 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 + = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 + 𝒙
𝜸 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒎 𝒎
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 + 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟏 = √𝟐𝒈(𝟎. 𝟑𝟗) = √𝟐 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 ) (𝟎. 𝟑𝟗) = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕
𝟐𝒈 𝒔 𝒔

𝝅 𝒎 𝒎𝟑
𝑸 = 𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝒎)𝟐 (𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝑫
𝟒 𝒔 𝒔

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Problem 7

Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe shown in the figure below at a
rate of 12 ft3/s. If viscous effects are negligible, determine (a) the water speed at
section (2) in ft/s, (b) the pressure at section (3) in psi, and (c) the flowrate at
section (4) in ft3/s. The elevation differences between points (1), (2), and (3)
equal zero.

From (1) to (2):

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊, 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊, 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝟏 𝟏𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑽𝟏 = 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝑨𝟏 𝟏𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝒔

𝒍𝒃 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒇𝒕 𝟐 (𝟔. 𝟑 𝒍𝒃 ) (𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝒊𝒏𝟐 )

(𝟏𝟎 ) (𝟏𝟒𝟒 ) (𝟏𝟎
𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝒔) 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝒎
+ = + → 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕
𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔 𝟐 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔 𝟐 𝒔
𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒇𝒕𝟑

From (1) to (3):

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𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟑 𝑽𝟐𝟑 𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟑 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒛𝟑 , 𝒑𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊, 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝒔 𝒔

𝒍𝒃 𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒇𝒕 𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟐
(𝟏𝟎 𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟐 ) (𝟏𝟎 ) 𝒑𝟑 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟎𝒍𝒃
𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒕 𝒔 𝒔
+ = + → 𝒑𝟑 = = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟑𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝒍𝒃 𝒇𝒕 𝒍𝒃 𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 (𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 ) 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 (𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝟐 )
𝒇𝒕 𝒔 𝒇𝒕 𝒔

Also

𝑸𝟒 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸𝟐 − 𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑨𝟑 𝑽𝟑

𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝒎 𝒇𝒕 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝒇𝒕𝟐 (𝟐𝟑. 𝟕 ) − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒇𝒕𝟐 (𝟐𝟓 ) = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏
𝒔 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔

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Problem 8

The figure shows a horizontal pipeline with a sudden enlargement. The energy
grade line and the hydraulic grade line under a certain flow of an incompressible
fluid of specific weight 10 kN/m3 are also shown. Find the pressure change due to
the enlargement.

The difference between the EGL and the HGL is the velocity head.

Velocity head upstream of enlargement = 5 m

Velocity head downstream of enlargement = 2 m
Decrease in velocity head= 5 m – 2 m = 3 m
Hence increase in pressure head= 3 m

Or, increase in pressure= γ h= (10 kN/m3) (3 m) = 30 kPa

Therefore, the answer is "an increase of 30 kPa".

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Problem 9

Consider the free jet of an incompressible fluid flowing through an orifice fitted to
a constant level tank as shown. Ignoring all losses, which of the following is a
correct statement about the magnitude of the initial velocity U of the jet?

a. U is directly proportional to the orifice diameter.

b. U is inversely proportional to the fluid’s density.
c. U is proportional to the square root of the depth h.
d. U is proportional to the square of the depth h.

Applying Bernoulli equation between the free surface of the tank (point 1) and a point in the jet just
downstream of the orifice (point 2),

Substituting the above values, thus, U is proportional to the square root of the
depth h.

Therefore, the answer is "U is proportional to the square root of the depth h".

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Problem 10

A manometer is connected across the tapering section of a pipeline as shown. The

specific gravity of the manometric fluid is 1.8 and the specific gravity of the fluid
flowing through the pipe is 0.72. When the velocity at section 1-1 is 3 m/s, the
manometric deflection, h = 6 cm. Ignoring all losses, find the velocity (m/s) at
section 2-2 under the above conditions.

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