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You are here: Home / Components / Types of Capacitors Explained

Types of Capacitors Explained

by S. Prakash
Last Updated on June 19, 2018 by Swag 6 Comments

In this post we learn regarding the basics of capacitor, and also regarding the various types of
capacitors which are commonly available in the market and used in most electronic circuits.
The performance parameters of every capacitor are different and thus their applications also
differ accordingly.
One of the electronic components’ forms which is used widely is the electronic capacitors. Apart
from this, the other capacitors used in the industry include ceramic, silver mica, electrolytic,
plastic, tantalum, and others.
Each type of the capacitor is used in various applications according to their respective
disadvantages and advantages.
It is quintessential that the right type of capacitor must be selected as the circuit in which the
capacitor is used is greatly by the capacitor.
Thus, in case a correct type of capacitor is not selected to insert in the circuit on the basis of its
parameters, it can result in the improper or faulty functioning of the circuit.

Basics of capacitors
The physical laws which basically govern the various types of capacitors are same and are
adhered to accordingly.
These basic laws determine various parameters of the capacitors such as how the capacitor
would operate, the value of the capacitor, and its capacitance (the maximum amount of charge
which the capacitor will hold).
Thus, the basic theory on which capacitors are built and work enables to understand the
different capacitors forms and how these can be or are used.
Note: Even though there have been numerous developments in the field of dielectrics, the basic
laws on which the capacitors work has not changed and they apply to date.

Types of Capacitors and Dielectrics

As discussed above, although the basic laws on which the capacitors work, the properties of the
capacitors differ enormously because of the manner in which each type of the capacitor is
constructed.
The various properties which various types of capacitors possess is given by their main element
which is located between the two plates of the capacitor and is known as “dielectric”.
The dielectric constant of the capacitor can impact the capacitance level which the capacitor
can achieve at a given specific volume. Also, various capacitors of different types can be found
to be polarized in nature wherein the voltage running across the capacitor is tolerated in one
single direction only.
On the other hand, various capacitors of different types can be found to be non-polarized in
nature wherein the voltage running across the capacitor is tolerated in both the direction.
The capacitors are commonly named on the basis of the nature of the dielectric which is
present in the capacitor.
This is indicative of the general properties which the capacitor will be exhibiting along with the
various different types of circuit functions where they can be used.
Overview of capacitors and its different types
The various types of capacitors which are being used are as follows:

Ceramic Capacitor:

The capacitor namely, ceramic capacitor is used for multiple applications including RF and
audio.
The range of the values of the ceramic capacitor is between few picofarads and 0.1
microfarads. The ceramic capacitors are the most widely used in the industry since it is the
most reliable and cheap type of capacitor available.
Also, another reason for its common and wide usage is that the loss factor of the ceramic
capacitor is very low. But the loss factor of the capacitor is also dependent on the dielectric
which is used in the capacitor.
The ceramic capacitors are used in both the formats of surface mount and leaded because of
the constructional properties of the capacitors.

Electrolytic Capacitor:

One type of capacitor which is polarized in nature is electrolytic capacitors.

The capacitance values which are offered by the electrolytic capacitor is very high, which
ranges more than 1µF. Electrolytic capacitors are used in the industry commonly for the
applications which are conducted on low frequency such as decoupling applications, power
supplies, and applications of audio coupling.
This is because these applications have the frequency limit of nearly 100 kHz.

Tantalum Capacitor:

Another type of capacitor which is polarized in nature is tantalum capacitor. The capacitance
level provided by the tantalum capacitor at their volume is very high.
One of the drawbacks of the tantalum capacitor is that there is no tolerance in the tantalum
capacitor towards reverse biasing which can result in the explosion of the capacitor when
exposed to stress.
Another drawback is that it has very low tolerance to the ripple currents and thus they should
not be exposed to high voltages (such as voltages which is higher than their working voltage)
and high ripple current. The tantalum capacitors are available in both the formats of surface
mount and leaded.

