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An Overview On Digital Payments

Article  in  International Journal of Research · October 2017

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 International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848
p-ISSN: 2348-795X
Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals
Volume 04 Issue 13
October 2017

An Overview On Digital Payments

A.Martina Franciska & Dr. S. Sahayaselvi
* Assistant Professor and Research scholar in Commerce, St.Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai

** Assistant Professor and Research supervisor in Commerce, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil

ABSTRACT
compared to 60 billion in 2012-13.The reach
The Information Technology (IT) has
of mobile network, Internet and electricity is
revolutionizedthe various aspects of our lives;
also expanding digital payments to remote
particularly it has provided an easy way to go
areas. So, it is without doubt said that future
for digital payments. During the Demonetization
transaction system is cashless transaction.
period, the Government of India forced the
people directly or indirectly to do all Keywords—Digital Payments, Demonetization,
commercial transactions via Digital mode. The Digital Revolution

common people started to move from traditional INTRODUCTION

payment system towards Digital Payments
Digital payment is a way of payment which is
systems which ensured safe, secure and
made through digital modes. In digital payments,
convenience.With giant technological leaps in
payer and payee both use digital modes to send
the smart phone and easy internet access has led
and receive money. It is also called electronic
Indian market to accept Digital Payments.The
payment. No hard cash (currency notes) is
percentage of the digital payments through other
involved in the digital payments. All the
modes is also increasing in a significant
transactions in digital payments are completed
speed.The objective of the present study is to
through online. It is an instant and convenient
know about the various types of Digital payment
way to make payments.
transactions that are used by the common people
in their day- today’s lives. This study is chiefly
based on Secondary data. Result indicates that
the Digital revolution has made the cash less
transaction an easy one. As a result that in
Currently available digital payment systems
2015-2016, a total of 4018 billion has been
include Banking cards, Digital wallets, Unified
transacted through mobile banking when

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October 2017

Payment Interface (UPI), Unstructured (PMGDISHA) to make 6 crore rural households

Supplementary Service Data (USSD), digitally literate. The outlay for this project is Rs
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), Real Time 2,351.38 crore to usher in digital literacy in rural
Gross Settlement (RTGS), National Electronic India by March 2019. PMGDISHA is expected
Fund Transfer (NEFT),Aadhar Enabled Payment to be one of the largest digital literacy
System (AEPS) and Mobile banking.With recent programmes in the world. Under the scheme, 25
advances technologies, digital payments is lakh candidates will be trained in the fiscal year
having an impact on our daily lives and 2016-17, 275 lakh in fiscal year 2017-18 and
beginning to offer interesting and advantageous 300 lakh in fiscal year 2018-19.The Committee
new services. According to RBI Bulletin on Digital Payments constituted by the Ministry
cashless transaction in India increasing day by of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs
day. The statistics in report shows that in has recommended for the medium term strategy
Nov.2016 and Dec. 2016 the total value for accelerating growth of Digital Payments.
transaction done using E-Wallet was 50.74 However,many of the digital payment methods
Billion and 97.70 Billion respectively and in Jan. are not popular among the common people and
2017 it is increased up to 108.69 Billion. people are not comfortable to use them for their
According to the survey conducted by Cash- day-today’s transactions. There is less awareness
Karo India, E-Wallet payment method is more among the people about different types of digital
preferred by customers than other payment payment methods. There is also a myth among
methods. The users of Smart phone has been them that overspending is possible when we use
increased randomly, this has also paved the way the digital payment nodes and banks deduct high
for digital transactions. In 2015-2016, a total of transaction cost for the digital payment
Rs. 4018 billion transacted through mobile operations.Hence literacy about the digital
banking as compared to Rs. 60 Billion in 2012- payments has become a necessity.
2013.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi has approved 'Pradhan Mantri
Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan'

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Volume 04 Issue 13
October 2017

The general objective of the study is to know commonly, a payment card is electronically
about the various types of digital payment linked to an account or accounts belonging to the
transactions. cardholder. These accounts may be deposit
The following are the specific objectives, accounts or loan or credit accounts, and the card
 To explore the various modes of digital payment is a means of authenticating the cardholder.The
transactionsthat isoffered by various financial information required for using payment cards are
institutions. Card Verification Value (CVV Number) and
 To gauge the extent of operationsof digital Expiry date of the payment card. CVV number
payments while dealing with online transactions is a combination of features used in credit and
and debit cards for the purpose of establishing
 To offer suitable suggestions in handing digital owner’s identity and minimizing the risk of
payments as easy and convenient one. fraud. Payment cards require 2 factor
authentications. Authentication is a process in
METHODOLOGY
which credentials provided are compared to
The study is based on secondary data. The those on file in a data base of authorized users
materials were collected from books, journals, information on a local operating system. Factors
newspapers and relevant websites which have of authentication includes Knowledge factor
been consulted in order to make the study an (PIN), Possession factor (ID card, Smart phone)
effective one. and Inherence factor (Fingerprint, face or
voice).Generally the Payment cards can be
TYPES OF DIGITAL PAYMENTS
distinguished on the basis of its features. They
1. Payment Cards are