Silver Mica Capacitor:

Although the usage of the silver mica capacitors have decreased significantly in the current era,
the stability provided by the silver mica capacitors are still very high along with providing high
accuracy and low loss.
Also, there is sufficient space available in the silver mica capacitors. The applications where
they are primarily used include the RF applications.
The maximum values to which the silver mica capacitor is limited to is approximately 100pF.

Polystyrene Film Capacitor:

The polystyrene film capacitors provide capacitor of close tolerance wherever required. Also,
these capacitors are relatively cheaper than that of other capacitors.
The dielectric sandwich or the plates present in the polystyrene film capacitors are rolled
together which results in the shape of the capacitor in tubular form.
The placement of the dielectric sandwich and shape of the capacitor limits the response of the
capacitor to high frequencies due to addition of inductance and thus responds to only few
100kHz.
The general availability of the polystyrene film capacitors is in the form of leaded electronics
components.
Polyester Film Capacitor:

The tolerance provided by the polyester film capacitor is very low and thereby these capacitors
are used in situations when the prior consideration is the cost.
The tolerance level of a large percentage of the polyester film capacitors available is either 10%
or 5% and this is considered as sufficient for a range of applications.
The general availability of the polyester film capacitors is in the form of leaded electronics
components.

Metalized Polyester Film Capacitor

The metalized polyester film type of capacitors consists of polyester films which are metalized
and in every other sense, it is similar to the polyester film capacitors or another form of it.
One of the advantages which is achieved by metallic polyester film is that it makes the
electrodes of very small width and thereby enabling the encasement of the capacitor in a
package of very small sizes as well.
The general availability of the metalized polyester film capacitors is in the form of leaded
electronics components.
Polycarbonate capacitor:

The applications where the most critical and crucial requirement is high performance and
reliability, these applications use the polycarbonate capacitors.
The capacitance value is held over a long period of time by the polycarbonate capacitors since
their tolerance level is very high. Such high tolerance levels are achieved because of the
stability of the polycarbonate film used in the polycarbonate capacitor.
Additionally, the dissipation factor of the polycarbonate capacitor is very low and they can
withstand temperature of wide range and remain stable.
The range of temperature which this capacitor can withstand is between -55ºC and +125ºC. In
spite of all these properties, the manufacturing and production of the polycarbonate capacitors
has significantly decreased.
 
PPC or Polypropylene Capacitor:

In this types of capacitors, the tolerance level required is higher than what the polyester
capacitor can provide, then the polypropylene capacitors are used in these cases.
The material used for the dielectric in the polypropylene capacitor is a polypropylene film.
The advantage which the polypropylene capacitor has over the other capacitors is that it can
withstand very high voltage across a time period and thereby the change in the capacitance
level due to the increase and decrease of voltage over a time period is very low.
The polypropylene capacitor is also used in cases where the frequency being used is very low,
mostly in the range of 100kHz being the maximum limit.
The general availability of the polypropylene capacitor is in the form of leaded electronics
components.

Glass Capacitors:
The dielectric which is used in the glass capacitor is made up of glass. Even though the glass
capacitors are expensive, their performance levels are very high.
The RF current capability of the glass capacitors is very high along with the loss being
extremely low. Additionally, there is absence of any piezo-electric noise in the glass capacitors.
All these and some additional properties of the glass capacitors make them most appropriate
and ideal for RF applications which require high performance.
 
Supercap:

The other names by which the supercap is known are ultracapacitor or supercapacitor.
The capacitance values of these capacitors are very large as such is their name. The
capacitance levels of the ultracapacitor go nearly towards many thousand Farads.
The ultracapacitor is used in the industry for providing a supply of memory hold-up along with
various uses within the realm of automotive applications. The different major types of the
capacitors are included under the supercap.

Along with them, there are various other capacitor types of capacitors which are used when the
applications are specialized in nature.
The identification of the capacitors is majorly done through their parameters such as values
which are marked over the cases of the capacitors. In order to display the parameters in a
manner which is compact, the markings of the parameters are done in the form of a code.