The most common types of payment cards are

credit cards and debit cards. Payment cards are
usually embossed plastic cards, 85.60 ×
53.98 mm in size, which comply with the
ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. They usually also
have an embossed card number conforming with
the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard.Most

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Volume 04 Issue 13
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 Credit card: The first universal credit card,  Charge card:With charge cards, the cardholder
which could be used at a variety of is required to pay the full balance shown on the
establishments, was introduced by the Diners' statement, which is usually issued monthly, by
Club, Inc., in 1950. Another major card of this the payment due date. It is a form of short-term
type, known as a travel and entertainment card, loan to cover the cardholder's purchases.
was established by the American Express  Fleet card: A fleet card is used as a payment
Company in 1958.Central Bank of India was the card, most commonly for gasoline, diesel and
first public bank to introduce Credit card. The other fuels at gas stations.
issuer of a credit card creates a line of credit  Gift card: A gift card also known as gift
(usually called a credit limit) for the cardholder voucher or gift token is a prepaid stored-value
on which the cardholder can borrow. The money card usually issued by a retailer or bank
cardholder can choose either to repay the full to be used as an alternative to cash for purchases
outstanding balance by the payment due date or within a particular store or related businesses.
to repay a smaller amount, not less than the  Store card: It is a credit card that is given out
"minimum amount", by that date. by a store and that can be used to buy goods at
 Debit card: Debit card was introduced by Citi that store.
Bank .With a debit card, when a cardholder
2. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data
makes a purchase, funds are withdrawn directly
(USSD)
from the cardholder's bank account.
USSD is sometimes referred to as "Quick
 Smartcard:Banks are adding chips to their
current magnetic stripe cards to enhance security Codes" or "Feature codes", is a protocol used by

and offer new service, called Smart Cards. Smart GSM cellular telephones to communicate with

Cards allow thousands of times of information the service provider's computers. A typical
USSD message starts with an asterisk (*)
storable on magnetic stripe cards. In addition,
these cards are highly secure, more reliable and followed by digits that comprise commands or

perform multiple functions. They hold a large data. Groups of digits may be separated by

amount of personal information, from medical additional asterisks. The message is terminated
with a number sign (#).The innovative payment
and health history to personal banking and
personal preferences. service *99# works on Unstructured
Supplementary Service Data (USSD) channel.

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This service allows mobile banking transactions for getting money through the Aadhaar Enabled
using basic feature mobile phone, there is no Payment System.For AEPS transaction
need to have mobile internet data facility for following information is needed.
using USSD based mobile banking. USSD is
1. Aadhaar Number
generally associated with real-time or instant
2. Bank Issuer Identification Number (IIN) or
messaging services.USSD is sometimes used in Name
conjunction with SMS. The user sends a request 3. Finger Print
to the network via USSD, and the network
4. Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
replies with an acknowledgement of
receipt:"Thank you, your message is being Unified Payment Interface (UPI) is a new
processed. A message will be sent to your payment interface introduced by National
phone." The Information required for USSD Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) under the
transaction is MPIN/ IFSC/Aadhar supervision of Government of India to promote a
number/Account number. Mobile Banking cashless-society and mobile banking. Unified
Personal Identification Number (MPIN) works Payments Interface (UPI) is a system that
as a password when we perform any transaction powers multiple bank accounts to use several
using Mobile. banking services like fund transfer, and
merchant payments in a single mobile
3. Aadhaar Enabled Payment Service (AEPS)
application. Sending and receiving money

The AEPS system leverages Aadhaar online through UPI payment app is like sending and

authentication and enables Aadhaar Enabled receiving a text message on your Smartphone.A

Bank Accounts (AEBA) to be operated in user need not have multiple banking app

anytime-anywhere banking mode through Micro installed in his/her Smartphone. A user can

ATMs. This system is controlled by the National simply add all the bank accounts in a single UPI

Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). Aadhaar payment app without the hassle of remembering

Enabled Payment System is a way to get money or even typing banking user ID/Passwords.Each

from the bank account. This system of getting Bank provides its own UPI App for Android,

money neither requires your signature nor Debit Windows and iOS mobile platform(s). The

card. It is also not needed to visit a bank branch information required for UPI based transaction
are Virtual Payment Address (VPA) of recipient

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and Mobile banking Personal Identification 6. Point of Sale machines

Number (MPIN). By sharing VPA, funds can be
Point of Sale Machine made it faster and easier
transferred and money can be collected.
for cashiers to ring up sales and keep tabs on
transactions. In the 1970s, innovation helped
5. Digital Wallets
traditional cash registers evolve into
A Digital wallet is a way to carry cash in digital
computerized point of sale systems. It was also
format. Credit card or debit card information
during these years that devices such as credit
should be linked to digital wallet application or
card terminals and touch screen displays were
moneycan be transferred in online to mobile
introduced.
wallet. Instead of using physical plastic card to
make purchases, it can be paid through The point of sale (POS) or point of purchase
smartphone, tablet, or smart watch.The Services (POP) is the time and place where a retail
offered by Digital Wallets are Balance Enquiry, transaction is completed. It is the point at which
Passbook/ Transaction history, Add money, a customer makes a payment to the merchant in
Accept Money, Pay money etc.Digital wallets exchange for goods or after provision of a
are composed of both digital wallet devices and service. After receiving payment, the merchant
digital wallet systems.A mobile wallet is simply may issue a receipt for the transaction, which is
the digital wallet on the mobile handset. usually printed but is increasingly being
Presently there are further explorations for smart dispensed with or sent electronically.A retail
phones with digital wallet capabilities, such as point of sale system typically includes a cash
the Samsung Galaxy series and the Google register (which in recent times comprises a
Nexussmart phones utilizing Google's Android computer, monitor, cash drawer, receipt printer,
operating system and the Apple Inc.iPhone 6 and customer display and a barcode scanner) and the
iPhone 6 Plus. Most banks have their e-wallets majority of retail POS systems also include a
and some private companies. e.g. Paytm, debit/credit card reader.
Freecharge, Mobikwik, Oxigen, mRuppee,
7. Mobile Banking
Airtel Money, Jio Money, SBI Buddy, itz Cash,
Citrus Pay, Vodafone M-Pesa, Axis Bank Lime, Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank
ICICI Pockets, SpeedPay etc. or other financial institution that allows its
customers to conduct different types of financial

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transactions remotely using a mobile device such funds transfers between a customer's or
as a mobile phone or tablet. It uses software, other’saccounts. e.g. –iMobile for ICICI bank,
usually called an app, provided by the banks or Kotak Bank App for Kotak Mahindra bank, SBI
financial institution for the purpose. Each Bank freedom app for State bank of India
provides its own mobile banking App for
8. Internet Banking
Android, Windows and iOS mobile
platform(s).The earliest mobile banking services
Internet banking, also known as online banking,
used SMS, a service known as SMS banking.
e-banking or virtual banking, is an electronic
With the introduction of smart phones with
payment system that enables customers of a
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) support
bank or other financial institution to conduct a
enabling the use of the mobile web in 1999, the
range of financial transactions through the
first European banks started to offer mobile
financial institution's website. Online banking
banking on this platform to their customers.
was first introduced in the early 1980s in New
Mobile banking is known as M-banking or SMS
York, United States. Four major banks —
Banking. The european company called PayBox
Citibank, Chase Bank, Chemical Bank and
supported financially by Deutsche Bank, in 1999
Manufacturers Hanover — offered home
started mobile banking. The cost of mobile
banking services. Chemical introduced its Pronto
devices has been reduced drastically and is still
services for individuals and small businesses in
being reduced. Network speed is much better
1983, which enabled individual and small-
than before and data plans are not as costly. All
business clients to maintain electronic
of these changes have provided necessary raw
checkbook registers, see account balances, and
materials for the growth of mobile banking and
transfer funds between checking and savings
the numbers of people using mobile banking is
accounts. ICICI Bank was the first Indian bank
increasing day by day. Users, who were using
to provide internet banking facility. Information
computers/laptops for online banking, are
required for Internet banking are Account
moving towards mobile banking because of ease
number and Indian Financial System Code(IFSC
of use and fast access.
code). Indian Financial System Code is a 11
Transactions through mobile banking may
digit alpha numeric code that uniquely identifies
include obtaining account balances and lists of
a bank branch participating in any RBI regulated
latest transactions, electronic bill payments, and