Previous: Color Codes of Resistors

Next: Standard Resistor E-series Values

You may also like:

 400V 40A Darlington Power Transistor Datasheet Specifications
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Filed Under: Components, Tutorial

Comments
1. Sherwin Baptista says
January 9, 2018 at 8:34 pm
Dear sir,
Is it possible to make two electrolytic capacitors to function as a non-polar cap in a
circuit?
Suppose i take two polarised 100uF caps and connect them in series joining the like
poles together, what happens to the capacitance and voltage?
Is it safe to connect then in such manner?
Reply
o Swag says
January 10, 2018 at 10:36 am
Dear Sherwin,
Yes it is possible to create a non-polar capacitor by connecting two electrolytic
caps in series with like poles connected to each other.
 In this case the capacitance becomes 50% less of their average capacitance
values, for 100uF caps it will be 50uF an so on, but voltage will add up and
become the sum of their individual ratings.
It is safe to create non-polar caps using electrolytic caps.
Reply
2. Perry says
October 28, 2017 at 7:30 am
Swagatam,
Thank you for your response. My question is about 105/250cap. I understand it is a
polypropylene cap. Is it’s value 105 ufd? Where can I purchase one?
Reply
o Swag says
October 28, 2017 at 8:04 am
Hi Perry, 105 = 1uF or 1 microFarad, you can get in any electronic spare part
shop or online store
Reply
3. Shrishail Utagi says
February 22, 2016 at 9:00 am
Thank u for this interesting artical. pls publish an artical on SMDs in detail.
thank u once again.
Reply
o Swagatam says
February 23, 2016 at 3:31 am
Thanks Shrishail, I will try to do it soon.
Reply
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You are here: Home / Components / Understanding Capacitor Codes and Markings

Understanding Capacitor Codes and Markings

by Surbhi Prakash
Last Updated on June 19, 2018 by Swag. 6 Comments
The article comprehensively explains everything about capacitor codes and markings through
various diagrams, which can be used for identifying and selecting capacitors correctly for a
given circuit application.

 
Capacitor Codes and associated Markings
The various parameters of the capacitors such as their voltage and tolerance along with their
values is represented by different types of markings and codes.
Some of these markings and codes include capacitor polarity marking; capacity colour code;
and ceramic capacitor code respectively.
There are various different ways in which the marking is done on the capacitors. The markings’
format is dependent upon what type of capacitor is given.
The type of component acts as a deciding factor of the types of the codes used.
The component deciding the coding can be surface mount, technology, traditional lead, or
capacitor dielectric component. Another factor which plays a role in deciding the marking is the
size of the capacitor as it impacts the space which is available for capacitor’s marking.
The EIA (Electronic Industry Alliance) has also been playing a crucial role in providing
standardized systems of marking the capacitors which can be followed as a standard in the
industry.
Basics of Capacitor Markings
As discussed above, there are various factors and standards which are followed while marking
the capacitors.
The various manufacturers manufacturing specific types of capacitors follow both basic or
standard marking systems depending on the type of capacitor being manufactured and what is
the best fit for it.
The marking “µF” is denoted by an abbreviation namely “MFD” on many occasions.
MFD is not used for denoting “MegaFarad” as is the general conception.
One can easily decode the markings and codes present on the capacitors if the person has a
general knowledge of the marking and coding systems used for the capacitors.
The two types of general marking systems followed for marking the capacitors are:
Markings which are non-coded: one of the most common processes adopted to mark the
parameters of a capacitor is to create a marking on the case of the capacitor or encapsulating
them in some manner.
This is more feasible and suitable for capacitors of large size as it enables to provide enough
space for creating the marks.
Capacitor markings which are abbreviated:
The capacitors which are small in size does not provide space required for clear markings and
only few figures can be accommodated in the given space in order to mark it and provide a
code for their various parameters.
Thus, abbreviated markings are used in such cases wherein three characters are used to mark
the code of the capacitor.
There is a similarity between this marking system and the resistor’s color codes system which
can be observed here, except for the “color” which is used in the coding system. Out of the
three characters used in this marking system, the first two characters represent figures which
are significant and the third character is representative of a multiplier.
In case the capacitors are tantalum, ceramic, or film capacitors, “Picofarads’ is used to denote
the capacitor’s value; while in case the capacitor is of aluminium electrolytes, “Microfarads” is
used to denote the capacitor’s value.
In case, small values with decimal points needs to be represented, then the alphabetical letter
“R” is used such as 0.5 is represented as 0R5, 1.0 as 1R0, and 2.2 as 2R2 respectively.
This type of marking can be observed to be used more commonly in the surface mount
capacitors where there is very limited space available. The different types of coding system
used for the capacitors are:
Colour Code: A “colour code” is used in capacitors which are old. In the present times, industry
rarely use colour code system except seldom on some of the components.
Tolerance Codes: The tolerance code is used in some of the capacitors. The tolerance codes
used in the capacitors are similar to the codes used in the resistors.
Working Voltage Code of Capacitors:
The working voltage of a capacitor is one of its key parameter. This coding is used widely in
various types of capacitors, especially for the capacitors which have enough space to write
alphanumeric codes.
In other cases where the capacitors are small with no space available for alphanumeric coding,
there is absence of voltage coding and thus any person handling such capacitors must take
extra care when he/she observes that any kind of marking is absent on the storage container or
the reel.
Some of the capacitors such as the tantalum capacitor and SMD electrolytic capacitor use a
code consisting of one single character. This coding system is similar to that of the standard
system followed by EIA and also requires very small amount of space.
Temperature Coefficient Codes: the capacitors required to be marked or coded in a manner
which denotes the capacitor’s temperature coefficient. The temperature coefficient codes which
are used for a capacitor are in most of the cases the standard codes given by the EIA. But there
are other temperature coefficient codes which are used in the industry by different
manufacturers, especially for capacitors including film and ceramic type of capacitors. The code
used to quote the temperature coefficient is “PPM/ºC (parts per million per degree C).
Polarity Markings of a capacitor
The polarized capacitors require having markings denoting their polarity. In case the polarity
markings are not provided to the capacitors, it may result in severe damage being caused to
the component along with the entire circuit board.
Thus, utmost care needs to be taken to ensure that there are polarity markings on the
capacitors when the latter is inserted into the circuits.
The polarized capacitors are in other words capacitors which are made of tantalum and
aluminium electrolytes. A capacitor’s polarity can be easily determined if they are marked with
signs such as “+” and “-“. Most of the capacitors which are circulating in the industry recently
possess such markings. Another marking format which can be used for the polarized capacitors,
especially electrolytic capacitor is the by marking the components with stripes.
A stripe marking denotes a “negative lead” in an electrolytic capacitor.
The stripe marking on a capacitor can also be accompanied by the symbol of an arrow pointing
towards the negative side of the lead.
This is done when axial version capacitor is present where both ends of the capacitor consist of
lead. The positive lead of a leaded titanium capacitor is denoted by the polarity markings on the
capacitor.
The polarity marking is marked near the positive lead with a “+” sign indicating the marking. In
case of a new capacitor, an additional polarity marking is placed on the capacitor to denote that
the negative lead is shorter than the positive lead.
Different types of capacitors and their markings
The markings on the capacitors can also be done by printing it on the capacitor. This is true for
capacitors which provide enough space for marking to be printed and include film capacitors,
disc ceramics, and electrolytic capacitors.
These large capacitors provide sufficient space to print markings which shows the tolerance,
ripple voltage, value, working voltage, and any other parameter associated with the capacitor.
The differences between the markings and codes of the various types of lead capacitors are
very minimal or marginal; but nevertheless these differences are many in number.
Markings on Electrolytic Capacitor: The lead type capacitors are manufactured in both large and
small sizes. But the large leaded capacitors are more abundant.