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fund transfer system. Beneficiary registration is individuals, firms and corporates can
required for the transactions. Beneficiary is a electronically transfer funds from any bank
person who receives benefit from a particular branch to any individual, firm or corporate
entity or a person. To register a beneficiary having an account with any other bank branch in
information such as beneficiary name , account the country participating in the Scheme.
number, bank address and fund transfer limit is
b. Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
to be given. Following are the services provided
by Internet banking.
RTGS is defined as the continuous (real-time)
settlement of funds transfers individually on an
 Bill payment service – Internet banking
order by order basis (without netting). 'Real
facilitates payment of electricity and telephone
Time' means the processing of instructions at the
bills, mobile phone, credit card and insurance
time they are received rather than at some later
premium bills as each bank has tie-ups with
time; 'Gross Settlement' means the settlement of
various utility companies, service providers and
funds transfer instructions occurs individually
insurance companies, across the country
(on an instruction by instruction basis).
 Railway pass - Railways has tied up with ICICI
bank and so the railway pass for local trains is
c. Immediate Payment Service (IMPS)
available in online.
 Recharging the prepaid phone- By just IMPS offers an instant, 24X7, interbank
selecting the mobile number and the amount for electronic fund transfer service through mobile
recharge, phone recharge can be done within few phones. IMPS is an emphatic tool to transfer
minutes. money instantly within banks across India
 Shopping - With a range of all kind of products, through mobile, internet and ATM which is not
online shopping and the payment is also only safe but also economical both in financial
made conveniently through the account. and non-financial perspectives.
 Fund transfer
d. Electronic Clearing System (ECS)
a. National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)
National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) is a
ECS is an alternative method for effecting
nation-wide payment system facilitating one-to-
payment transactions in respect of the utility-
one funds transfer. Under this Scheme,
bill-payments such as telephone bills, electricity

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bills, insurance premia, card payments and loan banks / companies / corporations / government
repayments, etc., which would obviate the need departments, etc., collecting / receiving the
for issuing and handling paper instruments and payments.Table 1 shows the birds view on
thereby facilitate improved customer service by digital operations.

Table-1
A Bird’s view on Digital Operations
S.N Partic Banking USSD AEPS UPI Mobile Mobile Internet Banking
o u-lars Cards wallets banking NEFT RTGS IMPS
1. Timing 24*7 24*7 Business 24*7 24*7 24*7 8.00 to 8.00 to 24*7
hours of 6.30 4.30
BC centre
2. Time Instant Instant Real time Instant Instant Instant Same Real Instant
taken day time
to
comple
te a
transac
t-tion
3. Transa Dependi- Rs, 5000 The bank Rs. Rs. Rs. 5000 per There Min. Rs.10,0
c-tion ng on per with which 1,00,00 20,000 day per is no Rs. 00 –
limit bank and transacti-on aadhar 0 per per customer if ceiling 2,00,00 Rs.
card we number is transact month the on the 0. 2,00,00
use linked ion transaction is minimu There is 0
would set initiated m or no
the limit through maximu Maxim
SMS. m limit um
Maximum of limit
Rs. 50,000
per day per
customer if
transaction is
initiated
through
download
4. Inform For PoS: MPIN/ Aadhar VPA of Login MPIN/ Account number and IFSC
a-tion PIN/ For IFSC/ number and recipie and Pay IFSC/ code
require cards Aadhar Bank name nt and Aadhar
d CVV number/Ac MPIN number/Acc
Number count ount number
and Expiry number
date
5. Authen 2 Factor Authentication Thumb
t- impression 2 Factor Authentication
ication used for
authenticati
on

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6. Benefi No beneficiary registration Yes beneficiary registration

ci-ary
registr
at-ion
7. Techni Internet Smart or Point of sale Smart phone with Internet enabled Internet connectivity
c-al connect Feature device internet connectivity mobile phone, it
require iv-eity
-ment For PoS phone must support
Debit/ WAP (Wireless
Credit Application
card Protocol)
also
needed
Source: Compiled data
 Customers must be able to comply with the
SUGGESTIONS
terms and conditions of Digital payment
methods, notify the issuer of the loss/theft of the
 Government can ensure to the public that the
Electronic Payment Instrument (EPI)
operation of digital payment transaction is free
immediately and keep track on the balance,
from transactions cost which in turn helps the
especially after each transactions.
customers of various transaction to purchase via
on line mode. CONCLUSION
 Government could give concession to the
In future the digital payments are going to be a
retailers, merchants and other suppliers who sell
must and so the change in the habits of the
the products and services via digital mode and
people to accept the digital payment is also
this in turn will encourage all the merchants to
must. The cashless transition is not only safer
become e-merchants
than the cash transaction but is less time
 Training Programmes could be organised by the consuming. It also helps in record of the all the
government to train all the people to make use transaction done. India has more than 100 crore
of the digital payments. active mobile connections and more than 22
 Government can give continuous media crore smart phone users as of March 2016. This
coverage through TV news/ shows, Radio or number is going to increase further with a faster
social networking or newspapers/magazines internet speed. The reach of mobile network,
about the benefits of digital payments to the Internet and electricity is also expanding Digital
society and for the individual. payments to remote areas. So, it is without doubt

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said that future transaction system is cashless 10.

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