 
Thus, for these large capacitors, the parameters such as value and others can be provided in
detail instead of giving in abbreviated form.
On the other hand, for the smaller capacitors due to lack of sufficient space the parameters are
provided in the form of abbreviated codes.
An example of the marking which can be typically observed in a capacitor is “22µF 50V”. Here,
22µF is the value of the capacitor while 50V denotes the working voltage. The marking of a bar
is used to denote the polarity of the capacitor indicating the negative terminal.
Markings of leaded tantalum capacitor: The unit, “Microfarad (µF)” is used to mark the values in
the leaded tantalum capacitors. An example of a typical marking observed on a capacitor is “22
and 6V”. These figures indicate that the capacitor is of 22µF and 6V is its maximum voltage.
Markings of Ceramic Capacitor: The markings on a ceramic capacitor are more concise in nature
since it is smaller in size as compared to electrolytic capacitors.
Thus, for such concise markings many different types of schemes or solutions are adopted. The
value of the capacitor is indicated in “Picofarads”. Some of the marking figures which can be
observed are 10n which denotes that the capacitor is of 10nF. In a similar way, 0.51nF is
indicated by the marking n51.
Codes of SMD Ceramic Capacitor: The capacitors such as surface mount capacitor do not have
sufficient space available for markings due to their small size.
The manufacturing of these capacitors are done in such a manner that any type of marking is
not required. These capacitors are loaded in a machine called pick and place which eliminates
any marking need.
Markings of SMD tantalum capacitor: Similar to the ceramic capacitors, there is absence of
markings which are observed in some of the tantalum capacitors.

The tantalum capacitors only consist of the polarity markings. This is present in order to ensure
the correct insertion of the capacitor in the circuit board.
The marking format consist of three figures is generally used for the capacitors which has
sufficient space available such as is evident in the ceramic capacitors.
The marking of a bar can be observed in some of the capacitors across their one end denoting
the capacitor’s polarity.
The marking for polarity is important in order to identify and check the capacitor’s polarity since
the destruction of the capacitor can occur if the polarity is not known and a person places it in
reverse biasing, especially in the case of tantalum capacitors.

It is utmost important that one can identify, read, and check a capacitor’s value.
Since there are a range of capacitors available and their different coding and marking systems,
it is quintessential that a basic understanding of these marking and coding is there to an
individual in order to apply it appropriately to respective capacitors.
An individual can determine the capacitor’s value with practice and experience and just going
through few examples mentioned here would not suffice.

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Comments
1. abioye says
February 20, 2018 at 4:03 pm
sir i mean that the capacitors used in ceiling fans are they film or metallised capacitors
thanks sir.
Reply
o Swag says
February 21, 2018 at 6:52 am
they could be non-polar electrolytic type
Reply
2. abioye says
February 20, 2018 at 3:52 pm
sir can I use capacitor used in ceiling fan as a snubber capacitor for a motor controller , i mean a
kind of capacitor used to reduce voltage spikes in motor controller
Reply
o Swag says
February 21, 2018 at 6:47 am
Abioye, according to me there’s no problem in doing that, you can use it.
Reply
3. Soumen Bhowmik says
September 13, 2016 at 12:15 pm
thanks for the post sir……it's very helpful…
Reply
o Swagatam says
September 13, 2016 at 2:43 pm
you are welcome soumen!!
Reply
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Capacitor code table

European capacitor material codes
FKC = metal foil and polycarbonate
FKP = metal foil and polypropylene
MKC = metallized polycarbonate foil
MKI = metallized polyphenylene sulphide
MKP = metallized polypropylene
MKS = polystyrene (metallized or with foil)
MKT = metallized polyester foil
Decoding capacitor codes
Looking at our capacitor we will see its marked 474J, this should be read as follows, 47 times
the value that can be found in Table 1 corresponding to the 3rd number, in this case 10000. 47
* 10000 = 470000 pF = 470 nF = 0.47 uF with the J meaning a 5% tolerance. A second letter
will be a temperature coefficient if its present. Judging by a capacitors size and type, you will
quickly learn to determine if the value on the capacitor is given in pF, nF or uF.
If a capacitor is f.ex. marked 2A474J, the capacitance is decoded as described above, the two
first signs is the voltage rating and can be decoded from table 2 here below. 2A is 100VDC
rating according to the EIA standard.
Some capacitors are only marked 0.1 or 0.01, mostly in these cases the values are given in uF.
Some small capacitance capacitors can be marked with a R between numbers, f.ex. 3R9 where
R is a indicator of values below 10pF and have nothing to do with resistance. 3R9 would be
3.9pF.
Table 1
3rd number Multiply with Letter Tolerance
0 1 D 0.5pF
1 10 F 1%
2 100 G 2%
3 1,000 H 3%
4 10,000 J 5%
5 100,000 K 10%
6 1,000,000 M 20%
7 Not used M 20%
8 0.01 P +100%/-0%
9 0.1 Z +80%/-20%
 
Table 2 – Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) – voltage code table

0G = 4.0VDC 0L = 5.5VDC 0J = 6.3VDC

1A = 10VDC 1C = 16VDC 1E = 25VDC
1H = 50VDC 1J = 63VDC 1K = 80VDC
2A = 100VDC 2Q = 110VDC 2B = 125VDC
2C = 160VDC 2Z = 180VDC 2D = 200VDC
2P = 220VDC 2E = 250VDC 2F = 315VDC
2V = 350VDC 2G = 400VDC 2W = 450VDC
2H = 500VDC 2J = 630VDC 3A = 1000VDC
 
Here is a list of common capacitors and a scale between the different grades of the Farad SI
unit.
Table 3

pico-farad nano-farad mikro-farad

Capacitor code
(pF) (nF) (mF,uF eller mfd)
1 0.001 0.000001 010
1.5 0.0015 0.0000015 1R5
2.2 0.0022 0.0000022 2R2
3.3 0.0033 0.0000033 3R3
3.9 0.0039 0.0000039 3R9
4.7 0.0047 0.0000047 4R7
5.6 0.0056 0.0000056 5R6
6.8 0.0068 0.0000068 6R8
8.2 0.0082 0.0000082 8R2
10 0.01 0.00001 100
15 0.015 0.000015 150
22 0.022 0.000022 220
33 0.033 0.000033 330
47 0.047 0.000047 470
56 0.056 0.000056 560
68 0.068 0.000068 680
82 0.082 0.000082 820
pF nF uF Code
100 0.1 0.0001 101
120 0.12 0.00012 121
130 0.13 0.00013 131
150 0.15 0.00015 151
180 0.18 0.00018 181
220 0.22 0.00022 221
330 0.33 0.00033 331
470 0.47 0.00047 471
560 0.56 0.00056 561
680 0.68 0.00068 681
750 0.75 0.00075 751
820 0.82 0.00082 821
1000 1 or 1n 0.001 102
 1500 1.5 or 1n5 0.0015 152
2000 2 or 2n 0.002 202
2200 2.2 or 2n2 0.0022 222
3300 3.3 or 3n3 0.0033 332
4700 4.7 or 4n4 0.0047 472
5000 5 or 5n 0.005 502
5600 5.6 or 5n6 0.0056 562
6800 6.8 or 6n8 0.0068 682
10000 10 or 10n 0.01 103
15000 15 or 15n 0.015 153
22000 22 or 22n 0.022 223
33000 33 or 33n 0.033 333
47000 47 or 47n 0.047 473
68000 68 or 68n 0.068 683
pF nF uF Code
100000 100 or 100n 0.1 104
150000 150 or 150n 0.15 154
200000 200 or 200n 0.20 204
220000 220 or 220n 0.22 224
330000 330 or 330n 0.33 334
470000 470 or 470n 0.47 474
680000 680 0.68 684
1000000 1000 1.0 105
1500000 1500 1.5 155
2000000 2000 2.0 205
2200000 2200 2.2 225
10000000 10000 10 106